• Title/Summary/Keyword: residual condition

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Post-fire test of precast steel reinforced concrete stub columns under eccentric compression

  • Yang, Yong;Xue, Yicong;Yu, Yunlong;Gong, Zhichao
    • Steel and Composite Structures
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    • v.33 no.1
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    • pp.111-122
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    • 2019
  • This paper presents an experimental work on the post-fire behavior of two kinds of innovative composite stub columns under eccentric compression. The partially precast steel reinforced concrete (PPSRC) column is composed of a precast outer-part cast using steel fiber reinforced reactive powder concrete (RPC) and a cast-in-place inner-part cast using conventional concrete. Based on the PPSRC column, the hollow precast steel reinforced concrete (HPSRC) column has a hollow column core. With the aim to investigate the post-fire performance of these composite columns, six stub column specimens, including three HPSRC stub columns and three PPSRC stub columns, were exposed to the ISO834 standard fire. Then, the cooling specimens and a control specimen unexposed to fire were eccentrically loaded to explore the residual capacity. The test parameters include the section shape, concrete strength of inner-part, eccentricity ratio and heating time. The test results indicated that the precast RPC shell could effectively confine the steel shape and longitudinal reinforcements after fire, and the PPSRC stub columns experienced lower core temperature in fire and exhibited higher post-fire residual strength as compared with the HPSRC stub columns due to the insulating effect of core concrete. The residual capacity increased with the increasing of inner concrete strength and with the decreasing of heating time and load eccentricity. Based on the test results, a FEA model was established to simulate the temperature field of test specimens, and the predicted results agreed well with the test results.

Market Power of Genetically Modified Soybeans Traded Between the United States and Korea

  • Son, Eun-Ae;Lim, Song Soo
    • Journal of Korea Trade
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    • v.23 no.6
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    • pp.131-144
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    • 2019
  • Purpose - The purpose of this study was to investigate market power of soybeans exported by the United States to Korea. Particularly, this paper considered dichotomous characteristics of genetically modified (GM) soybeans and non-GM soybeans and conducted empirical analysis of these two segregated soybean markets to understand key tenets of market power in international soybean trade. Design/methodology - The difference in market power between GM and non-GM soybeans was analyzed using Residual Demand Elasticity (RDE) and Residual Supply Elasticity (RSE) models over the period of 2008~2018. RDE and RSE models under an imperfect competition condition were used to estimate market margins and determine whether GM and non-GM exporters or importers exercised market power in the destination market. Findings - Empirical results suggested that the U.S. had a market power on both GM and non-GM soybean exports. GM exports had greater market power than non-GM exports (14% vs. 9%). By contrast, Korea showed an inability to grab market margin or exert market power in soybean imports. Both export supply by the U.S. and import demand by Korea were found to be more responsive to price changes of GM soybeans than to prices changes of non-GM soybeans. This might be due to a self-interested, profit-seeking strategy by the exporter and many concerned consumers regarding potential adverse effects of GMOs in the importing country. Originality/value - This paper fills the literature gap by exploiting market power in both GM and non-GM markets with explicit consideration of price correlations between GM and non-GM soybeans in Korea. A number of existing studies have provided evidence for market power broadly embedded in international commodity trade. However, studies focusing on Korean markets are limited. No study has explored the country's soybean trade. Furthermore, the majority of prior studies have almost exclusively focused on the market power from a standpoint of exporting countries without discussing importers' market structure. This paper also sought to understand potentially distinguished patterns of market power between GM and non-GM markets.

Evaluation on Thermal Shock Damage of Smart Composite using Nondestructive Technique (비파괴 기법을 이용한 스마트 복합재료의 열충격손상평가)

  • Lee, Jin-Kyung;Park, Young-Chul;Lee, Kyu-Chang;Lee, Joon-Hyun
    • Composites Research
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    • v.20 no.3
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    • pp.37-42
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    • 2007
  • Tensile residual stress is occurred by difference of coefficients of thermal expansion between fiber and matrix is one of the serious problems in metal matrix composite(MMC). TiNi alloy fiber was used to solve the problem of the tensile residual stress as the reinforced material. TiNi alloy fiber improves the tensile strength of composite with occurring of compressive residual stress in the matrix by its shape memory effect. A hot press method was used to create the optimal fabrication condition for a Shape Memory Alloy(SMA) composite. The bonding effect of the matrix and the reinforcement within the SMA composite by the hot press method was strengthened by cold rolling. In addition, acoustic emission technique was used to quantify the microscopic damage behavior of cold rolled TiNi/A16061 shape memory alloy composite at low temperature. The damage degree for the specimen that underwent thermal shock cycles was also discussed.

