• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제45권6호
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• pp.1236-1251
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• 1998

연구배경 : 급성폐손상의 병태생리학적 기전에는 염증세포들이 분비하는 다양한 염증성 매개물질들이 매우 중요한 역할을 한다. 이중 특히 tumor necrosis factor-$\alpha$ (TNF-$\alpha$) 는 다른 염증세포들의 화학주성 및 각종 염증성 매개물질 분비에 영향을 미치는 proin-flammatory cytokine으로 작용하는 한편, 직접적으로 세포손상을 야기시키는 세포독성 cytokine으로도 작용하는데, 급성폐손상에서 TNF-$\alpha$와 폐조직 손상과의 직접적인 관련성에 대해서는 아직 구체적으로 확인된 바가 많지 않다. 또한, 최근에 생체내 방어기전으로 스트레스 단백질에 대한 관심이 높아지면서, 단핵구에 내독소를 처치하거나, 동물에 내독소를 투여하기 전에 미리 스트레스 단백질을 합성시킨 경우, 내독소에 의한 손상을 감소시켜 준다는 연구가 보고되었지만, 내독소 자극 자체만으로 스트레스 단백질 합성이 유도되는지는 아직 분명하지 않다. 이에 저자들은 내독소 유도성 급성 폐손상에서 TNF-$\alpha$ 분비와 폐조직 손상을 포함한 일련의 염증반응과의 관계를 분석하고, 생체내 내독소 자극에 대하여 폐포대식세포에서 스트레스 단백질을 포함한 새로운 단백질 합성이 유도되는지 여부를 분석하고자 하였다. 연구방법 : 흰쥐의 기관내로 내독소를 투여한 후 시간별로 기관지폐포세척액내 TNF-$\alpha$농도, 염증세포 백분율 변화, 병리조직학적 소견을 관찰하고, 또한 각 시간대의 폐포대식세포에서 sodium dodesyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis와 inducible heat stress protein72에 대한 면역화학염색을 시행하여 단백질 합성양상을 분석하는 한편, 폐포대식세포에 다양한 농도의 내독소 자극과 열처리를 가한 후, 배양상층액에서 tumor necrosis factor-a 농도를 측정하고, 폐포대식세포의 단백질 합성양상을 분석하였다. 연구결과 : 내독소 투여 후 tumor necrosis factor-$\alpha$는 첫 1시간째부터 현저하게 증가하여 (p< 0.0001) 3시간째 최고치에 이르렀고 6시간째는 감소하기 시작하여 12시간째는 정상 대조군 수준으로 감소하였다. 내독소 투여 후 염증세포 백분율의 변화는 2시간째부터 시작하여 6시간째 최고에 이르러 12시간째까지 지속하였으며, 장시간째에 정상 대조군 수준으로 회복하였다. 병리조직학적 소견상 폐손상 지표 점수는 내독소 투여후 6시간째 최고치에 이르러 24 시간째까지 지속하였다. 내독소 투여 후 분리한 폐포대식세포에서 첫 1시간째부터 장시간째까지 정상 대조군에서는 관찰할 수 없던 35kDa의 새로운 단백질 띠가 관찰되었으며, 면역화학염색상 inducible heat stress protein72는 관찰되지 않았다. 내독소 자극을 가하지 않은 정상 대조세포군에 비해 내독소 자극을 가한 세포군의 배양상층액에서 tumor necrosis factor-$\alpha$ 농도가 유의하게 높았으며 (p<0.001), 내독소 자극만 가한 세포군에 비해 열충격 전처치후 내독소 자극을 가한 세포군의 배양상층액에서 tumor necrosis factor-$\alpha$ 농도가 10 ${\mu}g/ml$ 내독소 자극군만 제외하고 모두 유의하게 감소하였다 (p<0.05). 내독소 자극만 가한 세포군은 10 ${\mu}g/ml$의 고농도에서만 35 kDa 의 단백질 띠가 합성되었고 inducible heat stress protein72는 관찰되지 않았다. 열충격 전처치후 내독소 자극을 가한 세포군은 모두 inducible heat stress protein72가 관찰되었다. 결 론 : 기관내 내독소 투여에 의한 급성 폐손상에서 tumor necrosis factor-$\alpha$는 폐손상 정도와 밀접한 관련이 있다. 또한 내독소 자극에 의해서는 폐포대식세포에서 inducible heat stress protein72 합성이 유도되지 않으며, 35 kDa의 새로운 단백질 합성이 유도되었는데, tumor necrosis factor-$\alpha$ 농도 및 병리조직소견과의 관계를 볼 때, 급성 폐손상에 있어 35 kDa 단백질이 방어적인 역할을 담당하지는 않을 것으로 보이며, 이에 대해서는 향후 더 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각된다.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제44권3호
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• pp.479-492
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• 1997

연구배경 : Isoniazid(INH)와 Rifampicin(RFP)은 강력한 항결핵효과를 가지고 있어 결핵치료에 없어서는 안되는 중요한 약제이지만 우리나라에서는 미국흉부학회에서 추천하는 용량과 다른 용량을 흔히 처방하면서도 적절한 용량에 대한 평가는 미흡하여 결핵의 치료에 혼선을 초래하고 있는 실정이다. 이에 저자들은 정상 한국인에서의 INH, RFP 각각의 약물동력학을 먼저 알아보고, INH 300mg과 INH 400mg복용시, RFP 450mg과 600mg복용시 약통학(pharmacokinetics)적 변화를 비교 분석함으로써 한국인에서 INH, RFP 처방의 기초자료로 제공하고자 본 연구를 시행하였다. 방 법 : 정상인 자원자 22명을 12시간 이상 금식시킨 후 INH 300mg을 복용하게 한 다음, 시간경과에 따른 INH 혈중농도 및 INH 뇨배설량을 High-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC)를 이용하여 측정하였다. 2주후 동일인을 대상으로 INH 400mg을 복용시킨 다음 같은 방법으로 INH 혈중농도 및 뇨배설량을 측정하였다. 마찬가지 방법으로 자원자 20명을 대상으로 RFP 450mg과 600mg을 2주 간격으로 복용시킨 다음, 시간경과에 따른 RFP 혈중농도 및 뇨배설량을 측정하였다. 이 결과를 토대로 최고혈중농도(peak serum concentration, Cmax), 최고혈중농도 도달시간(time to reach to peak serum concentration, Tmax), 혈중반감기, 소실속도상수(elimination rate constank, Ke), 전신 클리어런스(total clearance, CLtot), 신 클리어런스(renalclearance, CLr) 및 신외 클리어런스(nonrenal clearance, CLnr)를 계산하여 비교하였으며, paired t-test로 p value < 0.05 일 경우 통계적으로 의미있는 차이가 있는 것으로 판정하였다. 결 과 : 1) INH 결과 ㄱ) Tmax는 INH 300mg군이 $1.05{\pm}0.34$시간, INH 400mg군이 $0.98{\pm}0.59$시간으로서 두 군간에 차이가 없었고(p > 0.05), 혈중반감기도 INH 300mg군이 $2.49{\pm}0.88$시간, INH 400mg 군이 $2.80{\pm}0.75$시간으로서 두 군간에 차이는 없었다(p>0.05). ㄴ) Cmax는 INH 300mg군이 $4.37{\pm}1.28mcg/mL$, INH 400mg군이 $7.14{\pm}1.95mcg/mL$로서 INH 400mg군에서 유의하게 높았지만(p < 0.01), Ke는 각각 $0.30{\pm}0.07hrs^{-1}$, $0.27{\pm}0.11hrs^{-1}$로서 차이가 없었다(p < 0.05). ㄷ) CLtot은 INH300mg군이 $26.76{\pm}11.80mL/hr$, INH 400mg군이 $21.09{\pm}8.31 mL/hr$로서, INH 400mg군에서 유의하게 낮았다(p < 0.01). 이중 CLr은 각각 $3.04{\pm}1.68mL/hr$, $2.91{\pm}0.77mL/hr$로서 두 군간에 차이가 없었으나(p>0.05), CLnr은 각각 $23.71{\pm}11.52mL/hr$, $18.18{\pm}8.36mL/hr$로서 INH 400mg군에서 유의하게 낮았다(p<0.01). 2) RFP결과 ㄱ) Tmax는 RFP 450m군이 $1.11{\pm}0.41$시간, RFP 600mg군이 $1.15{\pm}0.43$시간으로서 두 군간에 차이가 없었고(> 0.05), 혈중반감기도 RFP 450mg군이 $4.20{\pm}0.73$시간, RFP 600mg군이 $4.95{\pm}2.25$ 시간으로서, 두 군간에 유의한 차이는 없었다(p > 0.05). ㄴ) Cmax는 RFP 450mg군이 $10.12{\pm}2.25mcg/mL$, RFP 600mg군이 $13.61{\pm}3.43mcg/mL$로서 RFP 600mg군에서 유의하게 높았고(p < 0.01), Ke도 각각 $0.17{\pm}0.03hrs^{-1}$, $0.15{\pm}0.03hrs^{-1}$로서 RFP 600mg군에서 통계적으로 유의하게 낮았다(p < 0.01). ㄷ) CLtot은 RFP 450mg군이 $7.60{\pm}1.34mL/hr$, RFP 600mg군이 $7.05{\pm}1.20mL/hr$로서, RFP 600mg군에서 유의하게 낮았다(p < 0.05). 이중 CLr은 각각 $1.41{\pm}0.65mL/hr$, $1.69{\pm}0.61mL/hr$로서 두 군간에 차이가 없었으나(p>0.05), CLnr은 각각 $6.19{\pm}1.56mL/hr$, $5.36{\pm}1.26mL/hr$로서 RFP 600mg군에서 유의하게 낮았다(p < 0.01). 결 론 : 한국인에서는 INH는 300mg이, RFP은 450mg이 적절한 일일용량으로 생각되나 이는 향후 복합적으로 결핵약을 복용하는 실제 결핵환자를 대상으로 한 추시가 필요할 것으로 생각된다.

