• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.31 no.8
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• pp.1252-1258
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• 2018

Objective: This study was carried out to determine the effects of cumin essential oil on the silage fermentation, aerobic stability and in vitro digestibility of alfalfa silages. Methods: Alfalfa was harvested at early bloom (5th cutting) stage in October and wilted for about 3 hours. The research was carried out at three groups which were the control group where no additive control was done (CON), cumin essential oil (CMN3) with 300 mg/kg and CMN5 with 500 mg/kg cumin essential oil addition. Alfalfa was ensiled in plastic bags. The packages were stored at $8^{\circ}C{\pm}2^{\circ}C$ under laboratory conditions. All groups were sampled for physical, chemical and microbiological analysis 120th day after ensiling. At the end of the ensiling period, all silages were subjected to an aerobic stability test for 7 days. In addition, enzimatic solubility of organic matter (ESOM), metabolizable energy (ME), and relative feed value (RFV) of these silages were determined. Results: pH level decreased in the cumin groups compared to CON (p<0.05), thus inhibiting proteolytic enzymes from breaking down proteins into ammonia. In addition, it increased ESOM amount, and concordantly provided an increase of ME contents. Similarly, dry matter intake and RFV ratio increased. After opening the silage, it kept its aerobic stability for three days. Conclusion: Cumin essential oil improved fermentation, and affected chemical and microbiological characteristics of silages. Especially the addition of 300 mg/kg cumin provided cell wall fractionation through stimulating the activities of enzymes responsible. It also increased the number and activity of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) through providing a development of LAB.

• Laboraroty Animal Research
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.295-301
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• 2018

Nucleotide-binding domain 1 (Nod1) is a cytosolic receptor that is responsible for the recognition of a bacterial peptidoglycan motif containing meso-diaminophimelic acid. In this study, we sought to identify the role of Nod1 in host defense in vivo against pulmonary infection by multidrug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Wildtype (WT) and Nod1-deficient mice were intranasally infected with $3{\times}10^7CFU$ of A. baumannii and sacrificed at 1 and 3 days post-infection (dpi). Bacterial CFUs, cytokines production, histopathology, and mouse ${\beta}$-defensins (mBD) in the lungs of infected mice were evaluated. The production of cytokines in response to A. baumannii was also measured in WT and Nod1-deficient macrophages. The bacterial clearance in the lungs was not affected by Nod1 deficiency. Levels of IL-6, $TNF-{\alpha}$, and $IL-1{\beta}$ in the lung homogenates were comparable at days 1 and 3 between WT and Nod1-deficient mice, except the $TNF-{\alpha}$ level at day 3, which was higher in Nod1-deficient mice. There was no significant difference in lung pathology and expression of mBDs (mBD1, 2, 3, and 4) between WT and Nod1-deficient mice infected with A. baumannii. The production of IL-6, $TNF-{\alpha}$, and NO by macrophages in response to A. baumannii was also comparable in WT and Nod1-deficient mice. Our results indicated that Nod1 does not play an important role in host immune responses against A. baumannii infection.

• Journal of Korean Institute of Architectural Sustainable Environment and Building Systems
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.669-679
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• 2018

Energy consumption savings in buildings should be reviewed in diverse areas such as air conditioning system and lighting responsible for cooling and heating, and energy management systems such as BAS (Building Automation System) and BEMS (Building Energy Management System) are introduced to improve energy consumption efficiency and to promote economic control of related facilities by integrated management of energy generated and consumption in buildings. The measured building of this study uses regenerative geothermal system. Measured values of heat pump and system COP were 4.7 and 4.2 respectively, and they were found to be higher 11.9% and 23.5% than rated values. As a result of analyzing the air conditioning and lighting energy from the first floor to the fourth floor performing the air conditioning, the second and third floors, which have a high frequency of use, are compared with the first and fourth floors 50% higher energy consumption ratio. On the other hand, the general heat storage system uses the nighttime power of the previous day to store heat and use it the next day. The total number of days of abnormal operation during the summer season is 61 days. The electricity cost corresponding to the abnormal operation is 1,840,641 KRW, and the normal operation using the nighttime power is 1,363,561 KRW, which is difference of 477,080 KRW, 35% increase in cost. We will utilize it as the main data of BEMS through analysis of winter operation characteristics as well as summer operation characteristics.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.201-208
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• 2019

Background: After tooth extraction, pain due to dry socket and pain in the adjacent tooth are common. The aim of this study was to retrospectively analyze pain in the adjacent tooth after surgical extraction of the mandibular third molar. Methods: Postoperative pain due to dry socket, pain in the adjacent tooth, and pain from other causes were present. Group A included patents with dry socket alone; group B included patients with pain in the adjacent tooth alone; and group C included patients with both. The duration of symptoms was recorded. In addition, the prognosis of pain was divided into the complete improvement, improvement, maintenance, deterioration, and complete deterioration groups. Results: A total of 312 mandibular third molars were extracted from 13, 60, and 10 patients in groups A, B, and C, respectively. The mean duration of symptoms was 5 days in group A and B and 15.2 days in group C. There were statistically significant differences in the duration of symptoms between groups A and C and groups B and C. Conclusion: Pain in the adjacent tooth after third molar extraction can be caused by inflammatory reactions and pressure on this tooth. The pain caused by pressure on the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone results from the cytokines released by osteoclasts, which are responsible for bone destruction. However, pain from periodontal ligament damage caused by excessive pressure may be misunderstood as pulpal pain. Unconscious parafunctional habits, such as clenching and bruxism, could also be associated with post-extraction pain.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.291-297
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• 2022

Dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a type of progressive blindness that is primarily due to dysfunction and the loss of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). The accumulation of N-retinylidene-N-retinylethanolamine (A2E), a by-product of the visual cycle, causes RPE and photoreceptor degeneration that impairs vision. Genes associated with dry AMD have been identified using a blue light model of A2E accumulation in the retinal pigment epithelium and transcriptomic studies of retinal tissue from patients with AMD. However, dry macular degeneration progresses slowly, and current approaches cannot reveal changes in gene transcription according to stages of AMD progression. Thus, they are limited in terms of identifying genes responsible for pathogenesis. Here, we created a model of long-term exposure to identify temporally-dependent changes in gene expression induced in human retinal pigment epithelial cells (ARPE-19) exposed to blue light and a non-cytotoxic dose of A2E for 120 days. We identified stage-specific genes at 40, 100, and 120 days, respectively. The expression of genes corresponding to epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) during the early stage, glycolysis and angiogenesis during the middle stage, and apoptosis and inflammation pathways during the late stage was significantly altered by A2E and blue light. Changes in the expression of genes at the late stages of the EMT were similar to those found in human eyes with late-stage AMD. Our results provide further insight into the pathogenesis of dry AMD induced by blue light and a novel model in vitro with which relevant genes can be identified in the future.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2023.05a
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• pp.163-163
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• 2023

Flooding has become an increasing event which is one of the major natural disasters responsible for direct economic damage in South Korea. Driven by climate change, precipitation extremes play significant role on the flood damage and its further increase is expected to exacerbate the socioeconomic impact in the country. However, the empirical evidence associating changes in precipitation extremes to the historical flood damage is limited. Thus, there is a need to assess the causal relationship between changes in precipitation extremes and flood damage, especially in agricultural region like Chungcheong region in South Korea. The spatial and temporal changes of precipitation extremes from 10 synoptic stations based on daily precipitation data were analyzed using the ClimPACT2 tool and Mann-Kendall test. The four precipitation extreme indices consisting of consecutive wet days (CWD), number of very heavy precipitation wet days (R30 mm), maximum 1-day precipitation amount (Rx1day), and simple daily precipitation intensity (SDII), which represent changes in intensity, frequency, and duration, respectively, and the time series data on flooded area and flood damage from 1985 to 2020 were used to investigate the causal relationship in the ARDL-ECM framework and pairwise Granger causality analysis. The trend results showed that majority of the precipitation indices indicated positive trends, however, CWD showed no significant changes. ARDL-ECM framework showed that there was a long-run relationship among the variables. Further analysis on the empirical results showed that flooded area and Rx1day have significant positive impacts on the flood damage in both short and long-runs while R30 mm only indicated significant positive impact in the short-run, both in the current period, which implies that an increase in flooded area, Rx1day, and R30 mm will cause an increase in the flood damage. The pairwise Granger analysis showed unidirectional causality from the flooded area, R30 mm, Rx1day, and SDII to flood damage. Thus, these precipitation indices could be useful as indicators of pluvial flood damage in Chungcheong region of South Korea.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.33 no.7
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• pp.886-894
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• 2023

During the rhizoremediation of diesel-contaminated soil, methane (CH₄), a representative greenhouse gas, is emitted as a result of anaerobic metabolism of diesel. The application of methantrophs is one of solutions for the mitigation CH₄ emissions during the rhizoremediation of diesel-contaminated soil. In this study, CH₄-oxidizing rhizobacteria, Methylocystis sp. JHTF4 and Methyloversatilis sp. JHM8, were isolated from rhizosphere soils of tall fescue and maize, respectively. The maximum CH₄ oxidation rates for the strains JHTF4 and JHM8 were 65.8 and 33.8 mmol·g-DCW^-1·h^-1, respectively. The isolates JHTF4 and JHM8 couldn't degrade diesel. The inoculation of the isolate JHTF4 or JHM8 significantly enhanced diesel removal during rhizoremediation of diesel-contaminated soil planted with maize for 63 days. Diesel removal in the tall fescue-planting soil was enhanced by inoculating the isolates until 50 days, while there was no significant difference in removal efficiency regardless of inoculation at day 63. In both the maize and tall fescue planting soils, the CH₄ oxidation potentials of the inoculated soils were significantly higher than the potentials of the non-inoculated soils. In addition, the gene copy numbers of pmoA, responsible for CH₄ oxidation, in the inoculated soils were significantly higher than those in the non-inoculated soils. The gene copy numbers ratio of pmoA to 16S rDNA (the ratio of methanotrophs to total bacteria) in soil increased during rhizoremediation. These results indicate that the inoculation of Methylocystis sp. JHTF4 and Methyloversatilis sp. JHM8, is a promising strategy to minimize CH₄ emissions during the rhizoremediation of diesel-contaminated soil using maize or tall fescue.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.266-279
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• 2022