Research of Diffusion Bonding of Tungsten/Copper and Their Properties under High Heat Flux

  • Li, Jun;Yang, Jianfeng
    • Proceedings of the Materials Research Society of Korea Conference
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    • 2011.05a
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    • pp.14-14
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    • 2011
  • W (tungsten)-alloys will be the most promising plasma facing armor materials in highly loaded plasma interactive components of the next step fusion reactors due to its high melting point, high sputtering resistance and low deuterium/tritium retention. The bonding technology of tungsten to Cu alloy was one of the key issues. In this paper, W/CuCrZr diffusion bonding has been performed successfully by inserting pure metal interlay. The joint microstructure, interfacial elements migration and phase composition were analyzed by SEM, EDS, XRD, and the joint shear strength and micro-hardness were investigated. The mock-ups were fabricated successfully with diffusion bonding and the cladding technology respectively, and the high heat flux test and thermal fatigue test were carried out under actively cooling condition. When Ni foil was used for the bonding of tungsten to CuCrZr, two reaction layers, Ni4W and Ni(W) layer, appeared between the tungsten and Ni interlayer with the optimized condition. Even though Ni4W is hard and brittle, and the strength of the joint was oppositely increased (217 MPa) due primarily to extremely small thicknesses (2~3 ${\mu}m$). When Ti foil was selected as the interlayer, the Ti foil diffused quickly with Cu and was transformed into liquid phase at $1,000^{\circ}C$. Almost all of the liquid was extruded out of the interface zone under bonding pressure, and an extremely thin residual layer (1~2 ${\mu}m$) of the liquid phase was retained between the tungsten and CuCrZr, which shear strength exceeded 160 MPa. When Ni/Ti/Ni multiple interlayers were used for bonding of tungsten to CuCrZr, a large number of intermetallic compound ($Ni_4W/NiTi_2/NiTi/Ni_3T$) were formed for the interdiffusion among W, Ni and Ti. Therefore, the shear strength of the joint was low and just about 85 MPa. The residual stresses in the clad samples with flat, arc, rectangle and trapezoid interface were estimated by Finite Element Analysis. The simulation results show that the flat clad sample was subjected maximum residual stress at the edge of the interface, which could be cracked at the edge and propagated along the interface. As for the rectangle and trapezoid interface, the residual stresses of the interface were lower than that of the flat interface, and the interface of the arc clad sample have lowest residual stress and all of the residual stress with arc interface were divided into different grooved zones, so the probabilities of cracking and propagation were lower than other interfaces. The residual stresses of the mock-ups under high heat flux of 10 $MW/m^2$ were estimated by Finite Element Analysis. The tungsten of the flat interfaces was subjected to tensile stresses (positive $S_x$), and the CuCrZr was subjected to compressive stresses (negative $S_x$). If the interface have a little microcrack, the tungsten of joint was more liable to propagate than the CuCrZr due to the brittle of the tungsten. However, when the flat interface was substituted by arc interfaces, the periodical residual stresses in the joining region were either released or formed a stress field prohibiting the growth or nucleation of the interfacial cracks. Thermal fatigue tests were performed on the mock-ups of flat and arc interface under the heat flux of 10 $MW/m^2$ with the cooling water velocity of 10 m/s. After thermal cycle experiments, a large number of microcracks appeared at the tungsten substrate due to large radial tensile stress on the flat mock-up. The defects would largely affect the heat transfer capability and the structure reliability of the mock-up. As for the arc mock-up, even though some microcracks were found at the interface of the regions, all microcracks with arc interface were divided into different arc-grooved zones, so the propagation of microcracks is difficult.

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Numerical Analysis of Block Type Quay Wall with Piles for Restraining Horizontal Deformation (말뚝 결합 블록식 안벽의 수평변위 억제에 대한 수치해석 연구)

  • Soon-Goo Kwon;Won-Hyo Lee;Tae-Hyung Kim
    • Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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    • v.35 no.6
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    • pp.155-163
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    • 2023
  • A two-dimensional numerical analysis was performed on the depth of pile embedment, the magnitude of the residual water level, and the condition of the presence or absence of cap concrete to understand the behavior of the block-type quay wall with piles. The results showed the control effect of the lateral displacement of the quay wall depending on the embedment of the pile. When the piles were not embedded, the lateral displacement of the quay wall increased proportionally as the residual water level difference increased. In contrast, when the piles were embedded into the ground, the control of the lateral displacement of the quay wall was greatly exerted even if the residual water level difference increased. There was little difference in the lateral displacement of the block-type quay wall regardless of the presence or absence of cap concrete. Under the condition where the piles were embedded down to the rubble mound layer, the piles exhibited the rotational behavior seen in the short piles. As the embedment depth of the piles increased, the piles showed the same bending behavior as the intermediate piles. Thus, the piles significantly contribute to the control of lateral displacement in the block-type quay wall with piles.

