• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.101-112
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• 2000

The aim of this study is to compared the cerebral palsy children with normal children in the exercise and cardio vascular ability after this study as the fundamental data fer mating programs for the cerebral palsy children. The test of this study is about twenty girls, the control group of the normal children(n=10) and the experiment group of cerebral palsy children(n=10). They were studied in four aspects which were the anthropometry, the medical check in the rest, the physical fitness or exercise roads test and the change of the target heart rate during exercise. The result were as follows : 1. The characteristic of the physical type : The control group is higher than the experiment group in the standing height and the body weight but their's little difference between them (p<0.05). The control group is lower than the experiment group in the body fat. 2. The characteristic of the medical check in the rest : The control group is higher than the experiment group in the vital capacity and flood expiratoryvolume one second. The control group is higher that the experiment group in the blood pressure of systolic and Diastolic. There's little difference between them(p<0.01). The control is lower than the experiment group in the heart pulse rate. There's little difference between them(p<0.005). 3. The characteristic of basic physical strength evaluation : The experiment group is the lowest dynamic muscular endurance, balance, agility and endurance which need to move the body with weight. The control group is much higher than the experiment group in the flexibility and muscle strength(Back strength). There's no difference between them(p<0.05). 4. The characteristics of the exercise stress last : The control group is higher than the experiment group in the endurance, the maximum of oxygen intake, endurance level and the out take of calory. There's little difference between them(p<0.01). 5. The characteristic of the change of the target heart rate during exercise : The control group is lower than the experiment group exchange of target heart rate, There's no difference them.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.107-116
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• 2011

Objectives : This study was performed to investigate the effects of fixed-intensity and varied-intensity electroacupuncture on heart rate variability in healthy people with stress task. Methods : Forty healthy subjects were randomly assigned to either group A or group B or C. Group A received fixed-intensity electroacupuncture(F-EA) at $ST_{36}$ and $ST_{37}$. After 1 week wash out period to prevent overlapping residual effects, they received varied-intensity electroacupuncture(V-EA) in which the intensity was changed every two minutes based on individual heart rate variability at the same points. Group B received the treatments in reverse order. Group C received no intervention as a control group. Results : Control group showed a significant increase of LF and LF/HF during the 2nd working memory task, while both F-EA and V-EA did not. In addition, V-EA showed a significant increase of HF during 2nd rest while F-EA did not. Conclusions : These results suggest that F-EA and V-EA can inhibit sympathetic activation more than control group and that V-EA can enhance parasympathetic activation more than F-EA.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.134-145
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• 2008

Objectives : This study investigated the relationship between drinking, smoking and stress of workers by analyzing heart rate variability. The subjects were workers in the automobile manufacturing industry. Methods : The subjects consisted of 21,239 and 19,999 industrial workers who had received health examination by Korean oriental medicine and submitted questionnaires about drinking history and smoking history, during 8 months from April to November. The subjects were categorized into drinking history and smoking history. The heart rate variability was measured for five minute at rest using SA-3000P (Medicore) and reported stress severity as stress index, stress resistance and fatigue. We analyzed the relationship between drinking, smoking and stress into frequencies, $x^2$-test using the SPSS Ver. 12.0. Results : Regarding the relationship between drinking and stress index orstress resistance, there was no statistically significant difference, but regarding the relationship between drinking and fatigue, the drinker group had a significantly higher level of fatigue than the non-drinker group. There was a statistically significant difference in stress index, stress resistance and fatigue between the current-smoker group and others. Stress resistance of the current-smoker group had lower levels than the non-smoker group or ex-smokers. On the other hand, stress index and fatigue of the current-smoker group had higher levels than the non-smoker group or ex-smokers. Conclusions : The above results revealed that drinking and smoking could put workers under a lot of stress. Smoking workers were especially apt to be under stress and had difficulty in alleviating stress.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.37-43
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• 2022

