• Elastomers and Composites
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• 제59권2호
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• pp.73-81
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• 2024

In the field of electronic components, the potting material, which is a part of the electronic circuit package, plays a significant role in protecting circuits from the external environment and reducing signal interference among electronic devices during operation. This significantly affects the reliability of the components. Therefore, the accurate prediction and assessment of the lifespan of a material are of paramount importance in the electronics industry. We conducted an accelerated thermal aging evaluation using the Arrhenius technique on elastic potting material developed in-house, focusing on its insulation, waterproofing, and contraction properties. Through a comprehensive analysis of these properties and their interrelations, we confirmed the primary factors influencing molding material failure, as increased hardness is related to aggregation, adhesion, and post-hardening or thermal-aging-induced contraction. Furthermore, when plotting failure times against temperature, we observed that the hardness, adhesive strength, and water absorption rate were the predominant factors up to 120 ℃. Beyond this temperature, the tensile properties were the primary contributing factors. In contrast, the dielectric constant and loss tangent, which are vital for reducing signal interference in electric devices, exhibited positive changes(decreases) with aging and could be excluded as failure factors. Our findings establish valuable correlations between physical properties and techniques for the accurate prediction of failure time, with broad implications for future product lifespans. This study is particularly advantageous for advancing elastic potting materials to satisfy the stringent requirements of reliable environments.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제72권6호
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• pp.467-474
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• 2012

Background: The objective of this study was to assess the validity and reliability of the Korean version of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease assessment test (CAT) and Dyspnea-12 Questionnaire for patients with bronchiectasis or tuberculous destroyed lung. Methods: For 62 bronchiectasis patients and 37 tuberculous destroyed lung patients, 3 questionnaires including St. George's Respiratory Questionnaires (SGRQ), CAT, and Dyspnea-12 were obtained, in addition to spirometric measurements. To assess the validity of CAT and Dyspnea-12, correlation with SGRQ was evaluated. To assess the reliability of CAT and Dyspnea-12, Cronbach's ${\alpha}$ coefficient was calculated. Results: The mean ages of the patients were $60.7{\pm}8.3$ years in bronchiectasis and $64.4{\pm}9.3$ years in tuberculous destroyed lung. 46.8% and 54.1% were male, respectively. The SGRQ score was correlated with the score of the Korean version of CAT (r=0.72, p<0.0001) and Dyspnea-12 (r=0.67, p<0.0001) in bronchiectasis patients. The SGRQ score was correlated with the score of CAT (r=0.86, p<0.0001) and Dyspnea-12 (r=0.80, p<0.0001) in tuberculous destroyed lung patients. The Cronbach's ${\alpha}$ coefficient for the CAT and Dyspnea-12 were 0.84 and 0.90 in bronchiectasis, and 0.88 and 0.94 in tuberculous destroyed lung, respectively. Conclusion: We found that Korean version of CAT and Dyspnea-12 are valid and reliable in patients with tuberculous destroyed lung and bronchiectasis.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.482-503
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• 2019

Introduction: A new third version of the Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire (COPSOQ III) has been developed in response to trends in working life, theoretical concepts, and international experience. A key component of the COPSOQ III is a defined set of mandatory core items to be included in national short, middle, and long versions of the questionnaire. The aim of the present article is to present and test the reliability of the new international middle version of the COPSOQ III. Methods: The questionnaire was tested among 23,361 employees during 2016-2017 in Canada, Spain, France, Germany, Sweden, and Turkey. A total of 26 dimensions (measured through scales or single items) of the middle version and two from the long version were tested. Psychometric properties of the dimensions were assessed regarding reliability (Cronbach α), ceiling and floor effects (fractions with extreme answers), and distinctiveness (correlations with other dimensions). Results: Most international middle dimensions had satisfactory reliability in most countries, though some ceiling and floor effects were present. Dimensions with missing values were rare. Most dimensions had low to medium intercorrelations. Conclusions: The COPSOQ III offers reliable and distinct measures of a wide range of psychosocial dimensions of modern working life in different countries; although a few measures could be improved. Future testing should focus on validation of the COPSOQ items and dimensions using both qualitative and quantitative approaches. Such investigations would enhance the basis for recommendations using the COPSOQ III.