• 한국지역지리학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.1-19
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• 2000

본 연구는 중부지역의 중심지로 발전하고 있는 대전광역시를 대상으로 노령화 지구의 공간적 분포 패턴을 분석하고자 하였다. 그 결과 노령화 지구는 대전광역시 CBD지역과 CBD인접지역, 그리고 주변지역간에 뚜렷한 차이를 나타내고 있으며, 그 분포에 있어서도 양극화 현상이 뚜렷함을 확인하였다. 그리고 인구감소지구는 노령화지구와 대체로 중복되어 있고, 비노령인구의 전출에 의하여 노령인구비율이 높아지고 있으며, 인구증가지구는 노령화 지구와 전혀 중복되어 나타나지 않고, 비노령인구의 전입에 의해 노령인구비율이 낮아지고 있다. 인구이동에 의한 노령인구의 증가여부를 확인하기 위하여 각 그룹별로 연령 코호트 분석방법을 이용하여 노령화 지구의 출현요인을 분석한 결과, 인구노령화의 진행 은 인구의 사회적 증감률 변화와 매우 밀접하게 관련되어 있고, 특히 비노령인구의 전출에 의해 노령인구비율이 높아지고 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. CBD지역과 CBD인접지역을 포함한 중심시가지에서는 결혼, 새로운 주택취득에 의한 세대분리 등의 전출, 즉, 비노령인구의 전출이 인구노령화를 촉진하는 주요인이 되고 있고, 반면 주변지역에서는 비노령인구의 지구의로의 전출뿐 아니라 새롭게 노령인구로 편입되어져 가는 연령층 인구와 사망률의 저하에 따른 평균수명의 연장으로 인한 노령인구의 절대적 증대가 인구노령화를 촉진하는 요인으로 작용하고 있다.

• 중소기업연구
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.85-102
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• 2009

기업환경의 국제화 및 세계화에 따라 국내에 진출하는 다국적기업의 수는 증가할 것으로 보이는데, 그들을 효율적으로 관리할 수 있는 적절한 수단은 별로 연구되고 있지 않은 것 같다. 다국적기업의 국제이전가격은 정교하게 설정되어 조세부담을 회피할 수 있기 때문에, 이를 관리하기 위해서는 다국적기업의 행태를 이해할 필요가 있다. 본 연구는 우리나라에 진출한 외국인 기업의 특성 및 환경적 요인이 국제이전가격의 설정방식에 미치는 영향을 확인하고자 하는데 그 목표를 두고 있다. 2004년 현재 우리나라에 미화 100만불 이상의 직접투자를 수행하고 있는 외국인 투자기업 861개 기업을 대상으로 설문조사를 시행한 결과 121개 기업이 응답하여 이를 본 연구의 분석자료로 사용하였다. 종속변수로는 국제이전가격설정방법이 시장기준 혹은 원가기준에 의거하였는지의 여부를 묻는 2원적변수를 채택하였다. 시장기준방법의 경우 객관성이 높아 세무당국이 선호하는 방법임에 비해 원가기준은 경영자의 주관적인 판단이 개입될 소지가 많아 객관성이 떨어진다는 점에서 구분되기 때문이다. 독립변수로는 법인세, 관세, 세무당국과의 관계, 세무조사가능성, 현지투자자의 지분율, 내부거래비중, 매출액 및 제품수명주기가 채택되었고, 통제변수로는 중소기업여부 및 투자자의 국적이 더미변수의 형태로 포함되었다. 분석 결과를 살펴보면 세무변수로는 법인세와 관세가 유의하게 나타났는데, 그 중요도가 높을수록 경영자에게 재량권이 있는 원가기준이전가격방식을 선호하는 것으로 나타났다. 또 세무당국과의 관계를 중요하게 평가할수록 시장기준이전가격방식을 선호하는 것으로 나타났는데, 현지 정부는 객관성이 높은 시장기준을 가장 선호하기 때문에 기업의 입장에서 이 점을 고려한 것이라 생각할 수 있다. 제품 수명주기의 성숙도가 높을수록 원가기준을 선호하는 것으로 나타났는데, 이는 제품의 성숙도가 높을수록 경쟁 때문에 현지자회사가 시장을 확보하는데 어려움을 느끼게 되므로 이를 지원하는 수단으로 원가기준을 선호하는 것으로 보인다.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.13-40
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• 1972

Much has teed changed in the field of hospital administration in the It wake of the rapid development of sciences, techniques ana systematic hospital management. However, we still have a long way to go in organization, in the quality of hospital employees and hospital equipment and facilities, and in financial support in order to achieve proper hospital management. The above factors greatly effect the ability of hospitals to fulfill their obligation in patient care and nursing services. The purpose of this study is to determine the optimal methods of standardization and quality nursing so as to improve present nursing services through investigations and analyses of various problems concerning nursing administration. This study has been undertaken during the six month period from October 1971 to March 1972. The 41 comprehensive hospitals have been selected iron amongst the 139 in the whole country. These have been categorized according-to the specific purposes of their establishment, such as 7 university hospitals, 18 national or public hospitals, 12 religious hospitals and 4 enterprise ones. The following conclusions have been acquired thus far from information obtained through interviews with nursing directors who are in charge of the nursing administration in each hospital, and further investigations concerning the purposes of establishment, the organization, personnel arrangements, working conditions, practices of service, and budgets of the nursing service department. 1. The nursing administration along with its activities in this country has been uncritical1y adopted from that of the developed countries. It is necessary for us to re-establish a new medical and nursing system which is adequate for our social environments through continuous study and research. 2. The survey shows that the 7 university hospitals were chiefly concerned with education, medical care and research; the 18 national or public hospitals with medical care, public health and charity work; the 2 religious hospitals with medical care, charity and missionary works; and the 4 enterprise hospitals with public health, medical care and charity works. In general, the main purposes of the hospitals were those of charity organizations in the pursuit of medical care, education and public benefits. 3. The survey shows that in general hospital facilities rate 64 per cent and medical care 60 per-cent against a 100 per cent optimum basis in accordance with the medical treatment law and approved criteria for training hospitals. In these respects, university hospitals have achieved the highest standards, followed by religious ones, enterprise ones, and national or public ones in that order. 4. The ages of nursing directors range from 30 to 50. The level of education achieved by most of the directors is that of graduation from a nursing technical high school and a three year nursing junior college; a very few have graduated from college or have taken graduate courses. 5. As for the career tenure of nurses in the hospitals: one-third of the nurses, or 38 per cent, have worked less than one year; those in the category of one year to two represent 24 pet cent. This means that a total of 62 per cent of the career nurses have been practicing their profession for less than two years. Career nurses with over 5 years experience number only 16 per cent: therefore the efficiency of nursing services has been rated very low. 6. As for the standard of education of the nurses: 62 per cent of them have taken a three year course of nursing in junior colleges, and 22 per cent in nursing technical high schools. College graduate nurses come up to only 15 per cent; and those with graduate course only 0.4 per cent. This indicates that most of the nurses are front nursing technical high schools and three year nursing junior colleges. Accordingly, it is advisable that nursing services be divided according to their functions, such as professional, technical nurses and nurse's aides. 7. The survey also shows that the purpose of nursing service administration in the hospitals has been regulated in writing in 74 per cent of the hospitals and not regulated in writing in 26 per cent of the hospitals. The general purposes of nursing are as follows: patient care, assistance in medical care and education. The main purpose of these nursing services is to establish proper operational and personnel management which focus on in-service education. 8. The nursing service departments belong to the medical departments in almost 60 per cent of the hospitals. Even though the nursing service department is formally separated, about 24 per cent of the hospitals regard it as a functional unit in the medical department. Only 5 per cent of the hospitals keep the department as a separate one. To the contrary, approximately 12 per cent of the hospitals have not established a nursing service department at all but surbodinate it to the other department. In this respect, it is required that a new hospital organization be made to acknowledge the independent function of the nursing department. In 76 per cent of the hospitals they have advisory committees under the nursing department, such as a dormitory self·regulating committee, an in-service education committee and a nursing procedure and policy committee. 9. Personnel arrangement and working conditions of nurses 1) The ratio of nurses to patients is as follows: In university hospitals, 1 to 2.9 for hospitalized patients and 1 to 4.0 for out-patients; in religious hospitals, 1 to 2.3 for hospitalized patients and 1 to 5.4 for out-patients. Grouped together this indicates that one nurse covers 2.2 hospitalized patients and 4.3 out-patients on a daily basis. The current medical treatment law stipulates that one nurse should care for 2.5 hospitalized patients or 30.0 out-patients. Therefore the statistics indicate that nursing services are being peformed with an insufficient number of nurses to cover out-patients. The current law concerns the minimum number of nurses and disregards the required number of nurses for operation rooms, recovery rooms, delivery rooms, new-born baby rooms, central supply rooms and emergency rooms. Accordingly, tile medical treatment law has been requested to be amended. 