PURPOSE: To find out how wearing a mask due to COVID-19 affects cardiovascular function as the pace of walking changes. METHODS: Forty-nine college students (27 men, 22 women) were subjected to treadmill exercises without masks (Group I) and wearing masks (Group II). The body temperature, heart rate, oxygen saturation, and blood pressure were measured to determine the changes in cardiovascular function. These parameters were measured at rest (Control I), low-intensity (Control II), medium-intensity (Control III), and high-intensity (Control IV) before and after exercise. RESULTS: Significant differences in heart rate were observed between Control III and Control IV, and a significant difference in oxygen saturation was noted in Control IV. Significant differences in the exercise intensity change in Group II were as follows: Body temperature was Control IV compared to Control I and Control II, heart rate was Control III and Control IV compared to Control I and Control II, and Control IV compared to Control III. The heart rate was Control III and Control IV compared to Control I and Control II, Control IV for Control III, oxygen saturation was Control IV compared to Control I, blood pressure was Control II and Control III and Control IV compared to Control I, and Control IV compared to Control II. CONCLUSION: Exercising when wearing a mask affects the cardiovascular system. Therapists should consider the patient's condition when setting the exercise intensity. In particular, therapists should be more careful when setting the exercise intensity of patients with cardiovascular disease.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.1340-1349
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• 2023

Despite its profound impact on athletic performance, the significance of heart rate recovery (HRR) has been insufficiently addressed in the filed of sports science, particularly in the context of weightlifting characterized by brief and intense exertions involving heavy weights. Serving as a valuable indicator of autonomic nervous system and cardiovascular function, HRR assumes a pivotal role in weightlifting. This comprehensive review aims to delineate the specific demands for HRR in weightlifting, shedding light on the often overlooked cardiovascular considerations within training regimes focused on strength and power. The investigation scrutinizes the repercussions of HRR on weightlifting performance, seeking to elucidate how inadequate recovery intervals may result in physiological and psychological consequences. These consequences encompass a distorted perception of effort, disruption of coordination, compromised posture due to irregular breathing, and an overall decline in lifting capacity. The review systematically presents compelling evidence pertaining to heart rate response and recovery patterns during weightlifting, underscoring the critical importance of well-structured rest periods. Furthermore, the review delves into a comprehensive discussion of factors influencing HRR in weightlifting, encompassing variables such as sex, age, cardiovascular function, hydration, nutrition, and psychological aspects. Finally, a key emphasis is placed on the integration of effective HRR techniques into the training regimens of weightlifters, thereby ensuring sustained and optimized performance outcomes.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.532-537
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• 2012

We investigated the effect of smoking on cardiovascular responses during acute dynamic exercise. Eleven college students who had been smoking (duration of smoking: $7.45{\pm}0.90$ years; number of cigarettes per day: $17.72{\pm}1.22$) participated in this study. All subjects completed a graded exercise testing to determine the relative exercise intensity. The cardiovascular responses were measured at rest, and during mild and moderate exercise immediately, 24, and 48 hours after smoking. The same procedures were repeated during 24-h smoking withdrawal. All subjects were continuously instrumented to measure systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), heart rate (HR), stroke volume (SV), cardiac output (CO), and total vascular conductance (TVC) at rest and during exercise. The results showed that compared to the nicotine abstention, SBP, DBP, MAP, and HR were significantly higher at 24 and 48 hours after smoking ($p$<0.05), and CO was significantly higher at rest and during moderate exercise ($p$<0.05). There were no differences in SV and TVC before and after smoking. Thus, the results suggest that smoking is associated with an exaggerated sympathetic nerve activity during dynamic exercise. Consequently, smoking cessation may help reduce cardiac events, such as stroke and heart attack, during exercise.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.59 no.1
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• pp.2.1-2.6
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• 2017

Background: This study aimed to analyze the on heart rate, blood lactate concentration, packed cell volume (PCV) and hemoglobin (Hb) response after conducting exercise in endurance horses. Methods: A total of 20 healthy 3-9-years-old Jeju crossbreed mares ($5.95{\pm}2.24$ year) of age and $312.65{\pm}13.59kg$ of weight) currently participating the endurance competition were used. The field tests selected for the experiment was gallop (approximately 8.3 m/s) along the selected 2.5 km course (a natural forest trail, not artificial road; a closed loop course). The horses were divided into three groups according to their age; 3-4 years of age (G1, $3.29{\pm}0.49$ year), 6-7 years of age (G2, $6.42{\pm}0.53$), and 8-9 years of age (G3, $8.50{\pm}0.55$). The measurements times for the heart rate, blood lactate concentration, PCV, and Hb analysis were conducted before exercise (T0), shortly after exercise (T1), 15 min after exercise (T2), and 30 min after exercise (T3), respectively. Data was analyzed using an analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) for repeated measures with times and groups. Results: The results of the comparison depending on the passage of rest time after exercise suggest that the heart rate and blood lactate concentration of three groups at T2 significantly decreased compared to T1 (p < 0.001). PCV of the G2 and G3 groups were significantly decreased at T2 compared to T1 (p < 0.01). Hb values at G2 (p < 0.01) and G3 (p < 0.001) groups were significantly decreased at T2 as compared to T1. However, heart rate, blood lactate concentration, PCV and Hb level at T1 showed no difference in the comparison of horses from different age groups with the exception of G3 group in terms of heart rate. Conclusion: The physiologic and hematological responses of horses during recovery time after 2,500 m exercise with gallop were no significant difference among the groups. These data are useful as a response evaluation method for training of endurance horses.