This study was conducted to evaluate the proteolysis trends and change in meat quality during 10 days of cold storage in duck M. pectoralis major (PM) and M. iliotibialis (IL). Duck IL had a higher pH and greater degree of lightness but lower cooking loss than PM (p<0.05). During the 10-day cold storage, the pH value of PM declined significantly (p<0.05), while the meat quality traits of IL were not affected by cold storage (p>0.05). In PM, the redness increased from day 1 to day 5, while cooking loss was lower on day 10 compared to day 5 (p<0.05). There were no significant differences in the activities of cathepsin B and proteasome 20S during cold storage (p>0.05). The activity of calpains declined gradually during 10 days of storage (p<0.05), and the activity of calpains in PM was higher than that in IL (p<0.05). A total of 5,155 peptides were detected and derived from 34 proteins of duck PM muscle, whereas 4,222 peptides derived from 32 proteins were detected from duck IL muscle. Duck PM muscle was composed only of fast type of muscle fiber, whereas IL muscle was composed of both slow and fast types. The proteins responsible for glycolysis or myofibrillar proteins were closely related to changes in meat color or water-holding capacity during cold storage. These results suggest that changes in meat quality characteristics during cold storage are closely related to protein degradation, which is also related to the distribution of muscle fiber types.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.7-11
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• 2001

Background: Although several mechanisms of causalgia, which results from a partial injury to the peripheral nerve trunk, have been proposed, whether or not antidromic impulses from the injured neurons contribute to the development of the mechanical hyperalgesia has not been studied. The purpose of this experiment is was to investigate the role of antidromic impulses to the peripheral sensory receptor site on the development of mechanical hyperalgesia in a rat model of peripheral neuropathy. Methods: Rats were prepared with tight ligation of by tightly ligating the left fifth and sixth lumbar spinal nerves. The effect of bupivacaine pretreatment on the development of mechanical hyperalgesia was evaluated by injecting 0.5% bupivacaine (0.3 ml) into the plantar surface of the left hind paw before the skin incision was made. For the control group, normal saline (0.3 ml) was injected instead of bupivacaine. To measure the mechanical hyperalgesia, paw withdrawal thresholds were measured using a series of von Frey hairs. Mechanical hyperalgesia was measured a the day before, and 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, and 14 days after the surgery. Results: The control group showed decreased withdrawal thresholds from the day after the surgery (the values were $14.0{\pm}0.5$, $8.9{\pm}1.3$, $8.4{\pm}1.6$, $6.9{\pm}1.2$, $8.8{\pm}1.5$, $10.5{\pm}1.3$, and $8.6{\pm}1.3$ g; at -1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, and 14 days after the surgery, respectively). However, withdrawal thresholds of the bupivacaine-pretreated group showed increased withdrawal thresholds for three days after the surgery ($14.5{\pm}0.3$, $12.6{\pm}1.4$, $12.7{\pm}1.1$, $10.5{\pm}1.3$ g; at 1, 1, 2, 3 days after the surgery). Conclusions: Our result suggests that antidromic impulses to the peripheral sensory receptors are at least partly responsible for the initial development of mechanical hyperalgesia in a rat model of peripheral neuropathy.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.241-248
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• 1998

A result of national malaria surveillance in Korean civilians was described. Since a case of indigenous vivax malaria was detected in 1993, a total of 2,198 cases was confirmed by blood smear up to 1997. Of them, 1,548 cases were soldiers serving in the demilitarized zone (DMZ), while 650 cases were civilians. Number of civilian cases was 3 in 1994, 19 in 1995, 71 in 1996, and 557 in 1997. Of them, 239 were ex-soldiers who discharged after military service in the prevalent areas such as Paju, Yonchon, Kimpo, Kangwha, Tongduchon in Kyonggi-do and Chorwon in Kangwon-do while 308 patients were civilian residents in the prevalent areas. Seventy-two patients, living nationwide, had a history of visiting the prevalent areas during transmission season. Only 32 civilian patients denied any relation with the prevalent areas. As a whole, a half of the civilian cases was diagnosed when living in non-prevalent areas. Male patients in their twenties was the highest in number. Annual parasite index is steadily elevated in residents living in the prevalent areas. Monthly incidence showed an unimodal distribution, forming a peak in August. Ex-soldiers exhibited a delayed incubation ranging from 153 to 452 days ($279{\pm}41$ days). The time required for diagnosis was shortened from 23.6 days in 1995 to 13.7 days in 1997. Although the current epidemic of vivax malaria started as a border malaria, it seems highly probable that vivax malaria is established in the local areas and responsible for at least a part of transmission.