Assessment of Pollution Characteristics of Surface Sediments from Lake Andong(II): Studies on the Nutrient and Heavy Metal Release Characteristics from Sediments in Andong Dam (안동댐 퇴적물의 오염도 평가(II): 안동댐 퇴적물에 대한 영양염류 및 중금속 용출 특성 연구)

  • Kim, Young Hun;Park, Jae Chung;Shin, Tae Cheon;Kim, Jeong Jin
    • Korean Journal of Mineralogy and Petrology
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    • v.33 no.4
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    • pp.391-405
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    • 2020
  • Leaching chracteristics of Andong-dam sediment was conducted for heavy metal and nutrients. Five mixed sediment samples were prepared and leaching was conducted under aerobic and anaerobic condition for 60 days. Cd, Cu, Pb, Cr, Zn, Hg, As, Fe, Mn, phosphorus, and nitrogen were analyzed at each sampling time. The leaching rate of phosphorus was higher in anaerobic condition comparing with that of under aerobic condition. Some samples showed higher than the water-quality level IV. In case of As and Cd which showed highest contamination level in the sediment, leached concentration were 0.028 mg/L and 0.003 mg/L in maximum, respectively. The leached concentration is below than the lake water quality standard of Korea. Other heavy metals including Cu, Pb, and Cr also showed similar trend. Five step sequential extraction showed that easily extractable 1-2 step portion such as ion-exchangeable and adsorbed one was less than 10% and the most of the portion was residual. For As and Cd, the residual portion were 80% and 95% respectively indicating the risk by the heavy metal leaching into the lake for a short period was not high in comparing with the contamination levels.

A PHOTOELASTIC STRESS ANALYSIS IN MANDIBULAR DISTAL EXTENSION REMOVABLE PARTIAL DENTURE DESIGNED UNILATERALLY WITH DIFFERENT DIRECT RETAINERS (편측성으로 설계된 하악 유리단 국소의치에서 직접유지장치의 설계 변화에 따른 광탄성 응력 분석에 관한 연구)

  • Son Hong-Suk;Kay Kee-Sung
    • The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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    • v.30 no.1
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    • pp.25-42
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    • 1992
  • The purpose of this study was to analyze the magnitude and distribution of stress using a photoelastic model from a unilateral distal extention removable partial dentures with five kinds of the direct retainers, that is, the bilaterally designed bar clasp of the cross-arch lingual bar and the unilaterally designed bar clasp, circumferential clasp, mini-Dalbo attachment, and telescope retainer. A photoelastic model for mandible was made of the epoxy resin(PL-1) and hardner (PLH-1) with the acrylic resin teeth used and was coated with plastic cement-1 at the lingual surface of the model, and then five kinds of removable partial dentures were set, A unilateral vertical load of about 16Kg was applied on the first molar and the stress pattern of the photoelastic model under each condition was analyzed by the reflective circular polariscope. The following results were obtained: 1. The conventional removable partial denture with the bilaterally cross arch lingual bar produced the most favorable stress distribution on the residual ridge and supporting structure of abutment teeth than the unilaterally designed removable partial dentures. 2. The unilaterally designed removable partial denture with the bar clasp produced the stress distribution on the residual ridge, except sligtly higher stress concentration on the supporting structure of the abutment teeth, similar to the conventional removable partial denture with the bilaterally designed cross arch lingual bar. 3. On the unilaterally designed removable partial dentures, the bar clasp produced greater stress distribution on the residual ridge and supporting structure of the abutment teeth than the circumferential clasp. 4. On the unilaterally designed removable partial dentures, the mimi-Dalbo attachment produced relatively higher stress concentration on the residual ridge, but produced lesser stress concentration on the supporting structure of the abutment teeth than the other direct retainers. 5. On the unilaterally designed removable partial dentures, the telescope retainer produced uniform stress distribution on the residual ridge, but produced higher stress concentration at the root apex of the terminal abutment tooth than the other direct retainers. 6. On the unilaterally designed removable partial dentures the circumferential clasp and telescope retainer produced slightly higher stress concentration on the residual ridge and supporting structure of the abutment teeth than the bar clasp and mini- Dalbo attachment.