• 한국표면공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국표면공학회 2012년도 추계총회 및 학술대회 논문집
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• pp.123-123
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• 2012

최근 연구되고 있는 TSV(Through Silicon Via) 기술은 Si 웨이퍼 상에 직접 전기적 연결 통로인 관통홀을 형성하는 방법으로 칩간 연결거리를 최소화 할 수 있으며, 부피의 감소, 연결부 단축에 따른 빠른 신호 전달을 가능하게 한다. 이러한 TSV 기술은 최근의 초경량화와 고집적화로 대표되는 전자제품의 요구를 만족시킬 수 있는 차세대 실장법으로 기대를 모으고 있다. 한편, 납땜 재료의 주 원료인 주석은 주로 반도체 소자의 제조, 반도체 칩과 기판의 접합 및 플립 칩 (Flip Chip) 제조시의 범프 형성 등 반도체용 배선재료에 널리 사용되고 있다. 최근에는 납의 유해성 때문에 대부분의 전자제품은 무연솔더를 이용하여 제조되고 있지만, 주석을 이용한 반도체 소자가 고밀도화, 고 용량화 및 미세피치(Fine Pitch)화 되고 있기 때문에, 반도체 칩의 근방에 배치된 주석으로부터 많은 알파 방사선이 방출되어 메모리 셀의 정보를 유실시키는 소프트 에러 (Soft Error)가 발생되는 위험이 많아지고 있다. 이로 인해, 반도체 소자 및 납땜 재료의 주 원료인 주석의 고순도화가 요구되고 있으며, 특히 알파 방사선의 방출이 낮은 로우알파솔더 (Low Alpha Solder)가 요구되고 있다. 이에 따라 본 연구는 4인치 실리콘 웨이퍼상에 직경 $60{\mu}m$, 깊이 $120{\mu}m$의 비아홀을 형성하고, 비아 홀 내에 기능 박막증착 및 전해도금을 이용하여 전도성 물질인 Cu를 충전한 후 직경 $80{\mu}m$의 로우알파 Sn-1.0Ag-0.5Cu 솔더를 접합 한 후, 접합부 신뢰성 평가를 수행을 위해 고속 전단시험을 실시하였다. 비아 홀 내 미세구조와 범프의 형상 및 전단시험 후 파괴모드의 분석은 FE-SEM (Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope)을 이용하여 관찰하였다. 연구 결과 비아의 입구 막힘이나 보이드(Void)와 같은 결함 없이 Cu를 충전하였으며, 고속전단의 경우는 전단 속도가 증가할수록 취성파괴가 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 본 연구를 통하여 전해도금을 이용한 비아 홀 내 Cu의 고속 충전 및 로우알파 솔더 볼의 범프 형성이 가능하였으며, 이로 인한 전자제품의 소프트에러의 감소가 기대된다.

• 한국가스학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.62-72
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• 2020

본 연구에서는 캐나다 혼리버(Horn-River) 분지를 대상으로 셰일가스 저류층의 신뢰성 있는 생산성 평가와 미래 생산량 예측을 위한 효율적인 이력검증(history matching) 방법을 제안하였다. 이를 위해 셰일가스 저류층의 물성인자가 생산성에 미치는 영향을 분석하기 위한 민감도 분석을 수행하였으며, 그 결과를 바탕으로 저류층 물성인자를 4가지 case로 분류하여 이력검증의 목적함수로 활용하였다. 이력검증 이후 추가 취득된 약 3년간의 생산 자료를 포함하여 맹검시험(blind test)을 수행한 결과, Case 1(모든 물성인자)은 7.67%, Case 2(생산 영향인자)는 7.13%, Case 3(제어 가능 물성인자)는 17.54%, Case 4(제어 불가능 물성인자)는 10.04%의 생산량 오차율이 나타났다. 이는 이력검증을 수행한 초기 4년간의 생산 자료의 경우에는 모든 물성인자를 고려한 생산예측이 효과적이나, 향후 생산량 예측을 함에 있어 Case 2와 같이 생산성에 대해 민감도가 높은 물성인자를 고려할 때 가장 높은 신뢰도가 나타남을 의미한다. 가장 높은 신뢰도를 갖는 Case 2 모델을 이용해서 예측한 셰일가스 저류층 생산정의 긍극가채매장량은 2030년 12월 기준 약 17.24 Bcf이며, 원시부존량 대비 회수율은 약 32.2%이다.

