• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.906-912
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• 2016

${\beta}$-Glucan is a natural compound contained in cell walls of yeast or fungi, and cereal's fiber. It is also known to boost the immune system in human. Aureobasidium is a producer of water-soluble ${\beta}$-1,3/1,6-glucan. In this study, natural killer (NK) cell and macrophage activity were tested to investigate the effects of ${\beta}$-1,3/1,6-glucan isolated from A. pullulans on immune activity. Activation of NK cell was increased about 63-39% by the treatment of $10-200{\mu}g/mL$ ${\beta}$-1,3/1,6-glucan than control. Besides, only $10{\mu}g/mL$ of ${\beta}$-1,3/1,6-glucan was enough to boost activation of NK cell. Phagocytosis of macrophage was increased to 15~21% by the treatment of $10{\sim}200{\mu}g/mL$ of ${\beta}$-1,3/1,6-glucan than zymosan-treatment. In LP-BM5 proliferating inhibition test, relative mRNA level of LP-BM5 virus was decreased in ${\beta}$-1,3/1,6-glucan-treated cell about 36~74% than control. The decline of LP-BM5 mRNA level appeared to depend on the concentration of ${\beta}$-1,3/1,6-glucan. These results suggest that pure ${\beta}$-1,3/1,6-glucan from A. pullulans might be contributing to enhancement of immune activity through the activation of NK cell and phagocytosis of macrophage. Moreover, treatment of the ${\beta}$-1,3/1,6-glucan could increase the resistance to virus infection such as LP-BM5 through the restraining of the multiplication.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.191-200
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• 1986

The study was conducted to screen paraquat-tolerant plant species among crops and weeds, using the response of plant like leaf disc discoloration, visual injury and dry weight in the presence of paraquat. Mechanism of paraquat-tolerance was investigated in strains of soybean through evaluating activities of superoxide dismutase and peroxidase and the multiplication of callus derived from soybean cotyledon. In crops, Kwanggyo has been selected as a paraquat-tolerant variety among soybean cultivars tested, and Hood as a susceptible one. In weeds, Polygonum aviculare, Chenopodium album and Pinellia ternata were evaluated as the paraquat resistant species, providing the possibility for the donor plant species for paraquat resistance. Activity of superoxide dismutase known to detoxify paraquat was markedly greater in Kwanggyo, a paraquat-tolerant cultivar than in Hood, a susceptible one. In addition, the similar response like superoxide dismutase was observed in peroxidese activity. The greater inhibition of callus multiplication was determined in Hood, a susceptible one than a tolerant one, Kwnggyo. Based on all the informations, it is strongly proposed that paraquat tolerance in soybean is due to destruction of $O_2^-$ by elevated concentration of superoxide dismutase in the tolerant cultivar.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 1999

We sought to find out the mechanism of vascular relaxation by extracellular $K^+$ concentration $([K^+]_o)$ in the cerebral resistant arteriole from rabbit. Single cells were isolated from the cerebral resistant arteriole, and using voltage-clamp technique barium-sensitive $K^+$ currents were recorded, and their characteristics were observed. Afterwards, the changes in membrane potential and currents through the membrane caused by the change in $[K^+]_o$ was observed. In the smooth muscle cells of cerebral resistant arteriole, ion currents that are blocked by barium, 4-aminopyridine (4-AP), and tetraethylammonium (TEA) exist. Currents that were blocked by barium showed inward rectification. When the $[K^+]_o$ were 6, 20, 60, and 140 mM, the reversal potentials were $-82.7{\pm}1.0,\;-49.5{\pm}1.86,\;-26{\pm}1.14,\;-5.18{\pm}1.17$ mV, respectively, and these values were almost identical to the calculated $K^+$ equilibrium potential. The inhibition of barium-sensitive inward currents by barium depended on the membrane potential. At the membrane potentials of -140, -100, and -60 mV, $K_d$ values were 0.44, 1.19, and 4.82 ${\mu}M,$ respectively. When $[K^+]_o$ was elevatedfrom 6 mM to 15 mM, membrane potential hyperpolarized to -50 mV from -40 mV. Hyperpolarization by $K^+$ was inhibited by barium but not by ouabain. When the membrane potential was held at resting membrane potential and the $[K^+]_o$ was elevated from 6 mM to 15 mM, outward currents increased; when elevated to 25 mM, inward currents increased. Fixing the membrane potential at resting membrane potential and comparing the barium-sensitive outward currents at $[K^+]_o$ of 6 and 15 mM showed that the barium- sensitive outward current increased at 15 mM $K^+.$ From the above results the following were concluded. Barium-sensitive $K^+$?channel activity increased when $[K^+]_o$ is elevated and this leads to an increase in $K^+-outward$ current. Consequently, the membrane potential hyperpolarizes, leading to the relaxation of resistant arteries, and this is thought to contribute to an increase in the local blood flow of brain.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.849-859
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• 2018

Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) infection has been a public health concern worldwide. It is the leading cause of genital herpes and a contributing factor to cervical cancer and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. No vaccine is available yet for the treatment of HSV-2 infection, and routinely used synthetic nucleoside analogs have led to the emergence of drug resistance. The small molecule $Retro-2^{cycl}$ has been reported to be active against several pathogens by acting on intracellular vesicle transport, which also participates in the HSV-2 lifecycle. Here, we showed that Retro-2.1, which is an optimized, more potent derivative of $Retro-2^{cycl}$, could inhibit HSV-2 infection, with 50% inhibitory concentrations of $5.58{\mu}M$ and $6.35{\mu}M$ in cytopathic effect inhibition and plaque reduction assays, respectively. The cytotoxicity of Retro-2.1 was relatively low, with a 50% cytotoxicity concentration of $116.5{\mu}M$. We also preliminarily identified that Retro-2.1 exerted the antiviral effect against HSV-2 by a dual mechanism of action on virus entry and late stages of infection. Therefore, our study for the first time demonstrated Retro-2.1 as an effective antiviral agent against HSV-2 in vitro with targets distinct from those of nucleoside analogs.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.790-794
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• 2004

Bifidobacterium spp. exhibits the highest number of counts among species of microflora in breast-feeding infant intestines and has been used as probiotics. From infant groups with different diets, 42 Bifidobacterial strains were isolated by selective plate, Gram-staining, and morphology using method of Mitsuoka, among which seven isolates were identified as Bifidobacterium spp. by F6PPK test, MIDI, and PCR. B. bifidum PBH-30, selected for development of probiotics, showed high resistance against low pH and oxgall treatment, and inhibition against pathogens such as Salmonella typhimurium and Staphylococcus aureus. B. bifidum PBH-30 could be applicable to dairy products as probiotic strains due to its excellent growth in raw milk.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.12 no.10
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• pp.477-484
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to verify the antimicrobial effect of garlic and black garlic against pathogenic bacteria. For the comparative analysis of antibacterial effects of garlic, Ampicillin $10{\mu}g$ (BBL) was used as control antibiotics. Research experiments were conducted on each of November 2013 and January 2014. Susceptibility to the antimicrobial effect was measured through Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method and verified according to the standard proposed by the CLSI. Antimicrobial effect of fresh garlic was higher regardless of the method to extract than Ampicillin $10{\mu}g$. In contrast, the manufacturing methods of the black garlic had no effective differentiations. In antimicrobial susceptibility test, black garlic showed resistance to all of 4 strains. However, in the ethanol-extract of fermented black garlic(natural aging of 15 days.) was found the small changes of the growth-inhibition-zone against S. aureus (8 mm)and E. coli(7 mm). This study proposes a variety attempts about the extraction methods of black garlic for the possibility of food preservation.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.108-118
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• 2015

To raise the added value of the fruits of Cudrania tricuspidata, Cudrania tricuspidata vinegar was produced and examined for its fermentation conditions. Forty nine acetic acid bacteria with resistance against acetic acid, ethanol, and sulfide as high acetic acid producers were isolated from fermented foods and identified as Acetobacter indonesiensis, A. cerevisiae, A. orientalis, A. tropicalis, A. fabarum, A. pasteurianus, and A. syzygii based on the results of the analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequences. Among them, two GRAS strains, A. pasteurianus SCMA5 and SCMA6, were finally selected for the production of acetic acid. Optimal vinegar productions were obtained from the medium containing 40% (v/v) fruit juice of Cudrania tricuspidata and 5% (v/v) ethanol at $25^{\circ}C$ for 72 hr. The sensory panel preferred the vinegar fermented with the SCMA06 to that with the SCM05 strain. The radical scavenger capacity of DPPH was 53% higher than that of the control in the vinegar fermented with the SCMA06 strain. The ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibitor activity as an index of the antidiabetic drug showed 91% inhibition, which is higher than that of acabose. This study will be helpful for the scale-up production of vinegar with the fruit of Cudrania tricuspidata.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.24 no.9
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• pp.927-934
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• 2014

