• Journal of Chest Surgery
• /
• v.31 no.9
• /
• pp.884-892
• /
• 1998

Background: The gastroepiploic artery is not only an alternative graft but also may be considered an important primary graft for coronary revascularization. However, the long-term patency of the gastroepiploic arterial graft is yet to be determined and the incidence of perioperative spasm and long-term patency of a coronary graft may be affected by the properties of the graft response to certain vasoactive substances. The reactivity of the gastroepiploic artery to vasoactive substances has not been studied extensively and the results of the studies are contradictory. Material and Method: This study was designed to test the reactivity of human gastroepiploic artery to four constrictors and four relaxants. The middle sections of the human gastroepiploic arteries were collected from the patients undergoing gastrectomy and the arterial rings with intact endothelium were suspended in organ baths for isometric tension recording. Result: Epinephrine, norepinephrine, and potassium chloride induced the maximum constriction to higher forces (7.0$\pm$1.1g, 6.6$\pm$0.9g, and 6.5$\pm$1.1g) than 5-hydroxytryptamine did (3.8$\pm$1.7g, p<0.05). Nitroprusside and histamine induced almost full relaxation in the gastroepiploic arteries preconstricted with norepinephrine. There was no significant difference between two relaxants regarding maximum relaxation force. Acetylcholine induced the maximum relaxation to weaker force when compared with nitroprusside and histamine (p<0.05), and isoproterenol was the weakest of the relaxants (p<0.05 compared with acetylcholine). Conclusion: The gastroepiploic artery has a strong capacity of endothelium-dependent relaxation which could have an important influence on long-term patency. The gastroepiploic artery exhibits a potent contractility to catecholamines and the enhanced contractility may facilitate vasospasm in the presence of high circulating levels of catecholamines. Nitroprusside, a potent relaxant in gastroepiploic artery, might be beneficial for the treatment of gastroepiploic arterial graft spasm. The gastroepiploic arterial graft with intact endothelium may respond weakly to beta-adrenoceptor agonist and 5-hydroxytryptamine.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
• /
• v.18 no.8
• /
• pp.285-293
• /
• 2017

The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory(MMPI-2) clinical scales and the self-regulation quotient of the brain quotient. The test in this study was performed by 41 adults over 20 years old and was done using the MMPI-2, which is a self-reporting method. EEG was performed using a 2-channel EEG System at Fp1 and Fp2. The analysis showed a negative correlation between scale 2(D), which is the MMPI-2 clinical scale, and the SRQ(Self Regulation Quotient) relaxation status, which is the related alpha rhythm. Scale3(Hy) showed a positive correlation with the SRQ concentration status and low ${\beta}$ rhythm. Scale7 in the MMPI-2 clinical scales showed a negative correlation with the SRQ relaxation status, which is the alpha rhythm. This means that MMPI-2 and SRQ can be used complementarily in the field of counseling. These results could be interpreted in three ways. First, people with depression are sensitive to other people's attention and evaluation. Therefore, they tend to expend a lot of energy when forming interpersonal relationships, and if they do not learn to relax, their fatigue can easily be increased. Second, people who seek other people's interest and have a cheerful spirit are considered to be highly active. Third, highly stressed people with anxiety and tension seem to easily become tired and their irritation and discomfort may be increased in consequence.

• Journal of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute of Korea
• /
• v.31 no.5
• /
• pp.215-226
• /
• 2018

