• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Near Infrared Spectroscopy Conference
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• 2001.06a
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• pp.1126-1126
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• 2001

The paper presented here is the initial part of a larger study, in which it was determined which quality parameters in cheese powder could already be predicted by NIR at an early stage in the process and which could only be predicted at the final stages of the process. This initial study was performed in order to establish the levels and nature of variation within and between batches such that the subsequent data collection could be tackled optimally. The perspectives evolved into more than was originally planned and revealed some interesting uses of NIR-technology. Cheese powder production starts as a batch process, where waste cheese from other dairies is melted down in a vat. The process then turns into a continual process as the vat is emptied and the melted cheese is then filtered, homogenized, pasteurized and finally spray dried. Between each batch the powder is to a greater or lesser degree a mixture of 2 batches. This paper is divided into 2 aspects, one regarding the optimization of sampling time and the other is a study of process dynamics. Optimizing sampling time This initial study included 9 powder samples from 9 different batches produced during one day. The raw materials for the batches were chosen with the aim of creating a relatively high level of variation in the data. The total of 81 samples were taken out at regular intervals and spectra were collected on a NIR-systems 6500 instrument. The subsequent reduction of the data by PCA to score values shows the power of NIR as a tool to determine not only when samples are representative of a certain batch, but also which batches are stable enough to include in a further study. Studying process dynamics To take this experiment a step further 1 of the 81 samples were sent to the laboratory for further analyses. The samples were chosen on the criteria that they covered the spectral variation in the dataset. These samples were analysed for 4 chemical components and 5 physical attributes, which are essential for describing the quality of the product. The latent structure of the 7 samples, using the chemical and physical variables, is totally comparable to the latent structure of the NIR spectra. This outcome makes it possible to describe the dynamics of one day's production both chemically and physically with relatively little resources. Additionally it raises the question as to whether reference values are needed, as the latent structure of the NIR-spectra appears to be sufficient in providing information on the quality of the product. To be able to use NIR in this way would require defining quality limits in the principal component space as opposed to each of the reference values. The potential of NIR applied in an explorative fashion with batch processes opens a whole new gateway for the use of this technology. This study explains yet again after so many years in the field “why I'm crazy about NIR!”.

• Journal of Korean Society for Geospatial Information Science
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.93-98
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• 2013

Multi-temporal high resolution satellite images are essential data for efficient city analysis and monitoring. Yet even when acquired from the same location, identical sensors as well as different sensors, these multi-temporal images have a geometric inconsistency. Matching points between images, therefore, must be extracted to match the images. With images of an urban area, however, it is difficult to extract matching points accurately because buildings, trees, bridges, and other artificial objects cause shadows over a wide area, which have different intensities and directions in multi-temporal images. In this study, we analyze a shadow effect on image matching of high resolution satellite images in urban area using Scale-Invariant Feature Transform(SIFT), the representative matching points extraction method, and automatic shadow extraction method. The shadow segments are extracted using spatial and spectral attributes derived from the image segmentation. Also, we consider information of shadow adjacency with the building edge buffer. SIFT matching points extracted from shadow segments are eliminated from matching point pairs and then image matching is performed. Finally, we evaluate the quality of matching points and image matching results, visually and quantitatively, for the analysis of shadow effect on image matching of high resolution satellite image.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.624-630
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• 2012

The peer review learning is a method which improves learning outcome of students through feedback between students and the observation and analysis of other students. One of the important problems in a peer review system is to find proper evaluators to each learner considering characteristics of students for improving learning outcomes. Some of peer review systems randomly assign peer review evaluators to learners, or chose evaluators based on limited strategies. However, these systems have a problem that they do not consider various characteristics of learners and evaluators who participate in peer reviews. In this paper, we propose a novel prediction approach of learning outcomes to apply peer review systems considering various characteristics of learners and evaluators. The proposed approach extracts representative attributes from the profiles of students and predicts learning outcomes using various regression models. In order to verify how much outliers affect on the prediction of learning outcomes, we also apply several outlier removal methods to the regression models and compare the predictive performance of learning outcomes. The experiment result says that the SVR model which does not removes outliers shows an error rate of 0.47% on average and has the best predictive performance.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.37-48
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• 2012

