• Title/Summary/Keyword: reproduction efficiency

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Multisignature Suitable for Digital Contents Copyright Protect ion on CDN (디지털 콘텐츠 저작권 보호를 위한 CDN에서 다중서명)

  • Shin, Seung-Soo;Kim, Duck-Sool
    • Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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    • v.10 no.4 s.36
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    • pp.77-85
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    • 2005
  • Digital copyright protection is important in the protective side of effort to have leaned to in property right and it which are intelligent of an author and is very important for development of digital contents industry. It is the misgovernment that a reproduction is easy as for the digital contents. and the original and a copy have the same characteristic, and it is so, and is experiencing what is hard for protection of copyright and large quantity illegal copy and illegal distribution prevention. CDN needs a copyright protective plan about the digital contents that digital contents providers were written jointly. The paper used a non-repudiation multi-technique for copyright protection about the digital contents which were written jointly. The Non-repudiation multi-technique proved efficiency about this.

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Comparison of PCGM and Parabolic Approximation Numerical Models for an Elliptic Shoal (타원형천퇴에 대한 PCGM과 포물형근사식 수치모형비교)

  • 서승남;연영진
    • Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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    • v.6 no.3
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    • pp.216-225
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    • 1994
  • By use of laboratory experiment data set for an elliptic shoal by Berkhoff et al. (1982), both accuracy and Performance tests of numerical results between PCGM (Preconditioned Conjugate Gradient Method) and PA(Parabolic Approximation) are compared. Although both results show good agreement with the experimental data the PA model gives better reproduction of the relatively high amplitudes in the section 4-5 downwave of the shoal, in comparison with the PCGM. The PA model has been proved to be a useful tool for predicting wave transformationsin large shallow water region, but it can be applied only to the case of negligible reflection. On the other hand, there is a need to improve the computational efficiency of the PCGM model which is a finite difference scheme directly derived from the mild slope equation and can handle reflection. By taking the results of th PA model as an input data of the PCGM, the CPU time can be reduced by about 40%.

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Optimal Milieu for Culturing Porcine Sertoli Cell

  • Jabed Md. Anower;Kamal Tania;Kim, Byung-Ki
    • Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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    • v.30 no.3
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    • pp.163-167
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    • 2006
  • The purpose of the present study was to establish culture conditions for the in vitro study of the neonatal piglet Sertoli cell. Isolation for the culture of Sertoli cell was established using collagenase and pancreatin digestion of testicular tissues. The effects of various culture media, fetal bovine serum(FBS), follicular stimulating hormone(FSH), epidermal growth factor(EGF) and insulin-transferrin-sodium selenite(ITS) on growth of neonatal piglet Sertoli cells were investigated. The mitogenic effects of Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium+Ham's F-12 medium was higher than other media used in this experiment. The addition of 1% FBS in cultures was necessary for attachment of Sertoli cell clusters. However, except FBS and EGF, FSH and ITS did not stimulate Sertoli cell proliferation. When Sertoli cells isolated from neonatal piglets were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium+Ham's F-12 medium supplemented with 1% FBS, FSH EGF and ITS, the yield and plating efficiency of Sertoli cells were largely increased. Confluency of Sertoli cells was reached as early as 4 days of culture. The method described here reduces or eliminates many of the drawbacks of the conventional procedures used to isolate and culture of Sertoli cells, thus providing a useful tool in studies of growth kinetics and regulation of cell proliferation in vitro.

