Journal of Life Science (생명과학회지)

Korean Society of Life Science (한국생명과학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Cardiovascular Responses to Exercise during Acute Nicotine Abstinence

흡연 중단시간에 따른 유산소운동 시 심혈관계 반응의 변화

  • Lee, Sun-Kyu (Graduated School of Physical Education, KyungHee University) ;
  • Choi, Hyun-Min (Graduated School of Physical Education, KyungHee University) ;
  • Kim, Jong-Kyung (Graduated School of Physical Education, KyungHee University) ;
  • Kim, Chan-Ho (Graduated School of Physical Education, KyungHee University) ;
  • Nho, Ho-Sung (Graduated School of Physical Education, KyungHee University)
  • Received : 2012.01.31
  • Accepted : 2012.03.29
  • Published : 2012.04.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

We investigated the effect of smoking on cardiovascular responses during acute dynamic exercise. Eleven college students who had been smoking (duration of smoking: $7.45{\pm}0.90$ years; number of cigarettes per day: $17.72{\pm}1.22$) participated in this study. All subjects completed a graded exercise testing to determine the relative exercise intensity. The cardiovascular responses were measured at rest, and during mild and moderate exercise immediately, 24, and 48 hours after smoking. The same procedures were repeated during 24-h smoking withdrawal. All subjects were continuously instrumented to measure systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), heart rate (HR), stroke volume (SV), cardiac output (CO), and total vascular conductance (TVC) at rest and during exercise. The results showed that compared to the nicotine abstention, SBP, DBP, MAP, and HR were significantly higher at 24 and 48 hours after smoking ($p$<0.05), and CO was significantly higher at rest and during moderate exercise ($p$<0.05). There were no differences in SV and TVC before and after smoking. Thus, the results suggest that smoking is associated with an exaggerated sympathetic nerve activity during dynamic exercise. Consequently, smoking cessation may help reduce cardiac events, such as stroke and heart attack, during exercise.

흡연자의 단시간의 흡연 중단이 안정 시 및 저강도(40% of $VO_2max$), 중강도(60% of $VO_2max$)에서의 일회성 유산소성 운동 중에 나타내는 심혈관 반응의 차이를 알아보는데 있다. 따라서 성인 남성 흡연자를 대상으로 흡연 직후, 흡연 중단 24시간과 흡연 중단 48시간 경과 후의 안정 시, 저강도, 중강도의 강도별 사이클 에르고미터를 통한 일회성 유산소 운동 시 심혈관계 반응을 검토하였다. 이에 따른 결과 흡연 직후, 흡연 중단 24시간과 흡연 중단 48시간 경과 후의 안정 시, 저강도, 중강도의 수준의 운동 강도별 사이클 에르고미터를 통한 일회성 유산소 운동 시 SBP, DBP, MAP, HR에서 유의한 감소가 나타났다($p$<0.05). 또한, 안정 시와 중강도에서는 CO의 유의한 감소가 나타났다($p$<0.05). 이상의 결과로부터 단시간의 흡연 중단은 교감신경의 항진상태를 완화시키고, 부교감신경계의 활성화로 인해 HR을 감소시킴으로써 안정 시와 동일 강도 유산소운동 시의 과도한 심혈관 반응을 완화키는 것으로 사료된다. 이를 통해 흡연자에게 있어 단기간의 흡연 금지만으로도 운동 중에 심혈관계 반응의 위험을 감소시킬 수 있다는 가능성을 나타냈다.