Image registration is a process to establish the spatial correspondence between the images of same scene, which are acquired at different view points, at different times, or by different sensors. In this paper, we propose an effective registration method for images acquired by multi-sensors, such as EO (electro-optic) and IR (infrared) sensors. Image registration is achieved by extracting features and finding the correspondence between features in each input images. In the recent research, the multi-sensor image registration method that finds corresponding features by exploiting NMI (Normalized Mutual Information) was proposed. Conventional NMI-based image registration methods assume that the statistical correlation between two images should be global, however images from EO and IR sensors often cannot satisfy this assumption. Therefore the registration performance of conventional method may not be sufficient for some practical applications because of the low accuracy of corresponding feature points. The proposed method improves the accuracy of corresponding feature points by combining the gradient orientation as spatial information along with NMI attributes and provides more accurate and robust registration performance. Representative experimental results prove the effectiveness of the proposed method.

• Journal of KIISE:Computing Practices and Letters
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.457-467
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• 2002

In order to simulate cyber attacks and predict network behavior by attacks, we should represent attributes of network components in the simulation model, and should express characteristics of systems that carry out various cyber attacks and defend from these attacks. To simulate how network load may change under the cyber attacks, we extended SSF[9, 10] that is process-based event-oriented simulation system. We added a firewall class and a packet manipulator into the SSFNet that is a component of SSF. The firewall class, which is related to the security, is to simulate cyber attacks, and the packet manipulator is a set of functions to write attack programs for the simulation. The extended SSFNet enables to simulate a network with the security systems and provides advantages that make easy to port already exsiting attack programs and apply them to the simulation evironment. We made a vitual network model to verify operations of the added classes, and simulated a smurf attack that is a representative denial of sevive attack, and observed the network behavior under the smurf attack. The results showed that the firewall class and packet manipulator developed in this paper worked normaly.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2015.05a
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• pp.217-217
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• 2015

The objective of this study was mainly to evaluate the water resources potential of Lake Tana Basin (LTB) by using Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). From SWAT simulation of LTB, about 5236 km2 area of LTB is gauged watershed and the remaining 9878 km2 area is ungauged watershed. For calibration of model parameters, four gauged stations were considered namely: Gilgel Abay, Gummera, Rib, and Megech. The SWAT-CUP built-in techniques, particle swarm optimization (PSO) and generalized likelihood uncertainty estimation (GLUE) method was used for calibration of model parameters and PSO method were selected for the study based on its performance results in four gauging stations. However the level of sensitivity of flow parameters differ from catchment to catchment, the curve number (CN2) has been found the most sensitive parameters in all gauged catchments. To facilitate the transfer of data from gauged catchments to ungauged catchments, clustering of hydrologic response units (HRUs) were done based on physical similarity measured between gauged and ungauged catchment attributes. From SWAT land use/ soil use/slope reclassification of LTB, a total of 142 HRUs were identified and these HRUs are clustered in to 39 similar hydrologic groups. In order to transfer the optimized model parameters from gauged to ungauged catchments based on these clustered hydrologic groups, this study evaluates three parameter transfer schemes: parameters transfer based on homogeneous regions (PT-I), parameter transfer based on global averaging (PT-II), and parameter transfer by considering Gilgel Abay catchment as a representative catchment (PT-III) since its model performance values are better than the other three gauged catchments. The performance of these parameter transfer approach was evaluated based on values of Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) and coefficient of determination (R2). The computed NSE values was found to be 0.71, 0.58, and 0.31 for PT-I, PT-II and PT-III respectively and the computed R2 values was found to be 0.93, 0.82, and 0.95 for PT-I, PT-II, and PT-III respectively. Based on the performance evaluation criteria, PT-I were selected for modelling ungauged catchments by transferring optimized model parameters from gauged catchment. From the model result, yearly average stream flow for all homogeneous regions was found 29.54 m3/s, 112.92 m3/s, and 130.10 m3/s for time period (1989 - 2005) for region-I, region-II, and region-III respectively.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.232-244
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• 2021

This study examined the physical attributes and heat treatment characteristics of glass beads excavated from the Gimhae area, which is the location of Geumgwan Gaya. This enabled classification of surface characteristics of the beads based on the investigation of the color, size, and shape. The glass beads were classified into eight color systems, with purplish-blue beads as the representative color. Bead size was categorized into three types depending on the outer diameter and how it increased over time. Bead shapes were categorized as round, tubular, or doughnut-shaped based on the inner diameter and length, with round being the typical shape. According to the degree of heat treatment, there are three types of cross-section for glass beads that are manufactured by the drawing technique, most of which are the HT-III type. In addition, it is estimated that the heat treatment technology has more considerable effects than other methods. Through non-destructive analysis, the chemical composition was obtained and categorized as flux, stabilizer, and colorant. Analysis confirmed the presence of 63 and 9 pieces in the potash and soda glass groups, respectively. Overall findings from the study highlighted a correlation between the chemical composition and the external factors such as color, size, shape, and manufacturing technology of glass beads recovered from Geumgwan Gaya, revealing characteristics related to that time and region.