Transition of the Kazakh Writing System from Cyrillic to Latin

  • Kim, Bora
    • International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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    • v.6 no.4
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    • pp.12-19
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    • 2018
  • This article aims to discuss the transition of the Kazakh writing system from Cyrillic to Latin. First, the study investigates the relationship between the Kazakh Cyrillic alphabet and phonology, in order to linguistically evaluate the efficiency of the writing system. Second, the process of determining the Kazakh Latin alphabet is discussed in terms of the Kazakh phonological system. Third, the factors that determined the Latin alphabet of Kazakh language are analyzed. In Kazakh, the phonemic system is subject to controversy among linguists, but it can be said that the phonological system basically follows the one-to-one correspondence to the Russian and Kazakh phonemes. As for the depth of orthographies, Kazakh Cyrillic writing system is not based on the shallow orthographies, so it incorporates morphophonemic information to make skilled readers understand easier. The political and social aspects are considered as a cause of the alphabet change. Although there are studies suggesting the conversion of the writing system is caused by the extrinsic factors rather than the intrinsic factors, the five criteria of Smalley (1964), which compromise the intrinsic and extrinsic factors, are also persuasive. The five factors are 1) Maximum motivation for the learner, 2) Maximum representation of speech, 3) Maximum ease of learning, 4) Maximum transfer, 5) Maximum ease of reproduction.

Studies on the Efficiency of Piglet Production by Controlling the Farrowing Time I. Factors on the Normal Farrowing Time in Swine (돼지에 있어서 분만시각의 인위적 조절에 의한 자돈생산 효율에 관한 연구 I. 돼지에 있어서 자돈분만 시각에 미치는 요인에 관한 연구)

  • 정영채;김창근;윤종택;이종완;전광주;이석우;이학철;이관순;나광빈
    • Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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    • v.24 no.2
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    • pp.171-178
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    • 2000
  • To improve the pig farm management and efficiency of swine industry by inducing the farrowing to day-time from night, In the first experiment, reproduction records of purebred and crossbred pigs were collected and analyzed to estimate the $\varepsilon$ ffec 잉 of factors affecting day and night farrowing. The general linear model was used to estimate the least square means of the factors affecting various reproductive characteristics. And also, chi-square tests were used to examine the independence of the reproductive traits and environmental factors using the SAS (1992). The comparisons between pure and crossbred pigs for total number born, percentage of number born alive, gestation length, time length for farrowing were determined. The results indicated that the gestation length of crossbred (115.11 d) was slightly longer than that of purebred (114.89 d, p<0.05). For the seasonal effects on total number born, the largest was found in spring and no differences were found among summer, fall and winter. The average gestation length was 1 day longer in spring and winter than in summer and fall. The total number born and number born alive were smaller in first, second, and greater or equal to sixth parity than other parities. And also, the percentage of no. born alive was least in greater or equal to sixth parity. For the effect of mating methods, natural and artificial insemination, on total number born and number born alive, no differences between the two methods were found. However, the percentage of number born alive for natural mating was 98.06% and was higher than artificial insemination(93.75%). The time length for farrowing was I hour were found for the 6 hrs of farrowing time. In general situation of pig farms, day-time farrowing was 34.8% and night farrowing was 65.2%, indicating that night farrowing was almost double of the night farrowing.

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Effects of Lactation Stage and Milk Yield on Reproductive Performance in Holstein Dairy Cows (Holstein 젖소의 비유단계 및 산유량이 번식성적에 미치는 영향)

  • Baek, Kwang-Soo;Son, Jun-Kyu;Lim, Hyun-Joo;Yoon, Ho-Beak;Lee, Wang-Shik;Kim, Tae-Il;Hur, Tai-Young;Choe, Chang-Yong;Jung, Young-Hun;Ki, Kwang-Seok;Kwon, Eung-Gi;Jung, Yeon-Sub;Lee, Hyun-Min
    • Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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    • v.37 no.3
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    • pp.135-141
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    • 2013
  • This study aimed to improve the reproductive efficiency of dairy herds by comparison and analyzing estrous appearance rate, conception and non-conception rate according to the stage of lactation using the lactation and reproductive records of average (less than 10,000 liters milk in 305 days) and high yielding (more than 10,000 liters milk in 305 days) Holstein cows (n=102). Milk production and reproduction data were collected between January 2010 and December 2012 from Holstein cows kept in the commercial dairy farms. Average (n=32) and high yielding (n=24) Holstein cows used to analyze the relationship between milk yield and reproductive performance. Our results showed that estrous appearance rate according to the stage of lactation was 25.0% (30~59d), 40.6% (60~89d), 25% (90~110d) and 9.4% (>111d) in average yielding cows and 16.7% (30~59d), 20.8% (60~89d), 12.5% (90~110d) and 50.0% (>111d) in high yielding cows, respectively. Conception rate according to the stage of lactation was 87.5% (30~59d), 61.5% (60~89d), 75.0% (90~110d) and 66.7% (>111d) in average yielding cows and 25.0% (30~59d), 0% (60~89d), 33.3% (90~110d) and 50.0% (>111d) in high yielding cows, respectively. Days between parturition and conception was 23.7% (<149d), 0% (150~209d) and 0% (>210 d) in average yielding cows and 69.0% (<149 d), 77.8% (150~209d) and 38.9% (>210d) in high yielding cows, respectively. Conception rate from 110 days postpartum in high yielding cows was 41.7% (110~150d), 50.0% (151~180d) and 50.0% (>181d). Body condition score (BCS) in 120 days postpartum was $2.64{\pm}0.1$ in average yielding cows and $2.28{\pm}0.1$ in high yielding cows, respectively.