Keywords

References

  1. Ali, D., Mikail, Y., Ibrahim, G., Mehmet, G. K., Ibrahim, O., Nihat, K., Mehmet, T. I., Mehtap, O., Idris, A., Orhan, D., Namik, K. E., Ali, E. and Abdurrahman, O. 2011. Acute effects of passive smoking on left ventricular systolic and diastolic function in healthy volunteers. J. Am. Soc. Echocardio. 24, 185-191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.echo.2010.10.019
  2. American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM). 2009. ACSM's Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription (8th eds.). Lipponcott Williams and Wilkins. Seattle, WA.
  3. Anton, M. M., Cortez-Cooper, M. Y., DeVan, A. E., Neidre, D. B., Cook, J. N. and Tanaka, H. 2006. Cigarette smoking, regular exercise, and peripheral blood flow. Atherosclerosis 185, 201-205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2005.05.034
  4. Buddy, W. and Charles, L. S. 2008. Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation enhances stroke volume and cardiac output during dynamic exercise. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 104, 455-461. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-008-0791-x
  5. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2004. Surgeon General's Report. The Health Consequences of Smoking. The Benefits of Quitting.
  6. Cha, K. S. 2001. A comparison of pulmonary function, aerobic power, blood pressure, blood hemoglobin in smokers and non-smokers. Korean J. Physic. Edu. 40, 845-857.
  7. Chang, I. H. and Lee, S. K. 2000. Cardiorespiratory functions of smoking athletes in maximal exercise. Korean J. Sports Sci. 9, 421-432.
  8. Choi, D. H. and Choi, H. N. 2000. The variability of pulmonary and lipoprotein functions in chronic smokers: a cross-sectional study. Korean Soc. Sports Med. 18, 109-116.
  9. Choi, H. N., Jung, J. H., Joo, M. H., Sim, Y. J. and Yoo, J. H. 2008. The responses of cardiorespiratory capacities and lactate during the exercise according to cigarette smoking and nonsmoking on smokers. Korean Soc. Sport Lei. Stud. 32, 1051-1058.
  10. Cowley, A. 1992. Long-term control of arterial blood pressure. Physiol. Rev. 72, 231-300.
  11. Fox, E. L. 1984. Sports Physiology. CBS College Publishing.
  12. Gil, T. O., Koo, K. S., Kim, K. Y. and Shin, Y. K. 2001. The effect of a before exercise smoking and a short-term prohibition of smoking on cardiopulmonary functions. Korean J. Physic. Edu. 40, 685-695.
  13. Girdler, S. S., Jamner, L. D., Jarvik, M., Soles, J. R. and Shapiro, D. 1997. Smoking status and nicotine administration differentially modify hemodynamic stress reactivity in men and women. Psychosom. Med. 59, 294-306. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006842-199705000-00012
  14. Grover, R. F., Weil, J. V. and Reeves, J. T. 1986. Cardiovascular adaptation to exercise at high altitude. Exerc. Sport Sci. Rev. 14, 269-302.
  15. Haufroid, V. and Lison, D. 1998. Urinary cotinine as a tobacco-smoke exposure index: a mini review. Int. Arch. Occup. Health 71, 162-168. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004200050266
  16. Halliwill, J. R. and Minson, C. T. 2002. Effect of hypoxia on arterial baroreflex control of heart rate and muscle sympathetic nerve activity in humans. J. Appl. Physiol. 93, 857-864.
  17. Jeffrey, S. M., Darren, T. B., Alvaro, N. G. and Randy, W. B. 2010. The acute effects of smokeless tobacco on central aortic blood pressure and wave reflection characteristics. Exp. Biol. Med. 235, 1263-1268. https://doi.org/10.1258/ebm.2010.009376
  18. Jones, R. M. 1985. Smoking before surgery: the case for stopping. BMJ. 290, 1763-1764. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.290.6484.1763
  19. Kim, C. Y., Lee, C. H. and Yang, J. S. 2002. The effects of cardiovascular system factors during incremental treadmill exercise testing in hypertensive smoker and nonsmoker. Korean Soc. Sport Lei. Stud. 18, 1039-1048.
  20. Kim, J. K., Sala-Mercado, J. A., Rodriguez, J. A., Scislo, T. J. and O'Leary, D. S. 2005. Arterial baroreflex alters the strength and mechanisms of the muscle metaboreflex during dynamic exercise. Am. J. Appl. Physiol. 288, H1374-H1380. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00492.2004
  21. Kingwell, B. A., Medley, T. L., Waddell, T. K., Cole, T. J., Dart, A. M. and Jennings, G. L. 2001. Large artery stiffness: structural and genetic aspects. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 28, 1040-1043. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1681.2001.03580.x