2) The ratio of doctors to nurses: In university hospitals, the ratio is 1 to 1.1; in national of public hospitals, 1 to 0.8; in religious hospitals 1 to 0.5; and in private hospitals 1 to 0.7. The average ratio is 1 to 0.8; generally the ideal ratio is 3 to 1. Since the number of doctors working in hospitals has been recently increasing, the nursing services have consequently teen overloaded, sacrificing the services to the patients. 3) The ratio of nurses to clerical staff is 1 to 0.4. However, the ideal ratio is 5 to 1, that is, 1 to 0.2. This means that clerical personnel far outnumber the nursing staff. 4) The ratio of nurses to nurse's-aides; The average 2.5 to 1 indicates that most of the nursing service are delegated to nurse's-aides owing to the shortage of registered nurses. This is the main cause of the deterioration in the quality of nursing services. It is a real problem in the guest for better nursing services that certain hospitals employ a disproportionate number of nurse's-aides in order to meet financial requirements. 5) As for the working conditions, most of hospitals employ a three-shift day with 8 hours of duty each. However, certain hospitals still use two shifts a day. 6) As for the working environment, most of the hospitals lack welfare and hygienic facilities. 7) The salary basis is the highest in the private university hospitals, with enterprise hospitals next and religious hospitals and national or public ones lowest. 8) Method of employment is made through paper screening, and further that the appointment of nurses is conditional upon the favorable opinion of the nursing directors. 9) The unemployment ratio for one year in 1971 averaged 29 per cent. The reasons for unemployment indicate that the highest is because of marriage up to 40 per cent, and next is because of overseas employment. This high unemployment ratio further causes the deterioration of efficiency in nursing services and supplementary activities. The hospital authorities concerned should take this matter into a jeep consideration in order to reduce unemployment. 10) The importance of in-service education is well recognized and established. 1% has been noted that on the-job nurses. training has been most active, with nursing directors taking charge of the orientation programs of newly employed nurses. However, it is most necessary that a comprehensive study be made of instructors, contents and methods of education with a separate section for in-service education. 10. Nursing services'activities 1) Division of services and job descriptions are urgently required. 81 per rent of the hospitals keep written regulations of services in accordance with nursing service manuals. 19 per cent of the hospitals do not keep written regulations. Most of hospitals delegate to the nursing directors or certain supervisors the power of stipulating service regulations. In 21 per cent of the total hospitals they have policy committees, standardization committees and advisory committees to proceed with the stipulation of regulations. 2) Approximately 81 per cent of the hospitals have service channels in which directors, supervisors, head nurses and staff nurses perform their appropriate services according to the service plans and make up the service reports. In approximately 19 per cent of the hospitals the staff perform their nursing services without utilizing the above channels. 3) In the performance of nursing services, a ward manual is considered the most important one to be utilized in about 32 percent of hospitals. 25 per cent of hospitals indicate they use a kardex; 17 per cent use ward-rounding, and others take advantage of work sheets or coordination with other departments through conferences. 4) In about 78 per cent of hospitals they have records which indicate the status of personnel, and in 22 per cent they have not. 5) It has been advised that morale among nurses may be increased, ensuring more efficient services, by their being able to exchange opinions and views with each other. 6) The satisfactory performance of nursing services rely on the following factors to the degree indicated: approximately 32 per cent to the systematic nursing activities and services; 27 per cent to the head nurses ability for nursing diagnosis; 22 per cent to an effective supervisory system; 16 per cent to the hospital facilities and proper supply, and 3 per cent to effective in·service education. This means that nurses, supervisors, head nurses and directors play the most important roles in the performance of nursing services. 11. About 87 per cent of the hospitals do not have separate budgets for their nursing departments, and only 13 per cent of the hospitals have separate budgets. It is recommended that the planning and execution of the nursing administration be delegated to the pertinent administrators in order to bring about improved proved performances and activities in nursing services.

• 공연문화연구
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• 제22호
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• pp.287-325
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• 2011

본고는 조선후기 관서지방 공연문화의 시공간과 향유에 관한 연구이다. 관서(關西) 지방은 중국 대륙과 인접한 접경지대로 군사적 요충지이자 대외무역과 상업의 발달로 재화가 풍부한 문화의 중심지였다. 조선후기에는 중국과 조선을 오가던 수많은 사신과 역관, 상인들이 이 지역을 경유하였고, 1~2년 간격으로 관찰사가 교체되었으며, 지역 인재 선발을 위한 도과(道科)과 빈번하게 시행되면서 환영과 전송 의례, 위로, 향연에 따른 공연활동이 매우 활발하게 전개되었다. 이와 같은 양상은 여러 문헌자료와 읍지(邑誌), 그림 자료로 전하며, 문학, 음악, 무용, 민속학 분야의 연구를 통해서도 확인되고 있다. 그런데 <관서악부>를 비롯하여 평양, 성천의 자연과 풍류를 노래한 가사문학작품, 연행록 등을 문학작품을 세밀하게 읽다보면, 기존의 연구에서 주목해 온 공연의 종목과 악기편성, 음악기구, 음악인 등 뿐 만 아니라 공연활동의 주체와 시공간, 향유방식에 대한 유용한 정보들이 매우 풍부하다는 사실을 알게 된다. 이를 통해 공연이 '어디서', '어떻게' 이루어졌으며, 언제, 얼마나 긴 시간 동안 지속되었고, 공연의 규모는 어느 정도였는지, 관객과 공연주체가 어떻게 소통하였는지를 알아볼 수 있다. 음악과 춤에 관한 단적인 정보 외에 '공연', '사람', '시간', '공간'의 관계성에 관한 연구는 지금까지 미진했던 '전통공연예술 양식' 연구의 기반이 되리라고 판단된다. 이에 본 연구에서는 <관서악부> 108편, 한글 가사 작품 8편, 한문연행록 9종에 표현된 공연관련 정보를 '주요어' 에 주목하여 분석한 결과 조선후기 공연문화의 시공간과 향유 양상은 다음과 같이 정리할 수 있었다. 공연의 시기와 시간, 전체 소요시간에 대해서는 별도의 기준이 마련되어 있지는 않았다. 사신연의 경우, 국가나 개인의 상례(喪禮), 기일(忌日) 등의 '금지사유'가 없는 한, 더위나 추위를 무릅쓰고라도 진행되었다. 그 외에 계절을 선택하여 '놀음'을 벌일 경우, 계절적으로는 '삼사월 좋은 때', '춘풍' 불고 '일기 화창'한 날과 '가을 물결' 아름다운 '추강(秋江)'의 계절이 선호되었다. 공연 시간 대는 '아침밥을 먹고 나서', '포시(오후 4시경)', '석반을 물리치고~', '야심(夜深)', 의 예에서 처럼 매우 가변적인 것으로 조사되었다. 그러나 전체적으로는 밤에 열리는 야연(夜宴)이 압도적으로 많았으며, 공연의 지속시간은 '잠깐 보고'부터 '전날 오전부터 다음날 낮까지' 차이가 컸다. 공연시간대와 전체 소요시간은 사신일행의 일정에 영향을 받았다. 공연 공간은 자연, 누정이나 관아의 건축 공간, 선유놀음의 선상 공간, 영송(迎送)의 행차음악이 연주된 연도(沿道)로 구분해볼 수 있었다. 평양의 연광정, 부벽루, 성천의 백상루, 선천의 의검정, 천연정, 의주의 통군정 등의 건축공간과 강상에 배를 띄운 선유놀음의 크고 작은 선상공간은 관서지방 공연문화의 중심이었다. 공연 공간에는 공연주체와 좌상(座上)객의 필요에 따른 주물상, 다담상, 찬을 갖춘 상, 병풍, 의자, 향로 등이 구비되었으며, 야연에서는 청사초롱, 홍촉대, 횃불이 갖춰졌다. 약산동대 등, 자연 공간에서의 공연도 선호되었다. 공연 향유와 관련하여 공연주체와 관객, 공연내용, 향유자의 소감과 비평 등을 살폈다. 공연주체는 기생과 무동, 악공, 전악, 취타군, 무동, 가아(歌兒) 등 수많은 명칭이 사용되었다. 특히 공연에서 춤과 노래, 연주를 담당했던 기생에 대해서는 기생의 수, 연령, 역량, 이미지 등을 알 수 있는 아주 많은 이칭(異稱)이 조사되었다. 공연에서 향유자는 유객(遊客), 좌상(座上)으로 불렸고, 특정 작품에서는 '풍류 태수', '학탄 신선' 등의 표현도 사용되었다. 향유자들이 즐긴 공연은 정재류의 춤과 관서지방의 민속무, 이에 따른 삼현육각 편성의 음악, 12가사, 한문 낭송조, 잡가, 민요, 광대소리 등의 노래, 거문고, 가야금, 양금, 피리, 해금, 퉁소, 옥저 등의 기악 독주, 혹은 병주. 행차에 따른 연주 등이었다. 세부곡목에 주목해보면 조선후기 관서지방에서는 궁중 예술과의 교섭이 매우 활발하였고, 다른 지역에서 볼 수 없었던 <홍문연>, <항장무>, <선유락> 등의 레퍼토리를 탄생시켰는가 하면 고유의 민속가무도 함께 향유하였음을 알 수 있다. 공연의 규모는 '대연', '크게 벌이다', '수삼 동기', '성천기 7명', '60기생', '기생 2~3명', '삼자비' 등으로 표현되거나 독주, 독창, 독무인 경우 이름으로 표기하였다. 역시 공연 계기와 장소에 따라 공연의 규모가 매우 유동적이었음을 알려준다. 공연자의 연령은 10대 초반부터 늙은 기생까지 다양하게 소개되었는데, 특히 어린 기생들의 가무에 대한 관심도가 높았다. 공연은 대체로 긍정적으로 평가되었지만, 반대로 '잡악(雜樂)', '졸렬', '웃음거리'로 분류되어 외면당한 예도 있다. 그런가 하면 여러 지역에서 유사한 공연종목을 관람한 뒤, 이를 '비교(比較)' 평가한 예가 있는데, 이는 관서지방 공연문화 향유양상을 알려주는 중요한 지표라고 생각된다. 공연은 주로 사신맞이. 사신연, 순행에 따른 연회 등 공적인 성격을 띤 것이 많았고, 그밖에 사적인 향유 차원에서 이루어진 예도 적지 않게 조사되었다. 관서지역의 사신맞이는 대동강의 관선을 이용한 도강(渡江)의례가 특징적이다. 이는 관찰사, 부사, 감사 등의 관리의 이임과 부임뿐만 아니라 정례적으로 중국에 오가던 사신일행의 행차가 끊이지 않았으므로 이와 관련된 공연문화의 지속성이 탄탄하게 확보될 수 있었다. 이와같이 '주요어 추출'을 중심으로 조선후기 관서지방의 공연 시·공간과 향유양상에 관해 살핀 본 연구는 향후 관서지방의 재정과 경제, 생활문화의 측면과 관련지어 '관서지방 특유의 공연문화'를 밝히는 연구로 확장될 수 있을 것이다. 아울러 지금까지의 연구가 미진한 전통공연예술의 시공간과 공연양식에 관한 연구의 외연을 넓히는데 풍부한 근거자료로 활용될 수 있으리라고 생각한다.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.1-8