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Development of prediction models of chlorine bulk decay coefficient by rechlorination in water distribution network (상수도 공급과정 중 재염소 투입에 따른 잔류염소농도 수체감소계수 예측모델 개발)

  • Jeong, Bobae;Kim, Kibum;Seo, Jeewon;Koo, Jayong
    • Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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    • v.33 no.1
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    • pp.17-29
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    • 2019
  • This study developed prediction models of chlorine bulk decay coefficient by each condition of water quality, measuring chlorine bulk decay coefficients of the water and water quality by water purification processes. The second-reaction order of chlorine were selected as the optimal reaction order of research area because the decay of chlorine was best represented. Chlorine bulk decay coefficients of the water in conventional processes, advanced processes before rechlorination was respectively $5.9072(mg/L)^{-1}d^{-1}$ and $3.3974(mg/L)^{-1}d^{-1}$, and $1.2522(mg/L)^{-1}d^{-1}$ and $1.1998(mg/L)^{-1}d^{-1}$ after rechlorination. As a result, the reduction of organic material concentration during the retention time has greatly changed the chlorine bulk decay coefficient. All the coefficients of determination were higher than 0.8 in the developed models of the chlorine bulk decay coefficient, considering the drawn chlorine bulk decay coefficient and several parameters of water quality and statistically significant. Thus, it was judged that models that could express the actual values, properly were developed. In the meantime, the chlorine bulk decay coefficient was in proportion to the initial residual chlorine concentration and the concentration of rechlorination; however, it may greatly vary depending on rechlorination. Thus, it is judged that it is necessary to set a plan for the management of residual chlorine concentration after experimentally assessing this change, utilizing the methodology proposed in this study in the actual fields. The prediction models in this study would simulate the reduction of residual chlorine concentration according to the conditions of the operation of water purification plants and the introduction of rechlorination facilities, more reasonably considering water purification process and the time of chlorination. In addition, utilizing the prediction models, the reduction of residual chlorine concentration in the supply areas can be predicted, and it is judged that this can be utilized in setting plans for the management of residual chlorine concentration.

A study on the sanitary condition of wells in a rural area, Korea. (일부 농촌지역의 정호에 대한 환경위생학적 조사연구)

  • 이성호;이선덕
    • Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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    • v.3 no.1
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    • pp.48-52
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    • 1976
  • A study was carried out to investigate the sanitary condition of 107 wells in Jungil Ri, Kyunggi province and Daeso Ri, Choongbuck province, from July 1, to August 30, 1975. In this study, coliform groups were examined by the membrane filter method as well as general sanitary condition, pH value, ammonia nitrogen, hardness and water temperature. The following results were obtained: 1. Average value of general sanitary condition in the wells were 15$\circ$C in temperature, pH 6.4, hardness 124ppm and Cl ion 34ppm. 2. Coliform group was positive at all out of 30 open wells and 33 out of 45 pumped wells, while only 7 out of 32 tap water in the simple typed water supply system showed the evidence of coliform groups. 3. The positive rate of ammonia nitrogen revealed 13% out of 107 wells and that of nitrite nitrogen was 36.4% and 6 wells rate of 5.6% were ammonia nitrogen and nitrite nitrogen positive at same time. 4. Colflorin group positive of 32 tap water in the simple typed water supply system 3(27%) out of 11 samples with no residual chlorine, 3(17%) out of 17 with 0.1 to 0.5ppm, 1 out of 3 with 0.6 to 1.0 ppm and none out of 1 with 1.1 to 1.5 ppm.

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Septal deviation correction methods and surgical considerations in turbinoplasty

  • Kang, Eun Taek
    • Archives of Plastic Surgery
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    • v.47 no.6
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    • pp.522-527
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    • 2020
  • Nasal septoplasty is often required to correct a cosmetic deformity, which is a common reason for patients to present to a plastic surgeon. If nasal septoplasty is insufficient, a residual deformity or nasal obstruction may remain after surgery. Even if the nasal septum is corrected to an appropriate position, nasal congestion could be exacerbated if the turbinate on the other side is not also corrected. Therefore, appropriate treatment is required based on the condition of the turbinates. Herein, we survey recent trends in treatment and review previous research papers on turbinoplasty procedures that can be performed alongside nasal septoplasty.