• Journal of Educational Research in Mathematics
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.33-50
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• 2007

Positive attitude toward mathematics is gaining bigger recognition as an important contributing factor to mathematical ability. As a strategy for strengthening affective domain and betterment of mathematics teaching and loaming, classifying students by their causes for liking or disliking mathematics can be an effective way In this study the author tried to devise methods to classify students by their types of math disliking and investigate correlations between mathematical achievements and these math-disliking types from a sample group of 8th graders. To identify the types of reasons why 8th graders dislike mathematics, a questionnaire with 30 items was made firstly. Then by applying the 'Factor analysis' of SPSS, the 30 items were divided into five partitions. Through abstraction of each partition, five math-disliking types, 'Competences', 'Basics', 'Confidences', 'Usefulness', and 'Teachers' were defined. They are expected to help teachers for describing each student's tendency of math-disliking. Further, correlation coefficients between mathematical achievements and each of the five math-disliking type were investigated against 4 groups which were made from sample group by the discrimination of gender and two levels (high and low) of mathematical achievements in cognitive area. As results, the following facts were found. (i) The trends of correlations between cognitive achievement and the five math disliking types were different across the 4 groups at statistically meaningful degrees. (ii) Most of the male students who had math-disliking types were proved to be in the low achievement level. But for the female students, only 50% of students who had math-disliking types were in the low achievement level. (iii) Compared to male students, higher portion of female students had math-disliking types despite their high achievement in cognitive area.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.165-181
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• 2008

Objectives: This study was conducted to help clinical studies for treating the common cold with Oriental medicine. We inspected tendencies of clinical studies of the common cold in western medicine and analyzed the assessing instruments for it by scrutinizing PubMed publications for the last five years. Materials and Methods: We inspected 32 theses and scrutinized their objectives, periods, participants, materials and methods, the instrument of assessment for the studies, and validity, reliability, criteria and symptom score for questionnaires, results and JADAD score. Results: 1. The median for total period of study was 7 months, the median for days of treatment was 7.5, and most studies were carried out during the winter/spring period, because of the enhanced risk of cold infections. 2. The studies focused on unorthodox medicines or new drug products, such as antipyretic analgesics (e.g. paracetamol), decongestant and bronchodilator (e.g. ephedrine), echinacea, antioxidants (e.g. zinc), probiotic bacteria and so on. 3. All theses except one had subjectscomposed of cold patients who were infected naturally. The median number of subjects for final analysis was 187. 4. 27 studies used survey as the instrument of assessment. Among these, only one thesis was verified for validity. 5. The mean of JADAD score was 4.41, suggesting most of theses of worth. 7 studies were assessed as ineffective. Conclusion: Recent studies of the common cold are focused on unorthodox medicines or new drug products, and it is necessary to provide an objective instrument for assessing common cold treatments.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.480-494
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to develop a nursing activity cost calculation program based on Lee's doctoral dissertation using TD-ABC. The developed program has been supplemented with data storage, print out, and graph conversion functions to expand the application possibility. The development of the program consisted of three steps: program requirements analysis, program design and development, and program validation. This program was designed not only to do the cost calculation, but also to compare the cost-effectiveness and cost consumption trends. Consequently, this program is meaningful in that the nursing manager can obtain the cost information necessary for nursing unit management and extend the utilization so that the cost management strategy can be established based on the cost information. Therefore, we propose that the cost-management capacity of clinical nurses should be strengthened and the nursing performance measurement research should be expanded by applying it to various actual clinical nursing management settings. It is suggested that this program should be used as a training medium to strengthen nurse cost management capacity by combining nursing management curriculum at undergraduate level.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.97-104
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• 2015