• The Journal of Korean Philosophical History
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• no.38
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• pp.303-328
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• 2013

The purpose of the present article is to understand moral instruction through Ethics written by Spinoza and enable the implications drawn from its understanding to give shape to lesson plans. In his representative book titled Ethics, Spinoza speculates ultimate substance from the metaphysical perspective and converges it into ethics. The ultimate substance, which is a cause of itself, refers to immanent cause of all things that have numerous attributes as essence. All things in nature develop the substance and exchange influence among individuals at the same time. A human in the influential relationship perceives things based on one's beneficialness and assigns moral words of good and evil. However, a human, who is a mode of substance, should escape from morals that are superficial, relative, and objective, in order to realize nature. Becoming a more complete human requires going through moral imagination in reality but going beyond the imagination ultimately. Moral instruction premises the moral imagination of a student who exists as a mode; meanwhile, it is a study to escape from the influence of moral imagination. Good and evil arise from the limitation that an existing human has, but if a life is to preserve the necessity of ultimate substance, moral instruction can be defined as the processes of alleviating the influence that hinders a human's nature from being realized. Giving shape to this processes with the basis on the Spinoza's epistemic argument, moral instructional texts can be composed of stages to form more adequate moral ideas about moral subjects gradually and cumulatively. The moral instruction like this expects moral awareness which is relatively perfect than the present moral imagination. Furthermore, with the teaching and learning like this sustained, it is expected that ultimately the limitation arising from sensible perception can be overcome to approach the realization of a human's nature.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.371-382
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• 2020

There have been continuous attempts to quantify sensory attributes of cosmetic products by measuring relevant physical properties. The most representative method to evaluate stickiness is to measure axial force using texture analyzer. Stickiness is known to correlate with AUC which abbreviates area under curve in the obtained axial force curve as a function of time. Recently, Normandie University research group developed in vivo stickiness evaluation method considering the characteristics of skin along with established evaluation method[8]. Based on the study, we tried to optimize in vivo stickiness evaluation method especially for cosmetic creams. The experiment was carried out on 5 different facial creams products by changing the amount and the times of rolling of creams, and the shape and material of probes. Based on the results of the sensory evaluation, the most consistent conditions were established as the optimal evaluation method. As a result, applying 70 μL of cream and rubbing 10 times for 7 s inside the 3.4 cm circle were judged to be suitable. As for the probes, spherical metallic probe was more proper due to its reproducibility. We conducted the settled method on 10 subjects to check its validity. Although the absolute values of AUC differed depending on the individuals, the AUC values were all ranked the same. Finally, for the standardization of stickiness of AUC, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) was set as a reference material and we measured AUC of its aqueous solution by changing concentration. Then, the degree of stickiness recognition for 5 different creams was surveyed to check the correlation between AUC and stickiness.

• Smart Media Journal
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.91-101
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• 2021

Visual communication based on socio-cultural context, such as emoticons on social media, is increasing. Therefore, it is necessary to study the visual expression of metonymy as a means to correctly understand the communication method in the age of visual culture. The purpose of this study is to explore how metonymy is visualized within a cultural context. Specifically, , a typical underlying phenomenon of metonymy expression, and the expression principles of various reproduced through it are identified by pairing them with the cultural context. Based on context theory, which is a representative discourse in the social science field, emoticons from in high context and emoticons in in low context were selected and compared as case study subjects. The major findings are: First, a visual application model of metonymy was proposed regarding the process through which metonymy is reproduced as a visual result. Second, the types of metonymy and their salience attribute applied to the emoticon expression method was identified in detail. Third, based on the contextual theory, how the characteristics of high-context visual metonymy differ from that of low-context visual metonymy were presented. In the future, the results of this study can be used as a criterion for judging the local acceptability and local suitability of design results in the design development process that requires the use of localization strategies.