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• 1985

The wall shear stress in the vicinity of end-to end anastomoses under steady flow conditions was measured using a flush-mounted hot-film anemometer(FMHFA) probe. The experimental measurements were in good agreement with numerical results except in flow with low Reynolds numbers. The wall shear stress increased proximal to the anastomosis in flow from the Penrose tubing (simulating an artery) to the PTFE: graft. In flow from the PTFE graft to the Penrose tubing, low wall shear stress was observed distal to the anastomosis. Abnormal distributions of wall shear stress in the vicinity of the anastomosis, resulting from the compliance mismatch between the graft and the host artery, might be an important factor of ANFH formation and the graft failure. The present study suggests a correlation between regions of the low wall shear stress and the development of anastomotic neointimal fibrous hyperplasia(ANPH) in end-to-end anastomoses. 30523 T00401030523 ^x Air pressure decay(APD) rate and ultrafiltration rate(UFR) tests were performed on new and saline rinsed dialyzers as well as those roused in patients several times. C-DAK 4000 (Cordis Dow) and CF IS-11 (Baxter Travenol) reused dialyzers obtained from the dialysis clinic were used in the present study. The new dialyzers exhibited a relatively flat APD, whereas saline rinsed and reused dialyzers showed considerable amount of decay. C-DAH dialyzers had a larger APD(11.70$\pm$1.32mmHg/min)compared to CF dialyzers(4.32$\pm$0.55mmHg/min)(p<0.05). However, there was no observable difference in the UFR between the two dialyzers. Neither APD nor UFR showed any significant increase with an increasing number of reuses for up to more than 20reuses. A substantial number of failures observed in APD(larger than 20mmHe/min)on the reused dialyzers(2 out of 40 CP and S out 26 C-DAK) were attributed to the Possible damage on the fibers. The CF 15-11 HFDs which failed APD test did not show changes in the UFR compared to normal dialyzers indicating that APD is a more sensitive test than UFR test to evaluate the integrity of the fibers. 30527 T00401030527 ^x For quantitative measurement of reflected light from a clinical diagnostic strip, a prototype old reflectance photometer was designed. The strip loader and cassette were made to obtain more accurate reflectance parameters. The strip was illuminated at 45˚c through optical fiber and the intensity of reflected light was determined at rectanguLat angle using a photodiode. The kubelka-munk coefficient and reflection optical density were determined ar four different wavelengths(500, 550, 570 and 610nm) for blood glucose strip. For higher concentration than 300mg/41 about glucose, a saturation state of abforbance was observed at 500, 550 and 570nm. The correlation between glucose concentration and parameters was the best at 610nm. 30535 T00401030535 ^x Radiation-induced fibrosarcoma tumors were grown on the flanks of C3H mice. The mice were divided into two groups. One group was injected with Photofrin II, intravenously (2.5mg/kg body weight). The other group received no Photofrin II. Mice from both groups were irradialed for approximately 15 minutes at 100, 300, or 500 mW/cm2 with the argon (488nm/514.5 nm), dye(628nm) and gold vapor (pulsed 628 nm) laser light. A photosensitizer behaved as an added absorber. Under our experimental conditions, the presence of Photolfrin II increased surface temperature by at least 40% and the temperature rise due to 300 mW/cm2 irradiation exceeded values for hyperthermia. Light and temperature distributions with depth were estimated by a computer model. The model demonstrated the influence of wavelength on the thermal process and proved to be a valuable tool to investigate internal temperature rise. 30536 T00401030536 ^x We investigated the structural geometry of thirty-eight Korean femurs. The purpose of this study is to identify major geometrical differences between Korean femurs 3nd others that we believe belong to Caucasians so that we would be able to get insights into the femoral component design that fits Asians including Koreans. We utilized computerized tomography (CT) images of femurs extracted from cadavers. The CT images were transformed into bitmap data by using a film scanner, and then analyzed by using a commercially available software called Image v.1.0 and a Macintosh IIci computer.The resulting data were compared with already published data. The major results show that the geometry of the Korean femurs is significantly different from that of Caucasians: (1) the anteversion angle and the canal flare index are greater by the amount of approximately 8˚ and 0.5, respectively, (2) the shape of the isthmus cross section is more round, and (3) the distance between the teaser trochanter and the proximal border of the isthmus is shelter by about 15 mm. The results suggested that the femoral component suitable for Asians should be different from the currently-used components designed and manufactured mostly by European or American companies. 30537 T00401030537 ^x It is well known that nonlinear propagation characteristics of the wave in the tissue may give very useful information for the medical diagnoisis. In this paper, a new method to detect nonlinear propagation characteristics of the internal vibration in the tissue for the low frequency mechanical vibration by using bispectral analysis is proposed. In the method, low frequency vibration of f0( = 100Hz) is applied on the surface of the object, and the waveform of the internal vibration x (t) is measured from Doppler frequency modulation of silmultaneously transmitted probing ultrasonic waves. Then, the bispectra of the signal x (t) at the frequencies (f0, f0) and (f0, 2f0) are calculated to estimate the nonlinear propagation characteristics as their magnitude ratio, w here since bispectrum is free from the gaussian additive noise we can get the value with high S/N. Basic experimental system is constructed by using 3.0 MHz probing ultrasonic waves and the several experiments are carried out for some phantoms. Results show the superiority of the proposed method to the conventional method using power spectrum and also its usefulness for the tissue characterization. 30541 T00401030541 ^x This paper describes the implementation of a computerized radial pulse diagnosis by aids of a clinical expert. On this base, we composed of the radial pulse diagnosis system in korean traditional medicine. The system composed of a radial pulse wave detection system and a radial pulse diagnosis system. With a detection system, we detected Inyoung and Cheongu radial pulse wave and processed it. Then, we have got the characteristic parameters of radial pulse wave and also quantified that according to the method of Inyoung-Cheongu Comparison Radial Pulse Diagnosis. We defined the jugement standard of radial pulse diagnosis system and then we confirmed the possibility for realization of automatic radial pulse diagnosis in korean traditional medicine. 30545 T00401030545 ^x Microspheres are expected to be applied to biomedical areas such as solid-phase immunoassays, drug delivery systems, immunomagnetic cell separation. To synthesize microspheres for biomedical application, "two stage shot growth method" was developed. The uniformity ratio of synthesized microspheres was always smaller than 1.05. And the surface charge density (or the number of ionizable functional groups) of the microspheres synthesized by "two stage shot growth method" was 6~13 times higher than that of the microspheres synthesized by conventional seeded batch copolymerization. As a previous step for biomedical application, adsorption experiments of bovine albumin on microspheres were carried out under various conditions. The maximum adsorbed amount was obtained in the neighborhood of pH 4.5. Isoelectric point of bovine albumin is pH 5.0, so experimental result shows that it shifted to acid area. The adsorption isotherm was obtained, the plateau region was always reached at 2.Og/L (bulk concentration of bovine albumin).The effect of the kind and the amount of surface functional group was also examined. 