The pollution of particulate matter (PM) is considered one of the hot socioenvironmental issues at present time. In this study, we investigated the distribution of fine particulate matter ($PM_{2.5}$) in Wangsimni commercial areas in Seoul, Korea to learn more about its environmental behavior in an urban area. Our analysis of $PM_{2.5}$ was made to distinguish the $PM_{2.5}$ pollution levels between three different types of site characteristics: (1) densely populated area, (2) thinly populated area, and (3) traffic roadside. Moreover, to assess the temporal trends in our study, the concentration levels of $PM_{2.5}$ were also compared between weekdays and weekends and between early in the afternoon and evening. The average concentration of $PM_{2.5}$ from densely and thinly populated areas were measured as $36.0{\pm}13.1$ and $32.3{\pm}11.2{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively. If the results are compared between different time bands, there were apparent differences between weekdays ($29.6{\pm}10.8{\mu}g/m^3$) and weekends ($36.9{\pm}12.1{\mu}g/m^3$). Such difference was also evident between noon ($27.8{\pm}5.8{\mu}g/m^3$) and evening ($38.3{\pm}13.7{\mu}g/m^3$). According to our research, concentration of $PM_{2.5}$ in the study area was affected more sensitively by time zone rather than the population density. The measurement data was also analyzed by drawing concentration map of $PM_{2.5}$ in the Wangsimni commercial areas based on data contouring method.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.34 no.12
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• pp.855-862
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• 2012

Caenorhabditis elegans, a free-living nematode mainly found in the soil pore water, roles the critical function in trophic levels, energy flow, and decomposition in soil ecosystem. C. elegans is commonly used species to test soil toxicity. Recently, they are employed broadly as a test organism in nanotoxicology. In this study, a review of the toxicity of nanomaterials for C. elegans was presented based on SCI (E) papers. The nanotoxicity studies using C. elegans have been reported in 20 instances including the mechanism of toxicity. Most studies used K-medium, S-medium, and NGM (Nematode Growth Medium) plate as an exposure medium to test toxicity of nanoparticles. The effects observed include anti aging, phototoxicity, genotoxicity, and dermal effects on C. elegans exposed to nanoparticles. We found that the toxic mechanisms were related with various aspects such as lifespan abnormality, oxidative stress, distribution of particles on inter-organisms, and stress-related gene analysis. C. elegans has advantage to test toxicity of nanoparticles due to various cellular activities, full genome information, and easy observation of transparent body. C. elegans was considered to be a good test species to evaluate the nanotoxicity.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.18 no.10
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• pp.320-334
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to analyze research trends in international development and cooperation on education and to suggest directions for the Korean teachers and teacher education to achieve 'Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).' The examination of 8 databases resulted in the identification of 2,945 studies, and 6 of these references met the inclusion criteria for systemic review. Major findings revealed that pre- and in-service teachers recognized the necessity of international development education but had a low degree of teacher efficacy. The teachers who participated in ODA education programs have experienced difficulties due to insufficient understanding of local sites and role performance. Then, a couple of studies of mathematics and early childhood education compared the Korean national curriculum and education system with developing countries'. Lastly, it is important to have a sustainable system which promotes all teachers, including retired ones, in global development and cooperation on education. For the successful achievement of SDGs, Korean teachers should develop their expertise, a deep understanding of partner countries, and stable quality education for the underprivileged.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.128-148
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• 2019

Massive environmental monitoring has been conducted continuously since the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power accident in March of 2011 by different monitoring methods that have different features together with migration studies of radiocesium in diverse environments. These results have clarified the characteristics of radiological environments and their temporal change around the Fukushima site. At three months after the accident, multiple radionuclides including radiostrontium and plutonium were detected in many locations; and it was confirmed that radiocesium was most important from the viewpoint of long-term exposure. Radiation levels around the Fukushima site have decreased greatly over time. The decreasing trend was found to change variously according to local conditions. The air dose rates in environments related to human living have decreased faster than expected from radioactive decay by a factor of 2-3 on average; those in pure forest have decreased more closely to physical decay. The main causes of air dose rate reduction were judged to be radioactive decay, movement of radiocesium in vertical and horizontal directions, and decontamination. Land-use categories and human activities have significantly affected the reduction tendency. Difference in the air dose rate reduction trends can be explained qualitatively according to the knowledge obtained in radiocesium migration studies; whereas, the quantitative explanation for individual sites is an important future challenge. The ecological half-lives of air dose rates have been evaluated by several researchers, and a short-term half-life within 1 year was commonly observed in the studies. An empirical model for predicting air dose rate distribution was developed based on statistical analysis of an extensive car-borne survey dataset, which enabled the prediction with confidence intervals. Different types of contamination maps were integrated to better quantify the spatial data. The obtained data were used for extended studies such as for identifying the main reactor that caused the contamination of arbitrary regions and developing standard procedures for environmental measurement and sampling. Annual external exposure doses for residents who intended to return to their homes were estimated as within a few millisieverts. Different forms of environmental data and knowledge have been provided for wide spectrum of people. Diverse aspects of lessons learned from the Fukushima accident, including practical ones, must be passed on to future generations.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.441-452
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• 2017