In this paper, to estimate the dynamic behavior of a submerged floating tunnel(SFT) by underwater explosion(UE), the SFT is modeled and analyzed by the explicit structural analysis package LS-DYNA. The section of SFT near to explosion point is modeled to shell and solid elements using elasto-plasticity material model for concrete tubular section and steel lining. And the other parts of the SFT are modeled to elastic beam elements. Also, mooring lines are modeled as tension-only cable elements. Total mass of SFT is including an added mass by hydrodynamic effect. The buoyancy on the SFT is considered in its initial condition using a dynamic relaxation method. The accuracy and the feasibility of the analysis model aree verified by the results of series of free field analysis for UE. And buoyancy ratio(B/W) of SFT, the distance between SFT and an explosion point and the arrangement of mooring line aree considered as main parameters of the explosion analysis. As results of the explosion analysis, the dynamic responses such as the dent deformation by the shock pressure are responded less as more distance between SFT and an explosion point. However, the mooring angle of the diagonal mooring system can not affect the responses such as the horizontal displacement of SFT by the shock pressure.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
• /
• v.16 no.2
• /
• pp.318-325
• /
• 1999

Background: Anticholinesterase drug inhibits acetylcholinesterase(AChE), induce accumulation of acetylcholine(ACh) near cholinergic receptors and cholinergic stimulation. This experiment was performed to study the effects of anticholinesterase drugs on gastric motility and the effect of ethanol on anticholinesterase drug-induced motility change. Materials and Methods: After excision of stomach, $2{\times}10mm$ circular muscle strips were made, which were then fixed to the isolated muscle chamber. An isometric tension transducer was used to measure the contraction change of the gastric smooth muscle strips after drug addition. Results: Fenthion, an irreversible anticholinesterase drug, increased ACh induced contraction of gastric smooth muscle strips and PAM, a cholinesterase activator, antagonized this action. Physostigmine, a reversible anticholinesterase drug, also increased the ACh induced contraction. The gastric motility was decreased by PAM. Ethanol, which is known to induce smooth muscle relaxation, inhibited the increase of contraction by fenthion. Conclusion: These results indicate that irreversible and reversible anticholinesterase drugs increase gastric motility and antagonized by cholinesterase activating drugs. And when exposed to both ethanol and anticholinesterase drug, gastric motility was decreased by the smooth muscle relaxation effect by ethanol.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
• /
• v.29 no.2
• /
• pp.217-223
• /
• 2017

This research was planned to evaluate the structural performance of post tensioned(PT) concrete member subjected to fire. Prime objective was to suggest some techniques to evaluate the performance of post tensioned concrete beam and slab exposed to high temperature through experiment. To accomplish this objective, the following two scopes have been proceeded to verify the strength reducing ratio of strands and find out the difference of resisting force at the PT concrete members exposed to high temperature through the fire test. The properties of prestressing steel(tendon) in PT concrete beam and slab under variable temperatures were reviewed. The test of this study was shown that stress relaxation occurred at high temperature, and some restoration of tensional force appeared as it got cooling down. The residual tension of the post tensioned beams at 4 hours after reaching the target temperature were 70% at $400^{\circ}C$, 10% at $600^{\circ}C$ and 2% at $800^{\circ}C$. The post tensioned slabs were 94% at $400^{\circ}C$, 84.5% at $600^{\circ}C$ and 62% at $800^{\circ}C$. The reason why the residual tension loss of the post tensioned slab was relatively small was considered to be that the slab was exposed just one side to high temperature and the strength of the strand was restored larger than that of beam. Also, it was confirmed that the post tensioned member inevitably experienced the loss of strength by fire damage, and restoration design of the member should be required to compensate for the value as much as lost strength.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
• /
• v.8 no.3
• /
• pp.93-101
• /
• 2020