30575 T00401030575 ^x A medical image workstation was developed using multimedia technique. The system based on PC-486DX was designed to acquire medical images produced by medical imaging instruments and related audio information, that is, doctors' reporting results. Input information was processed and analyzed, then the results were presented in the form of graph and animation. All the informations of the system were hierarchically related with the image as the apex. Processing and analysis algorithms were implemented so that the diagnostic accuracy could be improved. The diagnosed information can be transferred for patient diagnosis through LAN(local area network). 30592 T00401030592 ^x In the conventional infrared imaging system, complex infrared lens systems are usually used for directing collimated narrow infrared beams into the high speed 2-dimensional optic scanner. In this paper, a simple reflective infrared optic system with a 2-dimensional optic scanner is proposed for the realization of medical infrared thermography system. It has been experimentally proven that the intfrared thermography system composed of the proposed optic system has the temperature resolution of 0.1˚c under the spatial resolution of lmrad, the image matrix size of 256 X 240, and tile imaging time of 4 seconds. 30593 T00401030593 ^x In this paper, MIIS (Medical Image Information System) has been designed and implemented using INGRES RDBMS, which is based on a client/server architecture. The implemented system allows users to register and retrieve patient information, medical images and diagnostic reports. It also provides the function to display these information on workstation windows simultaneously by using the designed menu-driven graphic user interface. The medical image compression/decompression techniques are implemented and integrated into the medical image database system for the efficient data storage and the fast access through the network. 30594 T00401030594 ^x In this paper, computerized BEAM was implemented for the space domain analysis of EEG. Trans-formation from temporal summation to two-dimensional mappings is formed by 4 nearest point inter-polaton method. Methods of representation of BEAM are two. One is dot density method which classify brain electrical potential 9 levels by dot density of gray levels and the other is colour method which classify brain electrical 12 levels by red-green colours. In this BEAM, instantaneous change and average energy distribution over any arbitrary time interval of brain electrical activity could be observed and analyzed easily. In the frequency domain, the distribution of energy spectrum of a special band can easily be distinguished normality and abnormality. 30608 T00401030608 ^x Laboratory information system (LIS) is a key tool to manage laboratory data in clinical pathology. Our department has developed an information system for routine hematology using down-sized computer system. We have used an IBM 486 compatible PC with 16MB main memory, 210 MB hard disk drive, 9 RS-232C port and 24 pin dot printer. The operating system and database management system were SCO UNIX and SCO foxbase, respectively. For program development, we used Xbase language provided by SCO foxbase. The C language was used for interface purpose. To make the system use friendly, pull-down menu was used. The system connected to our hospital information system via application program interface (API), so the information related to patient and request details is automatically transmitted to our computer. Our system interfaced with fwd complete blood count analyzers(Sysmex NE-8000 and Coulter STKS) for unidirectional data tansmission from analyzer to computer. The authors suggests that this system based on down-sized computer could provide a progressive approach to total LIS based on local area network, and the implemented system could serve as a model for other hospital's LIS for routine hematology. 30609 T00401030609 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. To use as the structural matrix of the composite, collagen was purified from human umbilical cord. The obtained collagen was treated by pepsin to remove telopeptides, and finally, the immune-free atelocollagen was produced: The cross linked atelocollagen was highly resistant to the collagenase induced collagenolysis. The cross linked collagen demonstrated an improved tensile strength. 30618 T00401030618 ^x This paper is a study on the design of adptive filter for QRS complex detection. We propose a simple adaptive algorithm to increase capability of noise cancelation in QRS complex detection with two stage adaptive filter. At the first stage, background noise is removed and at the next stage, only spectrum of QRS complex components is passed. Two adaptive filters can afford to keep track of the changes of both noise and QRS complex. Each adaptive filter consists of prediction error filter and FIR filter The impulse response of FIR filter uses coefficients of prediction error filter. The detection rates for 105 and 108 of MIT/BIH data base were 99.3% and 97.4% respectively. 30619 T00401030619 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed and produced a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. Human umbilical cord origin pepsin treated type I atelocollagen was used as the structural matrix, by which sintered or non-sintered carbonate apatite was encapsulated to form an inorganic-organic composite. With cross linking atelocollagen by UV ray irradiation, the resistance to both compressive and tensile strength was increased. Collagen degradation by the collagenase induced collagenolysis was also decreased. 30620 T00401030620 ^x We have developed a monoleaflet polymer valve as an inexpensive and viable alternative, especially for short-term use in the ventricular assist device or total artificial heart. The frame and leaflet of the polymer valve were made from polyurethane, To evaluate the hemodynamic performance of the polymer valve a comparative study of flow dynamics past a polymer valve and a St. Jude Medical prosthetic valve under physiological pulsatile flow conditions in vitro was made. Comparisons between the valves were made on the transvalvular pressure drop, regurgitation volume and maximum valve opening area. The polymer valve showed smaller regurgitation volume and transvalvular pressure drop compared to the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. The results showed that the functional characteristics of the polymer valve compared favorably with those of the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. 30621 T00401030621 ^x Explosive evaporative removal process of biological tissue by absorption of a CW laser has been simulated by using gelatin and a multimode Nd:YAG laser. Because the point of maximun temperature of laser-irradiated gelatin exists below the surface due to surface cooling, evaporation at the boiling temperature is made explosively from below the surface. The important parameters of this process are the conduction loss to laser power absorption (defined as the conduction-to-laser power parameter, Nk), the convection heat transfer at the surface to conduction loss (defined as Bi), dimensionless extinction coefficient (defined as Br.), and dimensionless irradiation time (defined as Fo). Dependence of Fo on Nk and Bi has been observed by experiment, and the results have been compared with the numerical results obtained by solving a 2-dimensional conduction equation. Fo and explosion depth (from the surface to the point of maximun temperature) are increased when Nk and Bi are increased.To find out the minimum laser power for explosive evaporative removal process, steady state analysis has been also made. The limit of Nk to induce evaporative removal, which is proportional to the inverse of the laser power, has been obtained. 