Sanguinarine, a benzophenanthridine alkaloid originally derived from the root of Sanguinaria canadensis, has been shown to possess antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-cancer properties. Although tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is known to induce apoptosis in cancer cells, but not most normal cells and has shown efficacy in a phase 2 clinical trial, development of resistance to TRAIL by tumor cells is a major roadblock. Our previous study indicated that treatment with TRAIL in combination with subtoxic concentrations of sanguinarine sensitized TRAIL-mediated apoptosis in TRAIL-resistant human gastric carcinoma AGS cells; however, the detailed mechanisms are not fully understood. In this study, we show that sanguinarine sensitizes AGS cells to TRAIL-mediated apoptosis as detected by MTT assay, agarose gel electrophoresis, chromatin condensation and flow cytometry analysis. Combined treatment with sanguinarine and TRAIL effectively induced expression of death receptor (DR) 5 but did not affect expression of DR4 and mitogen activated protein kinases signaling molecules. Moreover, the combined treatment with sanguinarine and TRAIL increased the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS); however, N-acetylcysteine, ROS scavenger, significantly recovered growth inhibition induced by the combined treatment. Taken together, our results indicate that sanguinarine can potentiate TRAIL-mediated apoptosis through upregulation of DR5 expression and ROS generation.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.40 no.8
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• pp.567-576
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• 2017

The $Na^+/H^+$ exchanger is responsible for maintaining the acidic tumor microenvironment through its promotion of the reabsorption of extracellular $Na^+$ and the extrusion of intracellular $H^+$. The resultant increase in the extracellular acidity contributes to the chemoresistance of malignant tumors. In this study, the chemosensitizing effects of cariporide, a potent $Na^+/H^+-exchange$ inhibitor, were evaluated in human malignant mesothelioma H-2452 cells preadapted with lactic acid. A higher basal level of phosphorylated (p)-AKT protein was found in the acid-tolerable H-2452AcT cells compared with their parental acid-sensitive H-2452 cells. When introduced in H-2452AcT cells with a concentration that shows only a slight toxicity in H-2452 cells, cariporide exhibited growth-suppressive and apoptosis-promoting activities, as demonstrated by an increase in the cells with pyknotic and fragmented nuclei, annexin V-PE(+) staining, a $sub-G_0/G_1$ peak, and a $G_2/M$ phase-transition delay in the cell cycle. Preceding these changes, a cariporide-induced p-AKT down-regulation, a p53 up-regulation, an ROS accumulation, and the depolarization of the mitochondrial-membrane potential were observed. A pretreatment with the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor LY294002 markedly augmented the DNA damage caused by the cariporide, as indicated by a much greater extent of comet tails and a tail moment with increased levels of the p-histone H2A.X, $p-ATM^{Ser1981}$, $p-ATR^{Ser428}$, $p-CHK1^{Ser345}$, and $p-CHK2^{Thr68}$, as well as a series of pro-apoptotic events. The data suggest that an inhibition of the PI3K/AKT signaling is necessary to enhance the cytotoxicity toward the acidtolerable H-2452AcT cells, and it underlines the significance of proton-pump targeting as a potential therapeutic strategy to overcome the acidic-microenvironment-associated chemotherapeutic resistance.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.9-13
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• 1985

This study was conducted to evaluate herbicide resistant plant through tissue culture. Callus was induced from embryos of Echinochloa crusgalli Beauv. (var, oryzicola Ohwi, var. caudata Kitagawa and var, crusgalli). An optium medium for callus induction and succinate dehydrogenase activity in inducted callus were detected and callus growth of various varieties of Echinochloa crusgalli was assessed under the treatment of various rates of butachlor[N-(butoxymethyl)-2-chloro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)acetamide]. MS medium seemed to be the most appropriate to induce callus from the embryos of varieties of E. crusgalli by using 2,4-D about 5.5mg/l as a hormone source. The activity of succinate dehydrogenase in inducted callus showed positive reaction against to TTC(2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride) regardless of concentrations of butachlor and varieties of E. crusgalli, indicating that all the callus induced were alive. The callus growths derived from seeds of E, cnesgalli were greatly affected by various rates of butachlor and were completely inhibited at the highest concentration of butachlor, $10^{-3}M$, regardless of varieties of E. crasgalli. $10^{-6}M$ of butachlor inhibited 24.6% of the callus growth of E. crusgalli Beauv, var. oryzicola Ohwi, while E. crusgalli Beauv. var. crusgalli showed 42% of inhibition, showing that there was difference in response of varieties of E. crusgalli Beauv. to butachlor.