Purpose : Temporomandibular joint disorder (TMJD) is often accompanied by pain and limited range of motion of the jaw joint, which affect patients' quality of life and result in hypertrophy or hyperactivity of the muscles around the jaw joint. In this study, we compared the muscle thickness and tone of the masseter and sternocleidomastoid (SCM) muscles and the jaw range of motion in individuals with and without TMJD. Correlation comparison was performed on the results of the TMJD group. Methods : This study included 40 patients; 20 patients were assigned to an experimental group (TMJD group) and 20 to a control group (non-TMJD group). Ultrasonography, myotonometry, and measurements performed with digital Vernier calipers were used to determine the changes in muscle thickness, muscle tone, and maximum jaw opening, respectively. The independent t-test was used for intergroup comparison of data, and Pearson correlation coefficients were used to compare correlations in the TMJD group results. Results : We observed a significant intergroup difference in the masseter and SCM thickness during the relaxed and clenched phases (p<.05). A significant intergroup difference was also observed in maximum jaw opening (p<.05). With regard to muscle tone, we observed a significant intergroup difference in frequency (p=.011) and stiffness (p=.011) of the masseter, as well as in the frequency (p=.009) and stiffness (p=.026) of the SCM. We observed a moderate negative correlation (r=-.524) between maximum jaw opening and the frequency of the masseter. Additionally, we observed a moderately negative correlation between jaw opening and muscle stiffness (r=-.321). Conclusion : Planning exercise programs to treat patients with TMJD who present with pain should focus on efforts to reduce muscle thickness and achieve muscle relaxation (to reduce muscle tension) for improved jaw range of motion.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
• /
• v.22 no.1
• /
• pp.164-173
• /
• 2013

This study aims to analyze the aesthetic thought and expression tendency appeared in contemporary architecture by looking at today's architectural art based on the concept of the uncanny that Sigmund Freud contended as an aesthetic principle, of the aesthetic concepts tossed around to define the contemporary times in the aesthetics field and discuss the architectural analysis possibility of the concept of the uncanny. The generation structure of the uncanny that generates experiences of fear and surprise is classified into dual structure, trauma, threatening structure, and repetition compulsion. This is the principle that evokes a sense of experiencing subject, incorporates sensibility, and vitalizes internal process. This is also the methodology to organize and structure the concept of the uncanny. When seen from the four factors drawn from the concept of the uncanny and aesthetic expressions, the uncanny expression characteristics of contemporary architecture includes isolation, subversion, trace, absence, oblique line, flotation, concealment, and disturbance. Isolation and subversion refers to producing the space of the pressure of tension and relaxation caused by repression and relief from repression and eliciting the maximum expansion of the sense of space through spatial change. Trace and absence indicates being able to elicit more intense emotions from the experiencing subject by applying the images of alienation and absence in the way to reproduce historical trauma. This happens by implementing the potential value of physical activity. Oblique line and flotation means visual impulse. This happens in the way to visualize uneasy points. This causes uncanny by threatening the survival. Finally, concealment and disturbance refers to creating unpredictable space. The concept of masquerade and maze space composition are applied in the way to activate spatial perception, including space exploration and unintended subject's forced selection. As stated above, the uncanny expression characteristics shown in contemporary architecture can be presented as indicators that are available to analyze the undecided and diversified contemporary architecture aesthetically. In this respect, this study has great significance.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
• /
• v.16 no.4
• /
• pp.23-37
• /
• 2004

Fibromyalgia syndrome(FMS) is a chronic pain disorder of unknown etiology characterized by widespread musculoskeletal aches and pains, stiffness, and general fatigue, disturbed sleep and sleepiness. Frequently misdiagnosed, FMS is often confused with myofascial pain syndrome, polymyalgia rheumatica, polymyositis, hypothyroidism, metastatic carcinoma, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, chronic fatigue syndrome, or systemic lupus erythematosus, any of which may occur concomitantly with FMS. The management of FMS often begins with a thorough examination and a diagnosis from a physician who is formally trained in tender-point/trigger-point recognition. An initial diagnosis provides reassurance to the patient and often reduces the anxiety and depression patterns associated with FMS. The most common goals in the management of FMS are (1) to break the pain cycle, (2) to restore sleep patterns, and (3) to increase functional activity levels. Because FMS is a multifactorial syndrome, it is likely that the best treatment will encompass multiple strategies. Medication with analgesics and antidepressants and also physiotherapy, are often prescribed and give some relief. The other most effective intervention for long-term management of FS to date is physical exercise. Physical therapists can instruct patients in the use of heat at home (moist hot packs, heating pads, whirlpools, warm showers or baths, and hot pads) to increase local blood flow and to decrease muscle spasm and tension. Also instruct patients in the proper use of cold modalities (ice packs, ice massage, and cool baths) to anesthetize localized areas of pain (tender points) and break the pain cycle. Massage and tender-point massage also may promote muscle relaxation. To date, the two most important interventions for the long-term management of FS are patient education and physical exercise. Lately, is handling FMS and Chronic Fatigue syndrome(CFS) together, becuase FMS and CFS are poorly understood disorders that share similar demographic and clinical characteristics. Because of the clinical similarities between both disorders it was suggested that they share a common pathophysiological mechanism, namely, central nervous system dysfunction.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
• /
• v.22 no.4
• /
• pp.918-929
• /
• 2008