• 동의신경정신과학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.49-59
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• 2017

Objectives: To measure the quality of life in patients according to virtual cerebral palsy severity by using the Korean version of EQ-5D-Y proxy, Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), and Time Trade-Off method (TTO). Methods: The study was conducted in parents of children and adolescents aged 4 to 15 years in Seoul. We analyzed the difference in the utility value according to five levels of cerebral palsy severity in the Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) and test-retest reliability. Results: 1. There were significant differences in VAS, TTO, and EQ-5D-Y proxy according to the cerebral palsy severity (p<.001). 2. VAS was significantly different according to the respondent's visit to the medical institution, the presence of disease in the respondent, a visit to the child's medical institution, the age of the child, and the sex of the child. The value of TTO was significantly different according to the respondent's visit to the medical institution, respondent's sex, and the age of the child. Also, EQ-5D-Y proxy was significantly different according to the age of the child. 3. Intraclass correlation coefficient values were more than 0.6 for both VAS and TTO at all stages. But for the EQ-5D-Y proxy, the value was less than 0.6 at all stages. Conclusions: The quality of life assessment using EQ-5D-Y proxy showed significant differences in the severity of cerebral palsy. However, large-scale studies using EQ-5D-Y proxy are needed because of low test-retest reliability.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.359-374
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• 2002

Objectives : To develop a physical functioning instrument for older adults living in the community. Methods : A representative sample of 979 people aged 65 years or over were interviewed in-person. Of these, 199 people also completed a detailed in-hospital examination. The scale items were selected based on the frequency of endorsement, along with the item-total and inter-item correlations. The associations of the scale with their physical performance and clinical examination were analyzed to evaluate the criterion-related validity. Construct validity was assessed using factor analysis, and internal consistency through Cronbach's alpha and item-total correlations. Test-retest reliability was measured by agreement between the household survey and the repeat survey at the in-hospital examination. Results : Initially, 23 items on the level of difficulty, ranging from no difficulty to an inability to complete a task, with the specific mobility and self-care tasks were included. Those with a high frequency of endorsement and a low inter-item or item-total correlations were excluded, resulting in a 10-item Physical Functioning (PT) scale. Equal weights were given to each item and a summated score was calculated. Significant associations were found between the PF scores and the physical performance, surrey and clinical data. The scale revealed a 2-factor (mobility and self-care) structure. Cronbach's alpha was 0.92 and the item-total correlations were in the 0.63 to 0.78 range. Pearson's correlations for the test-retest ranged between 0.56 and 0.61. Conclusions : The newly developed Physical Functioning (PF) scale showed good psychometric properties in older people. Further work, however, is needed to improve its sensitivity to discriminate higher levels of functioning, in addition to assessing its predictive value in detecting changes in health.

• 한국터널지하공간학회 논문집
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• 제24권5호
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• pp.411-429
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• 2022

NATM 터널에서 계측은 필수 불가결한 요소이나 계측기의 신뢰도를 검증할 방법, 절차, 규정 등에 대한 연구가 부족함으로 인해 터널에서 계측기가 성능검증 절차 없이 설치 및 적용되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 국내외 계측 검·교정 관련 규정을 조사하고 공인 인정기준의 필요성을 제시하였다. 또한 터널계측기 중 록볼트 축력계와 지중변위계를 대상으로 계측기의 불량원인을 외관검사로 파악하였으며 성능검사를 위해 단계별 하중 재하가 가능한 검증 장치를 개발하여 국내 9개 계측제조업체의 정밀계측기 불량원인을 파악하였다. 개별센서 위주의 성능테스트도 중요하나 완제품 상태에서 검증 절차를 통과해야 함이 필수적이므로 이에 따른 성능검사 방법과 절차를 제시하였다. 본 연구를 통하여 향후 계측기 성능검증을 위한 관련 규정 마련과 현장에서 계측기를 선정하는 데 도움이 될 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제39권12호
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• pp.115-125
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• 2023