The goal of this study is to explore categories and components of science literacy and investigate the trend in the importance of each category of science literacy required for Koreans living in a future society in 2050 through survey analyses with the public. This study, as a preliminarily research, is a part of a larger project called 'developing science for all Koreans,' which investigates science literacy for all Koreans. According the survey result, the definition of science literacy should include scientific thinking and working methods, application of science, etc. in addition to existing science knowledge. We also suggested science literacy including knowledge and competencies, as well as organization of science subjects in 2050 future school education, and analyzed trends in the importance of science literacy domains. Based on the results, we suggested the scientific method, science knowledge, and science application as domains of science literacy. Discussed in the conclusion are implications and directions for developing 'science for all Koreans' living in a future society in 2050.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.217-223
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• 2012

BACKGROUND: Increase of heavy metals in agricultural ecosystem has become a social issue nationwide as it is related to public health. This study was performed to find out the status and long-term trends with consecutive application with the commercial liquid pig manure in the agricultural fields. METHODS AND RESULTS: Heavy metals including arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead, nickel, and zinc were analyzed in the 41 samples of paddy fields and 54 samples of upland fields consecutively applied with commercial liquid pig manure for 0 to 16 years. Heavy metal accumulation were not increased statistically at the both paddy and upland fields as the consecutive application year of commercial liquid pig manure were increased. However, some of surveyed upland soils exceeded the criteria of cadmium, copper, and zinc designated by the Soil Environmental Conservation Act in Korea. CONCLUSION: Therefore, analysis of heavy metals, specially copper and zinc, in agricultural fields is absolutely necessary before liquid pig manure application to the fields. In addition, heavy metal accumulation in agricultural fields following to the long-term application of liquid pig manure will be monitored periodically considering with bioavailability of copper and zinc to the crops as an essential nutrients.

• Current Industrial and Technological Trends in Aerospace
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.90-98
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• 2008

Nanotechnology(NT) refers to a field of advanced micro-technology covering the creation and manufacturing of materials on the atomic and molecular scale and requires interdisciplinary study with various fields including materials science, physics, chemistry, electronics and others. Whileas nanotechnology is a kind of micro and small scaled science, space technology(ST) is one of the larger and system technologies utilizing broad fields of mechanical, materials, electronics and communication technologies. It is necessary to select and concentrate the functional items of nanotechnology for efficient application to be utilized in space technology, due to the cross-sectional characteristics of nanotechnology within nanomaterials, nanoelectronics, and nanomanufacturing. This paper provides the current state of art of nanotechnology in space technology by evaluating NASA's activities and the 9th frame of the project ANTARES(Analysis of Nanotechnology Applications in Space Developments and Systems) with the support of the German Aerospace Center (DLR), Space Flight Management, Division Technology for Space Systems and Robotics. It has shown that it is necessary to apply nanotechnology to space technology in order to achieve international competitiveness, for the nanotechnology can bring the previously impossible things to reality. Since KARI plans to send an unmanned probe to the moon's orbit and land a probe on the moon's surface in 2025, it is urgently needed to incorporate nanotechnology to national space development plan.