30622 T00401030622 ^x N1 and N2 gross neural action potentials were measured from the round window of the guinea pig cochlea at the onset of the acoustic stimuli. N1-N2 audiograms were made by means of regulating stimulant intensities in order to produce constant N1-N2 potentials as criteria for different input tone pip frequencies. The lowest threshold was measured with an input tone pip I5 dB SPL in intensity and 12 KHz in frequency when the animal was in normal physiological condition. The procedure of experimental measurements is explained in detail. This experimental approach is very useful for the investigation of the Cochlear function. Both noN1inear and active functions of the Cochlea can be monitored by N1-N2 audiograms. 30623 T00401030623 ^x In electrical impedance tomography(EIT), we use boundary current and voltage measurements toprovide the information about the cross-sectional distribution of electrical impedance or resistivity. One of the major problems in EIT has been the inaccessibility of internal voltage or current data in finding the internal impedance values. We propose a new image reconstruction method using internal current density data measured by NMR. We obtained a two-dimensional current density distribution within a phantom by processing the real and imaginary MR images from a 4.77 NMR machine. We implemented a resistivity mage reconstruction algorithm using the finite element method and sensitivity matrix. We presented computer simulation results of the mage reconstruction algorithm and furture direction of the research. 30624 T00401030624 ^x A new method of digital image analysis technique for discrimination of cancer cell was presented in this paper. The object image was the Thyroid eland cells image that was diagnosed as normal and abnormal (two types of abnormal: follicular neoplastic cell, and papillary neoplastic cell), respectively. By using the proposed region segmentation algorithm, the cells were segmented into nucleus. The 16 feature parameters were used to calculate the features of each nucleus. A9 a consequence of using dominant feature parameters method proposed in this paper, discrimination rate of 91.11% was obtained for Thyroid Gland cells. 30625 T00401030625 ^x An electrical stimulator was designed to induce locomotion for paraplegic patients caused by central nervous system injury. Optimal stimulus parameters, which can minimize muscle fatigue and can achieve effective muscle contraction were determined in slow and fast muscles in Sprague-Dawley rats. Stimulus patterns of our stimulator were designed to simulate electromyographic activity monitored during locomotion of normal subjects. Muscle types of the lower extremity were classified according to their mechanical property of contraction, which are slow muscle (msoleus m.) and fast muscle (medial gastrocneminus m., rectus femoris m., vastus lateralis m.). Optimal parameters of electrical stimulation for slow muscles were 20 Hz, 0.2 ms square pulse. For fast muscle, 40 Hz, 0.3 ms square pulse was optimal to produce repeated contraction. Higher stimulus intensity was required when synergistic muscles were stimulated simultaneously than when they were stimulated individually. Electrical stimulation for each muscle was designed to generate bipedal locomotion, so that individual muscles alternate contraction and relaxation to simulate stance and swing phases. Portable electrical stimulator with 16 channels built in microprocessor was constructed and applied to paraplegic patients due to lumbar cord injury. The electrical stimulator restored partially gait function in paraplegic patients. 30626 T00401030626 ^x Two-Dimensional modelling of the Cochlear biomechanics is presented in this paper. The Laplace partial differential equation which represents the fluid mechanics of the Cochlea has been transformed into two-dimensional electrical transmission line. The procedure of this transformation is explained in detail. The comparison between one and two dimensional models is also presented. This electrical modelling of the basilar membrane (BM) is clearly useful for the next approach to the further. Development of active elements which are essential in the producing of the sharp tuning of the BM. This paper shows that two-dimension model is qualitatively better than one-dimensional model both in amplitude and phase responses of the BM displacement. The present model is only for frequency response. However because the model is electrical, the two-dimensional transmission line model can be extended to time response without any difficult. 30627 T00401030627 ^x A method has been proposed for the fully automatic detection of left ventricular endocardial boundary in 2D short axis echocardiogram using geometric model. The procedure has the following three distinct stages. First, the initial center is estimated by the initial center estimation algorithm which is applied to decimated image. Second, the center estimation algorithm is applied to original image and then best-fit elliptic model estimation is processed. Third, best-fit boundary is detected by the cost function which is based on the best-fit elliptic model. The proposed method shows effective result without manual intervention by a human operator. 30628 T00401030628 ^x The intelligent trajectory control method that controls moving direction and average velocity for a prosthetic arm is proposed by pattern recognition and force estimations using EMG signals. Also, we propose the real time trajectory planning method which generates continuous accelleration paths using 3 stage linear filters to minimize the impact to human body induced by arm motions and to reduce the muscle fatigue. We use combination of MLP and fuzzy filter for pattern recognition to estimate the direction of a muscle and Hogan's method for the force estimation. EMG signals are acquired by using a amputation simulator and 2 dimensional joystick motion. The simulation results of proposed prosthetic arm control system using the EMf signals show that the arm is effectively followed the desired trajectory depended on estimated force and direction of muscle movements. 30638 T00401030638 ^x A new neural network architecture for the recognition of patterns from images is proposed, which is partially based on the results of physiological studies. The proposed network is composed of multi-layers and the nerve cells in each layer are connected by spatial filters which approximate receptive fields in optic nerve fields. In the proposed method, patterns recognition for complicated images is carried out using global features as well as local features such as lines and end-points. A new generating method of matched filers representing global features is proposed in this network. 30659 T00401030659 ^x An implementation scheme of the magnetic nerve stimulator using a switching mode power supply is proposed. By using a switching mode power supply rather than a conventional linear power supply for charging high voltage capacitors, the weight and size of the magnetic nerve stimulator can be considerably reduced. Maximum output voltage of the developed magnetic nerve stimulator using the switching mode power supply is 3, 000 volts and switching time is about 100 msec. Experimental results or human nerve stimulations using the developed stimulator are presented. 30768 T00401030768 ^x In this paper, we describe the design methodology and specifications of the developed module-based bedside monitors for patient monitoring. The bedside monitor consists of a main unit and module cases with various parameter modules. The main unit includes a 12.1" TFT color LCD, a main CPU board, and peripherals such as a module controller, Ethernet LAN card, video card, rotate/push button controller, etc. The main unit can connect at maximum three module cases each of which can accommodate up to 7 parameter modules. They include the modules for electrocardiograph, respiration, invasive blood pressure, noninvasive blood pressure, temperature, and SpO2 with Plethysmograph.SpO2 with Plethysmograph.