Positive Expression of EGFP Gene in Bovine Embryos after ICSI using Spermatozoa Co-cultured with Exogenous DNA (외래 유전자와 공배양한 정자를 이용해 난자내 직접 주입술한 후 EGFP의 발현)

  • 윤효진;이훈택;정길생
    • Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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    • v.26 no.3
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    • pp.205-214
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    • 2002
  • There are many methods to introduce exogenous DNA into embryo to produce transgenic animals. Exogenous gene can be integrated into oocyte by sperm vector. In this study, sperm was used as a vector for a transgene, which is encoding enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP). The objective of this study was to investigate the expression of exogenous gene in bovine embryos after injection of spermatozoa cocultured with EGFP DNA fragment. Spermatozoa were plunged into liquid nitrogen and thawed several times or shook in 0.2% Triton X-100 to remove sperm membrane followed by DTT treatment. The injected oocytes were co-cultured with vero cells in CR1aa, and expression of EGFP gene was observed under fluorescent microscope. Blastocyst formation rates of oocytes injected with sperm treated with DTT, DTT-freezing or DTT-Triton X-100 were 34.7, 39.4 and 31.9%, respectively. The rates of EGFP expression in oocytes injected with 54 ng DNA after DTT-treated, DTT-freezing and DTT-Triton X-100-treated sperm were 0, 19.1 and 13.9%. On the other hands, expression rate of oocytes injected with sperm cocultured with 13.5, 27 and 63.5 ng of EFGP DNA were 6.7, 9.0 and 5.1%, respectively. When intact sperm was mixed with 63.5 ng/${mu}ell$ EGFP DNA fragment, and then electroporated before injection, the expression rate of injected oocyte was 2%. Unexpectedly, electro-poration could not increase the expression rate. These results suggest that sperm can be used as a transgene vector, even if the efficiency was low (19.1%).

Cloning of MT -hGH Gene-injected Rabbit Embryos by Nuclear Transplantation (사람성장호르몬 유전자주입 토끼수정란의 핵이식에 의한 복제)

  • Kang, T.Y.;Chae, Y.J.;Lee, H.;Park, C.S.;Lee, H.J.
    • Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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    • v.22 no.4
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    • pp.419-424
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    • 1998
  • The present study was carried out to examine the efficiency of cloning of transgenic embryos by nuclear transfer(NT) using gene-injected rabbit embryos. The rabbit embryos at pronuclear stage were microinjected with methallothionein-human growth hormone(MT-hGH) gene and cultured to 8- and 16-cell in TCM-199 containing 10% FCS with a monolayer of rabbit oviductal epithelial cells in a 5% $CO_2$incubator. The recipient oocytes were collected from the oviducts 14~16 h after hCG injection. The oocytes were enucleated and activated with 5$\mu$M ionomycin and 2mM 6-dimethylaminopurine. Blastomeres form gene-injected embryos were transferred into the enucleated oocytes by micromanipulation. The nuclear transplant oocytes were electrofused and co-cultured with rabbit oviductal cells. Following 120 h of culture, blastocysts were prepared for gene analysis by polymerase chain reaction(PCR). In previous experiment, the rate of gene-positive embryos detected by the nested PCR analysis was significantly decreased while developing to blastocyst(25%)(Kang et al., 1998). The fusion rate of gene-injected blastomeres was significantly(P<0.05) lower than non-injected blastomeres(66% vs 80%). However, the NT embryos that were derived from gene-injected donor embryos did not differ from control embryos in development to the blastocyst stage(39% vs 31%). Of the 43 NT blastocysts developed from the gene-injected donor embryos, twelve(28%) were positive for the injected DNA. The results indicate that NT with gene-injected embryos can be successfully used for cloning and multiplication of transgenic embryos, furthermore applicable to improvement of transgenic animal production.