This study investigated the effects of inverted position on EEG and heart rate variability before and after Bang song gong. BSG is a training method using in qi-gong and meditation to give a convergence of consciousness on body segments in order and take a silent speech of 'song'. The subjects were the 14 university students(n=7 per group) who had not experienced any medical problem and had not practiced BSG. They took a practice of the two way of BSG training program for 30 minutes every other day for two weeks. During practicing BSG, A group took sitting position and lean sitting position by turns, B group took inverted and lean sitting position in the same way. Statistical analysis conducted by two-way ANOVA($2groups^{\ast}2periods$) with p<0.05 for average difference of EEG and HR according to position change in each group before and after BSG. In A group, EEG and HR were changeless irrespective of the change of position and BSG. On the other hand, in B group, significant changes were observed in EEG(p<0.05). ${\alpha}$ wave of inverted position were on the increase, ${\beta}$ and ${\delta}$ wave of inverted position showed smaller power after two weeks training. In the variation of HR, there were smaller variation according to the position change after BSG compared to before BSG(p<0.05). The results suggested that an inverted position may make the depth of meditation deeper, and is likely to be effective for decreasing tension of brain and the sleepiness during qi-gong training. In addition to, an inverted position seemed to promote control of blood pressure of brain. So the application of an inverted position to 'BSG' will be very helpful to achieve deeper relaxation and to obtain the desired effect from qi-gong training.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
• /
• v.2 no.6
• /
• pp.705-714
• /
• 1998

Cerebral blood vessels relax when extracellular $K^+$ concentrations $([K^+])_e$ are elevated moderately $(2{\sim}15$ mM, $K^+-induced$ vasorelaxation). We have therefore studied the underlying mechanism for this $K^+-induced$ vasorelaxation in the isolated middle cerebral arteries (MCAs). The effects of ouabain and $Ba^{2+}\;on\;K^+-induced$ vasorelaxation were examined to determine the role of sodium pump and/or Ba-sensitive process (possibly, inward rectifier K current) in the mechanism. Mulvany myograph was used to study 24 rats, 18 rabbits, and 10 humans MCAs $(216{\pm}3\;{\mu}m,\;347{\pm}7\;{\mu}m,\;and\;597{\pm}39\;{\mu}m$ in diameter when stretched to a tension equivalent to 55 mmHg). High $K^+$ (125 mM) and $PGF_{2{\alpha}}\;(1{\sim}10\;{\mu}M)$ induced concentration-dependent contractions in all 3 species, while histamine $(10{\sim}50\;{\mu}M)$ evoked contraction only in the rabbits and induced relaxation in the rats and humans. Addition of $K^+\;(2{\sim}10\;{\mu}M)$ to the control solution induced vasorelaxations. These effects were inhibited by the pretreatment with both ouabain $(10\;{\mu}M)$ and $Ba^{2+}\;(0.1{\sim}0.3\;mM)$ in the rat, but only with ouabain $(10\;{\mu}M)$ in the rabbit and human. These results suggest that $K^+-induced$ vasorelaxation occurs via the stimulation of electrogenic Na pump in the rabbit and human MCAs, while in the rat MCAs via the activation of both Na pump and Ba-sensitive process.