• 한국우주과학회:학술대회논문집(한국우주과학회보)
• /
• 한국우주과학회 1993년도 한국우주과학회보 제2권2호
• /
• pp.17-17
• /
• 1993

The wall shear stress in the vicinity of end-to end anastomoses under steady flow conditions was measured using a flush-mounted hot-film anemometer(FMHFA) probe. The experimental measurements were in good agreement with numerical results except in flow with low Reynolds numbers. The wall shear stress increased proximal to the anastomosis in flow from the Penrose tubing (simulating an artery) to the PTFE: graft. In flow from the PTFE graft to the Penrose tubing, low wall shear stress was observed distal to the anastomosis. Abnormal distributions of wall shear stress in the vicinity of the anastomosis, resulting from the compliance mismatch between the graft and the host artery, might be an important factor of ANFH formation and the graft failure. The present study suggests a correlation between regions of the low wall shear stress and the development of anastomotic neointimal fibrous hyperplasia(ANPH) in end-to-end anastomoses. 30523 T00401030523 ^x Air pressure decay(APD) rate and ultrafiltration rate(UFR) tests were performed on new and saline rinsed dialyzers as well as those roused in patients several times. C-DAK 4000 (Cordis Dow) and CF IS-11 (Baxter Travenol) reused dialyzers obtained from the dialysis clinic were used in the present study. The new dialyzers exhibited a relatively flat APD, whereas saline rinsed and reused dialyzers showed considerable amount of decay. C-DAH dialyzers had a larger APD(11.70${\pm}$1.32mmHg/min)compared to CF dialyzers(4.32${\pm}$0.55mmHg/min)(p<0.05). However, there was no observable difference in the UFR between the two dialyzers. Neither APD nor UFR showed any significant increase with an increasing number of reuses for up to more than 20reuses. A substantial number of failures observed in APD(larger than 20mmHe/min)on the reused dialyzers(2 out of 40 CP and S out 26 C-DAK) were attributed to the Possible damage on the fibers. The CF 15-11 HFDs which failed APD test did not show changes in the UFR compared to normal dialyzers indicating that APD is a more sensitive test than UFR test to evaluate the integrity of the fibers. 30527 T00401030527 ^x For quantitative measurement of reflected light from a clinical diagnostic strip, a prototype old reflectance photometer was designed. The strip loader and cassette were made to obtain more accurate reflectance parameters. The strip was illuminated at 45˚c through optical fiber and the intensity of reflected light was determined at rectanguLat angle using a photodiode. The kubelka-munk coefficient and reflection optical density were determined ar four different wavelengths(500,550,570 and 610nm) for blood glucose strip. For higher concentration than 300mg/41 about glucose, a saturation state of abforbance was observed at 500,550 and 570nm. The correlation between glucose concentration and parameters was the best at 610nm. 30535 T00401030535 ^x Radiation-induced fibrosarcoma tumors were grown on the flanks of C3H mice. The mice were divided into two groups. One group was injected with Photofrin II, intravenously (2.5mg/kg body weight). The other group received no Photofrin II. Mice from both groups were irradialed for approximately 15 minutes at 100,300, or 500 mW/cm2 with the argon (488nm/514.5 nm), dye(628nm) and gold vapor (pulsed 628 nm) laser light. A photosensitizer behaved as an added absorber. Under our experimental conditions, the presence of Photolfrin II increased surface temperature by at least 40% and the temperature rise due to 300 mW/cm2 irradiation exceeded values for hyperthermia. Light and temperature distributions with depth were estimated by a computer model. The model demonstrated the influence of wavelength on the thermal process and proved to be a valuable tool to investigate internal temperature rise. 30536 T00401030536 ^x We investigated the structural geometry of thirty-eight Korean femurs. The purpose of this study is to identify major geometrical differences between Korean femurs 3nd others that we believe belong to Caucasians so that we would be able to get insights into the femoral component design that fits Asians including Koreans. We utilized computerized tomography (CT) images of femurs extracted from cadavers. The CT images were transformed into bitmap data by using a film scanner, and then analyzed by using a commercially available software called Image v.1.0 and a Macintosh IIci computer.The resulting data were compared with already published data. The major results show that the geometry of the Korean femurs is significantly different from that of Caucasians: (1) the anteversion angle and the canal flare index are greater by the amount of approximately 8˚ and 0.5, respectively, (2) the shape of the isthmus cross section is more round, and (3) the distance between the teaser trochanter and the proximal border of the isthmus is shelter by about 15 mm. The results suggested that the femoral component suitable for Asians should be different from the currently-used components designed and manufactured mostly by European or American companies. 30537 T00401030537 ^x It is well known that nonlinear propagation characteristics of the wave in the tissue may give very useful information for the medical diagnoisis. In this paper, a new method to detect nonlinear propagation characteristics of the internal vibration in the tissue for the low frequency mechanical vibration by using bispectral analysis is proposed. In the method, low frequency vibration of f0( = 100Hz) is applied on the surface of the object, and the waveform of the internal vibration x (t) is measured from Doppler frequency modulation of silmultaneously transmitted probing ultrasonic waves. Then, the bispectra of the signal x (t) at the frequencies (f0, f0) and (f0, 2f0) are calculated to estimate the nonlinear propagation characteristics as their magnitude ratio, w here since bispectrum is free from the gaussian additive noise we can get the value with high S/N. Basic experimental system is constructed by using 3.0 MHz probing ultrasonic waves and the several experiments are carried out for some phantoms. Results show the superiority of the proposed method to the conventional method using power spectrum and also its usefulness for the tissue characterization. 30541 T00401030541 ^x This paper describes the implementation of a computerized radial pulse diagnosis by aids of a clinical expert. On this base, we composed of the radial pulse diagnosis system in korean traditional medicine. The system composed of a radial pulse wave detection system and a radial pulse diagnosis system. With a detection system, we detected Inyoung and Cheongu radial pulse wave and processed it. Then, we have got the characteristic parameters of radial pulse wave and also quantified that according to the method of Inyoung-Cheongu Comparison Radial Pulse Diagnosis. We defined the jugement standard of radial pulse diagnosis system and then we confirmed the possibility for realization of automatic radial pulse diagnosis in korean traditional medicine. 30545 T00401030545 ^x Microspheres are expected to be applied to biomedical areas such as solid-phase immunoassays, drug delivery systems, immunomagnetic cell separation. To synthesize microspheres for biomedical application, "two stage shot growth method" was developed. The uniformity ratio of synthesized microspheres was always smaller than 1.05. And the surface charge density (or the number of ionizable functional groups) of the microspheres synthesized by "two stage shot growth method" was 6~13 times higher than that of the microspheres synthesized by conventional seeded batch copolymerization. As a previous step for biomedical application, adsorption experiments of bovine albumin on microspheres were carried out under various conditions. The maximum adsorbed amount was obtained in the neighborhood of pH 4.5. Isoelectric point of bovine albumin is pH 5.0, so experimental result shows that it shifted to acid area. The adsorption isotherm was obtained, the plateau region was always reached at 2.Og/L (bulk concentration of bovine albumin).The effect of the kind and the amount of surface functional group was also examined. 30575 T00401030575 ^x A medical image workstation was developed using multimedia technique. The system based on PC-486DX was designed to acquire medical images produced by medical imaging instruments and related audio information, that is, doctors' reporting results. Input information was processed and analyzed, then the results were presented in the form of graph and animation. All the informations of the system were hierarchically related with the image as the apex. Processing and analysis algorithms were implemented so that the diagnostic accuracy could be improved. The diagnosed information can be transferred for patient diagnosis through LAN(local area network). 30592 T00401030592 ^x In the conventional infrared imaging system, complex infrared lens systems are usually used for directing collimated narrow infrared beams into the high speed 2-dimensional optic scanner. In this paper, a simple reflective infrared optic system with a 2-dimensional optic scanner is proposed for the realization of medical infrared thermography system. It has been experimentally proven that the intfrared thermography system composed of the proposed optic system has the temperature resolution of 0.1˚c under the spatial resolution of lmrad, the image matrix size of 256 X 240, and tile imaging time of 4 seconds. 30593 T00401030593 ^x In this paper, MIIS (Medical Image Information System) has been designed and implemented using INGRES RDBMS, which is based on a client/server architecture. The implemented system allows users to register and retrieve patient information, medical images and diagnostic reports. It also provides the function to display these information on workstation windows simultaneously by using the designed menu-driven graphic user interface. The medical image compression/decompression techniques are implemented and integrated into the medical image database system for the efficient data storage and the fast access through the network. 30594 T00401030594 ^x In this paper, computerized BEAM was implemented for the space domain analysis of EEG. Trans-formation from temporal summation to two-dimensional mappings is formed by 4 nearest point inter-polaton method. Methods of representation of BEAM are two. One is dot density method which classify brain electrical potential 9 levels by dot density of gray levels and the other is colour method which classify brain electrical 12 levels by red-green colours. In this BEAM, instantaneous change and average energy distribution over any arbitrary time interval of brain electrical activity could be observed and analyzed easily. In the frequency domain, the distribution of energy spectrum of a special band can easily be distinguished normality and abnormality. 30608 T00401030608 ^x Laboratory information system (LIS) is a key tool to manage laboratory data in clinical pathology. Our department has developed an information system for routine hematology using down-sized computer system. We have used an IBM 486 compatible PC with 16MB main memory, 210 MB hard disk drive, 9 RS-232C port and 24 pin dot printer. The operating system and database management system were SCO UNIX and SCO foxbase, respectively. For program development, we used Xbase language provided by SCO foxbase. The C language was used for interface purpose. To make the system use friendly, pull-down menu was used. The system connected to our hospital information system via application program interface (API), so the information related to patient and request details is automatically transmitted to our computer. Our system interfaced with fwd complete blood count analyzers(Sysmex NE-8000 and Coulter STKS) for unidirectional data tansmission from analyzer to computer. The authors suggests that this system based on down-sized computer could provide a progressive approach to total LIS based on local area network, and the implemented system could serve as a model for other hospital's LIS for routine hematology. 