해당 연구의 목적은 비파괴 탐사 기법의 일환인 전기비저항 탐사 방법을 활용하여 동결 지반의 거동을 평가하는 것으로, 현장 실험을 통해 그 특성을 살펴보았다. 현장 실험은 동결된 상태를 가속화하기 위하여 유체를 주입한 인위적인 동결 지반을 만들었으며, 결과를 비교하기 위하여 이와 근접한 지역에서 자연적으로 동결된 지반에도 실험을 진행하였다. 실험은 전기비저항 탐사 외에 측정 값의 신뢰성을 비교할 수 있도록 동적 콘 관입 실험(Dynamic Cone Penetration Test)를 추가적으로 활용하였으며, 지반의 함수비도 평가하기 위해 Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) 탐사도 수행하였다. 현장 실험은 대기 온도가 영하인 2월과 영상 조건을 보이는 5월에 각각 진행하였다. 전기비저항 탐사로 측정된 결과는 온도에 의존하는 경향이 있어 각 측정 값들은 온도 보상을 수행한 후 결과를 비교하였다. 측정 결과 동결 조건에서는 지반이 고체 특성을 보여 고비저항 구간이 다소 나타났으며 이를 간극률로 환산하였다. 환산된 간극률은 DCPT 결과로 유추한 간극률과 비교하여 신뢰성을 검증하였으며, 동결토에서 측정한 결과가 타당한 값으로 나타났다.

• 한방안이비인후피부과학회지
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• 제19권3호통권31호
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• pp.134-145
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• 2006

Objective : This study was carried out to investigate what type of assumption and conditions are needed for the application of various statistical techniques such as descriptive statistics, t-test, analysis of variance, correlation analysis, regression analysis and chi-square test and to evaluate that they are used correctly in the research process. Methods : One more methods of statistical analysis were used in 91 papers among 162 papers selected from the journal of Korean oriental medical Ophthalmology & Otolaryngology & Dermatology from April 2003 to December 2005. So we analysed the type of statistical analysis method in 91 papers(clinical and experimental study) and assessed the their validity of statistical techniques by the check list consisting of 34 items(3 items for validity assessment of descriptive statistics, 6 items for t-test, 7 items for analysis of variance, correlation analysis and regression analysis, respectively, 4 items for chi-square test) Results : 1. The type of 65(40%) cases is experimental trial, the type of 55(34%) cases is case report, the type of 26(16%) cases is clinical trial and the type of 16(10%) cases is review, in 91 papers using statistical techniques among 162 papers selected from the journal of Korean oriental medical Ophthalmology & Otolaryngology & Dermatol-ogy from April 2003 to December 2005. 2. One more methods of statistical analysis were used in the experimental and clinical study. When we classified 125 units using statistical analysis methods in 91 papers according to statistical techniques such as descriptive statistics, t-test, analysis of variance, correlation analysis, regression analysis and chi-square test, the number of independent sample t-test is 33(26%), the number of only descriptive statistics is 28(22%), the number of independent sample t-test is 33(26%), the number of only descriptive statistics is 28(22%), the number of one way ANOVA is 15(12%), the number of non-parametric test 10(8%). 3. After carrying out one way ANOVA, the number of using multiple comparison methods is 15(Scheffe:6(26%), Duncan:4(17%), Dunnett:3(13%), Tukey:2(9%)) out of 23 (total case carrying out one way ANOVA). 8(35%) out of 23 did not enforce multiple comparison methods after carrying out one way ANOVA. 4. From the assessment of validity about 63 cases using statistical techniques(except descriptive statistics), 5(8%) cases are proper, the other 58(92%) are improper, so we recognized a serious misuse of statistical application in our journal. 5. The number of case below 10 sample size in experimental and clinical study(except descriptive statistics) is 31(34%) and frequent. Also the number of case containing no mention of sample size is 41(45%, including culture study). 6. For example of statistical error, there are wrong choice of statistical technique, lack of check on standard assumption(such as standard distribution, equivariance, independence), and so on. Conclusions : We investigated the validity of statistical analysis methods in our journal by check list consisting of 34 items and suggested correct statistical analysis methods. We should practice the spread of education about statistical analysis methods and precis application, enhance objectivity and reliability of our thesis and further correspond with purpose of scientific study.