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Studies on Increase of Litter Size by Infusion with Sterile Boar and Their Semen before Gestation in Gilts (임신전 불임 수퇘지 종부 및 무정자정액 주입에 의한 미경산돈의 산자수 증가에 관한 연구)

  • 연정웅;김동덕;정흥우;성환후
    • Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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    • v.27 no.1
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    • pp.61-67
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    • 2003
  • This study was conducted to investigate the effect of infusion of sterile boar and their semen as pregnancy antigen factor for improvement of production in gilts. We observed 160 gilts between 7 to 8 months of age that were divided into 4 treatment groups vie. A group-epidimetomized boar, B group-no sperm semen infusion, C group-vasectomized boar, and D group-control in a completely randomized design. The number of total pigs born(NT) of A, B, C, and D groups were 10.05, 10.44, 11.63, and 9.97 pigs, respectively(P<0.05). And the NT of C g.cup was the highest among treatment. The number of live pigs born(NB) was similar to NT The NB of C group (10.70) was higher than that of A(9.12) and control(9.11)(P<0.05). However, there was not significant between B and C groups. The progesterone concentration of C group was the highest compare to other group at the 6th day after breeding. However, the progesterone concentration of C was lower than other groups after 8th day. There were not significant among cortisol of A, B, C and D groups. According of the results of this study, the infusion with vasectomized boar and semen at estrus before gestation can be improved reproductive efficiency because of more litter size in gilts.

Cellulose Digestibility Increased with CelD Transgenic Pigs

  • Park, J.K.;Lee, Y.K.;Lee, P.Y.;Kim, S.W.;Kim, S.J.;Lee, H.G.;Han, J.H.;Chung, H.K.;Park, C.G.;Chung, Y.H.;Lee, C.H.;Lee, H.T.;Chang, W.K.
    • Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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    • v.27 no.4
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    • pp.325-331
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    • 2003
  • This study was performed to test the cellulose digestibility using the transgenic pigs harboring cellulose degradation gene D (CelD). After delivered offsprings between normal pig and transgenic swine, DNA was isolated from piglets tail for PCR analysis. In first generation, five out of 65 piglets showed CelD positive. Unfortunately, four CelD-positive pigs were died during growing, but one survived pig was used as a transgenic founder to produce F$_1$ descendents. Among 3 F$_1$ transgenic pigs produced, one died and the remaining two pigs were used to test the fiber digest efficiency. An assorted feed was composite of 5% fiber with other ingredients. The feed of 3 kg per day was provided to the pigs including transgenic founders and littermate controls. The manure quantity was measured daily for a month, and all manures were dried for three days to analysis nitrogen, phosphate and fiber concentrations. The fiber digestion efficiencies of the transgenic F$_1$ pigs showed approximately 10% higher than those of control pigs. Fiber digestion was not greatly improved in transgenic pigs as it had been expected approximately 30%. Nitrogen concentration of transgenic pig's manure was slowly decreased compare to the control pigs. Because there were only two transgenic pigs tested, a large number of transgenic pigs may be necessary to obtain more reliable data. Breeding of animals to obtain sufficient transgenic pigs subjected for a further study is on progress. Taken together, this study demonstrated successful production of transgenic pigs with increase of cellulose digestibility in the porcine feed.