30609 T00401030609 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. To use as the structural matrix of the composite, collagen was purified from human umbilical cord. The obtained collagen was treated by pepsin to remove telopeptides, and finally, the immune-free atelocollagen was produced: The cross linked atelocollagen was highly resistant to the collagenase induced collagenolysis. The cross linked collagen demonstrated an improved tensile strength. 30618 T00401030618 ^x This paper is a study on the design of adptive filter for QRS complex detection. We propose a simple adaptive algorithm to increase capability of noise cancelation in QRS complex detection with two stage adaptive filter. At the first stage, background noise is removed and at the next stage, only spectrum of QRS complex components is passed. Two adaptive filters can afford to keep track of the changes of both noise and QRS complex. Each adaptive filter consists of prediction error filter and FIR filter The impulse response of FIR filter uses coefficients of prediction error filter. The detection rates for 105 and 108 of MIT/BIH data base were 99.3% and 97.4% respectively. 30619 T00401030619 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed and produced a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. Human umbilical cord origin pepsin treated type I atelocollagen was used as the structural matrix, by which sintered or non-sintered carbonate apatite was encapsulated to form an inorganic-organic composite. With cross linking atelocollagen by UV ray irradiation, the resistance to both compressive and tensile strength was increased. Collagen degradation by the collagenase induced collagenolysis was also decreased. 30620 T00401030620 ^x We have developed a monoleaflet polymer valve as an inexpensive and viable alternative, especially for short-term use in the ventricular assist device or total artificial heart. The frame and leaflet of the polymer valve were made from polyurethane, To evaluate the hemodynamic performance of the polymer valve a comparative study of flow dynamics past a polymer valve and a St. Jude Medical prosthetic valve under physiological pulsatile flow conditions in vitro was made. Comparisons between the valves were made on the transvalvular pressure drop, regurgitation volume and maximum valve opening area. The polymer valve showed smaller regurgitation volume and transvalvular pressure drop compared to the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. The results showed that the functional characteristics of the polymer valve compared favorably with those of the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. 30621 T00401030621 ^x Explosive evaporative removal process of biological tissue by absorption of a CW laser has been simulated by using gelatin and a multimode Nd:YAG laser. Because the point of maximun temperature of laser-irradiated gelatin exists below the surface due to surface cooling, evaporation at the boiling temperature is made explosively from below the surface. The important parameters of this process are the conduction loss to laser power absorption (defined as the conduction-to-laser power parameter, Nk), the convection heat transfer at the surface to conduction loss (defined as Bi), dimensionless extinction coefficient (defined as Br.), and dimensionless irradiation time (defined as Fo). Dependence of Fo on Nk and Bi has been observed by experiment, and the results have been compared with the numerical results obtained by solving a 2-dimensional conduction equation. Fo and explosion depth (from the surface to the point of maximun temperature) are increased when Nk and Bi are increased.To find out the minimum laser power for explosive evaporative removal process, steady state analysis has been also made. The limit of Nk to induce evaporative removal, which is proportional to the inverse of the laser power, has been obtained. 30622 T00401030622 ^x N1 and N2 gross neural action potentials were measured from the round window of the guinea pig cochlea at the onset of the acoustic stimuli. N1-N2 audiograms were made by means of regulating stimulant intensities in order to produce constant N1-N2 potentials as criteria for different input tone pip frequencies. The lowest threshold was measured with an input tone pip I5 dB SPL in intensity and 12 KHz in frequency when the animal was in normal physiological condition. The procedure of experimental measurements is explained in detail. This experimental approach is very useful for the investigation of the Cochlear function. Both noN1inear and active functions of the Cochlea can be monitored by N1-N2 audiograms. 30623 T00401030623 ^x In electrical impedance tomography(EIT), we use boundary current and voltage measurements toprovide the information about the cross-sectional distribution of electrical impedance or resistivity. One of the major problems in EIT has been the inaccessibility of internal voltage or current data in finding the internal impedance values. We propose a new image reconstruction method using internal current density data measured by NMR. We obtained a two-dimensional current density distribution within a phantom by processing the real and imaginary MR images from a 4.77 NMR machine. We implemented a resistivity mage reconstruction algorithm using the finite element method and sensitivity matrix. We presented computer simulation results of the mage reconstruction algorithm and furture direction of the research. 30624 T00401030624 ^x A new method of digital image analysis technique for discrimination of cancer cell was presented in this paper. The object image was the Thyroid eland cells image that was diagnosed as normal and abnormal (two types of abnormal: follicular neoplastic cell, and papillary neoplastic cell), respectively. By using the proposed region segmentation algorithm, the cells were segmented into nucleus. The 16 feature parameters were used to calculate the features of each nucleus. A9 a consequence of using dominant feature parameters method proposed in this paper, discrimination rate of 91.11% was obtained for Thyroid Gland cells. 30625 T00401030625 ^x An electrical stimulator was designed to induce locomotion for paraplegic patients caused by central nervous system injury. Optimal stimulus parameters, which can minimize muscle fatigue and can achieve effective muscle contraction were determined in slow and fast muscles in Sprague-Dawley rats. Stimulus patterns of our stimulator were designed to simulate electromyographic activity monitored during locomotion of normal subjects. Muscle types of the lower extremity were classified according to their mechanical property of contraction, which are slow muscle (msoleus m.) and fast muscle (medial gastrocneminus m., rectus femoris m., vastus lateralis m.). Optimal parameters of electrical stimulation for slow muscles were 20 Hz, 0.2 ms square pulse. For fast muscle, 40 Hz, 0.3 ms square pulse was optimal to produce repeated contraction. Higher stimulus intensity was required when synergistic muscles were stimulated simultaneously than when they were stimulated individually. Electrical stimulation for each muscle was designed to generate bipedal locomotion, so that individual muscles alternate contraction and relaxation to simulate stance and swing phases. Portable electrical stimulator with 16 channels built in microprocessor was constructed and applied to paraplegic patients due to lumbar cord injury. The electrical stimulator restored partially gait function in paraplegic patients. 30626 T00401030626 ^x Two-Dimensional modelling of the Cochlear biomechanics is presented in this paper. The Laplace partial differential equation which represents the fluid mechanics of the Cochlea has been transformed into two-dimensional electrical transmission line. The procedure of this transformation is explained in detail. The comparison between one and two dimensional models is also presented. This electrical modelling of the basilar membrane (BM) is clearly useful for the next approach to the further. Development of active elements which are essential in the producing of the sharp tuning of the BM. This paper shows that two-dimension model is qualitatively better than one-dimensional model both in amplitude and phase responses of the BM displacement. The present model is only for frequency response. However because the model is electrical, the two-dimensional transmission line model can be extended to time response without any difficult. 30627 T00401030627 ^x A method has been proposed for the fully automatic detection of left ventricular endocardial boundary in 2D short axis echocardiogram using geometric model. The procedure has the following three distinct stages. First, the initial center is estimated by the initial center estimation algorithm which is applied to decimated image. Second, the center estimation algorithm is applied to original image and then best-fit elliptic model estimation is processed. Third, best-fit boundary is detected by the cost function which is based on the best-fit elliptic model. The proposed method shows effective result without manual intervention by a human operator. 30628 T00401030628 ^x The intelligent trajectory control method that controls moving direction and average velocity for a prosthetic arm is proposed by pattern recognition and force estimations using EMG signals. Also, we propose the real time trajectory planning method which generates continuous accelleration paths using 3 stage linear filters to minimize the impact to human body induced by arm motions and to reduce the muscle fatigue. We use combination of MLP and fuzzy filter for pattern recognition to estimate the direction of a muscle and Hogan's method for the force estimation. EMG signals are acquired by using a amputation simulator and 2 dimensional joystick motion. The simulation results of proposed prosthetic arm control system using the EMf signals show that the arm is effectively followed the desired trajectory depended on estimated force and direction of muscle movements. 30638 T00401030638 ^x A new neural network architecture for the recognition of patterns from images is proposed, which is partially based on the results of physiological studies. The proposed network is composed of multi-layers and the nerve cells in each layer are connected by spatial filters which approximate receptive fields in optic nerve fields. In the proposed method, patterns recognition for complicated images is carried out using global features as well as local features such as lines and end-points. A new generating method of matched filers representing global features is proposed in this network. 30659 T00401030659 ^x An implementation scheme of the magnetic nerve stimulator using a switching mode power supply is proposed. By using a switching mode power supply rather than a conventional linear power supply for charging high voltage capacitors, the weight and size of the magnetic nerve stimulator can be considerably reduced. Maximum output voltage of the developed magnetic nerve stimulator using the switching mode power supply is 3,000 volts and switching time is about 100 msec. Experimental results or human nerve stimulations using the developed stimulator are presented. 30768 T00401030768 ^x In this paper, we describe the design methodology and specifications of the developed module-based bedside monitors for patient monitoring. The bedside monitor consists of a main unit and module cases with various parameter modules. The main unit includes a 12.1" TFT color LCD, a main CPU board, and peripherals such as a module controller, Ethernet LAN card, video card, rotate/push button controller, etc. The main unit can connect at maximum three module cases each of which can accommodate up to 7 parameter modules. They include the modules for electrocardiograph, respiration, invasive blood pressure, noninvasive blood pressure, temperature, and SpO2 with Plethysmograph.