• Journal of Korean Medicine for Obesity Research
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.95-123
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• 2004

Objects: This study was aimed to find out correlation between life style and cardiopulmonary function and body fat. Methods: We divided two groups by the score of behavior modification therapy questionnaire. Westudied tendency of change of cardiopulmonary function and body fat for medication of Mahuang capsule by ergogenic aids and placebo with circuit training. We got the results for Exercise stress test and Segmental Bioelectrical Impedence Analysis. Results: 1. High Score Group in Behavior Modification Therapy Questionnaire significantly(p<.05) showed elevation of Lean Body Mass, Body Fat, Waist Circumference and not significantly elevation of Body Weight, But Basal Metabolic Rate was declined. Low Score Group in Behavior Modification Therapy Questionnaire significantly(p<.05) showed elevation of Waist Circumference and not significantly elevation of Body Weight and Body Fat, Lean Body Mass but decline of Basal Metabolic Rate, Waist to Hip Ratio 2. High Score Group in Behavior Modification Therapy Questionnaire significantly(p<.05) showed elevation of $VO_{2max}$ and not significantly elevation of the rest. Low Score Group in Behavior Modification Therapy Questionnaire significantly(p<.05) showed elevation of rest Heart Rate, Diastolic Blood Pressure, and not significantly elevation of the rest except for METs Conclusion: High score group in Behavior Modification Therapy Questionnaire showed significantly elevation of body composition, but had no relationship with Cardiopulmonary function

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.281-287
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• 1984

In search for a method of evaluating the cardiopulmonary function. 74 male and 33 female volunteers ages $18{\sim}25$ were subjected to this study The subjects walked on a treadmill at speed of 2,4,6 and 8km/hr with 0,5,10,15,20 and 25% grade of inclination, respectively, for a measurement of heart rate and oxygen-pulse. Heart rate was measured every 5 seconds at resting state and during walking by telemetric method using Heart Checker 108 System (Senoh Co., Japan). Oxygen concentration was measured by Douglas bag method collecting expired air for 5 minutes at rest, and for 2 minutes at the end of each walking exercise. Oxygen concentration in an expired air was analyzed with Orzat gas analyser and expressed in terms of STPD. Oxygen-pulse was defined as an amount of oxygen consumed at every heart at a cellular level. The followings were the results obtained from this study. 1. Mean values of oxygen-pulse at resting state was $3.1{\pm}0.11ml/beat$ in male and $2.5{\pm}0.87ml/beat$ in female, respectively. 2. Mean values of oxygen-pulse during treadmill walking were increased in proportion with the load of exercise, namely, the speed and grade of inclination, from minimum of 7.1ml/beat upto maximum of 18.2ml/beat in male and from minimum of 4.2ml/beat upto maximum of 12,7ml/beat in female. 3. Both linear and logarithmic regressional relationships between oxygen-pulse and speed of walking and grade of inclination were observed in both sexes. Predicted values of oxygen-pulse by logarithmic regressional formula on speed and on grade of inclination were better coincided with the measured values than those predicted by the linear regressional formula.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.11-22
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• 2012

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to show the differences of mental stress measured with heart rate variability (HRV) and to evaluate the effects of Aromatherapy under mental stress, according to the depression index. Methods : The volunteers were allocated into 2 groups by BDI scores. Each group is divided into 2 subgroups again. After instrumentation and 10-minutes rest period, mental stress by operation was provided for 15-minutes. HRV was recorded before and after the mental stress. Then the control groups rested for 15-minutes. The experimental groups were treated with Aromatherapy. And then HRV was recorded. Results : 1. There were no significant differences in the mean HRT and SDNN between each group. 2. LF, HF, and LF norm showed different changes in each group. 3. LF/HF ratio showed significant changes. Conclusions : These results suggest that psychic factor makes an important rule under the mental stress and the effect of Aromatherapy, and Aromatherapy is effective to recover mental stress.