  22. Klein, L. W. 1984. Cigarette smoking, atherosclerosis and the coronary hemodynamic response: a unifying hypothesis. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 4, 972-984. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0735-1097(84)80059-5
  23. Kwak, Y. S., Jin, Y. W. and Park, C. H. 2005. Effects of changes in exercise intensity on resting metabolic rate (RMR) and energy expenditure in young men. J. Life Sci. 15, 352-358. https://doi.org/10.5352/JLS.2005.15.3.352
  24. Ministry of Health and Welfare. 2010. Adult smoking of the second half of the year survey in 2010.
  25. Miyai, N., Arita, M., Miyashita, K., Moriaka, I. T., Shiraish, T. and Nishio, I. 2002. Blood pressure response to heart rate during exercise test and risk of future hypertension. Hypertension 29, 761-776.
  26. Moraes-Silva, I. C., De La Fuente, R. N., Mostarda, C., Rosa, K., Flues, K., Damaceno-Rodrigues, N. R., Caldini, E. G., De Angelis, K., Krieger, E. M. and Irigoyen, M. C. 2009. Baroreflex deficit blunts exercise training-induced cardiovascular and autonomic adaptations in hypertensive rats. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 37, e114-e120.
  27. Narkiewicz, K., Van De Borne, P. J., Hausberg, M., Cooley, R. L., Winniford, M. D. and Davinson, D. E. 1998. Cigarette smoking increases sympathetic outflow in humans. Circulation 98, 528-534. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.98.6.528
  28. Nho, H. S., Tanaka, K., Kim, H. S., Watanabe, Y. and Hiyama, T. 1998. Exercise training in female patients with a family history of hypertension. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 78, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004210050379
  29. Norihiko, S., Toyoshi, Y. and Shigeo, T. 2008. Cigarette smoking augments sympathetic nerve activity in patients with coronary heart disease. Int. Heart. J. 49, 261-272. https://doi.org/10.1536/ihj.49.261
  30. Papathanasiou, G., Georgakopoulos, D., Georgoudis, G., Spyropoulos, P., Perrea, D. and Evangelou, A. 2007. Effects of chronic smoking on exercise tolerance and on heart rate systolic blood pressure product in young healthy adults. Eur. J. Cardiovasc. Prev. Rehabil. 14, 646-652. https://doi.org/10.1097/HJR.0b013e3280ecfe2c
  31. Park, W. L., Park, S. Y., Choi, H. M., Lee, J. H., Chun, J. M., Kim, J. K., Shim, J. K. and Nho, H. 2009. Cardiovascular responses over the time course during muscle group III stimulation in prehypertensive individuals. J. Life Sci. 19, 1568-1574. https://doi.org/10.5352/JLS.2009.19.11.1568
  32. Power, S. K. and Howley, E. T. 2001. Exercise physiology: theory and application to fitness and performance (6th eds.). Life Science Publishing Co. Seoul.
  33. Rode, A. and Shephard, R. J. 1971. The influence of cigarette smoking upon the oxygen cost of breathing in near maximal exercise. Med. Sci. Sports 3, 51-55.
  34. Sherphard, R. J. and Balady, G. J. 1999. Exercise as cardiovascular therapy. Circulation 99, 963-972. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.99.7.963
  35. Sidney, S., Sternfeld, B. and Gidding, S. S. 1993. Cigarette smoking and submaximal exercise test duration in a biracial population of young adult: the CARDIA study. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 25, 911-916.
  36. Sim, Y. S., Ham, E., Choi, K. Y., Lee, S. Y., Kim, S. C., Kim, Y. K. and Park, S. H. 2010. Longitudinal evaluation of lung function associated with emphysema in healthy smokers. Tuberc. Respir. Dis. 69, 177-183. https://doi.org/10.4046/trd.2010.69.3.177
  37. Smith, S. A, Williams, M. A., Leal, A. K., Mitchell, J. H. and Garry, M. G. 2006. Exercise pressor reflex function is altered in spontaneously hypertensive rats. J. Physiol. 15, 1009-1020.
  38. Sun, S. K., Jung, D. C. and Ko, K. J. 2006. The effects of chronic smoking on young male adults cardiorespiratory function. Korean J. Sport Sci. 17, 38-46.
  39. Willemse, B. W., Postma, D. S., Timens, W. and Ten Hacken, N. H. 2004. The impact of smoking cessation on respiratory symptoms, lung function, airway hyper responsiveness and inflammation. Eur. Respir. J. 23, 464-476. https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.04.00012704
  40. Wilmore, J. H. and Costill, D. L. 1994. Physiology of sport and exercise. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
  41. Yoo, J. H., Ji, Y. S. and Kim, E. K. 2010. The responses of %SO2, anaerobic threshold & cardiorespiratory capacities according to cigarette smoking before exercising. Korean Soc. Sport Lei. Study 40, 659-666.