• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.205-216
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• 2022

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: While many obesity studies have pointed out the importance of meal regularity, few have conducted empirical analyses using data from food diaries. We examined the association between meal regularity (i.e., meal time regularity [MTR] and calorie intake regularity [CIR]) and weight loss. SUBJECTS/METHODS: We collected food diary data from 637 women who had participated in commercial weight loss programs for 28-168 days (4-24 weeks). This study defined "meal regularity" in terms of two concepts: MTR and CIR. MTR refers to how regularly people eat their meals (i.e., at certain times each day), whereas CIR refers to how regularly people consume a certain amount of calories at each meal. We conducted multiple regression analyses. RESULTS: MTR (model 1: β = -2,576.526, P < 0.001; model 2: β = -1511.447, P < 0.05; model 3: β = -1,721.428, P < 0.05) and CIR (model 1: β = -1,231.551, P < 0.01; model 2: β = -2,082.353, P < 0.001; model 3: β = -1,343.490, P < 0.01) turned out to be significant determinants of the amount of weight loss in breakfast, lunch, and dinner contexts. While meal regularity (i.e., MTR and CIR) was significantly associated with weight loss, daily calorie intake from meals was not significantly associated with the amount of weight loss (model 1: β = 0.13, P > 0.05; model 2: β = 0.11, P > 0.05; model 3: β = 0.14, P > 0.05). Subjects who consumed an equal amount of calories per meal throughout the day lost more weight than those who did not (model 4: β = -3,675.51, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Eating each meal (i.e., breakfast, lunch, and dinner) at a certain time every day may increase weight loss success. Also, consuming the same amount of calories at each meal may help weight loss success.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.687-701
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to assess dietary variety by food habits(regularity of meal time, regularity of repast, repast of breakfast, lunch, and supper, number of suppers and night snacks per week, and duration of meal) in 138 female university students residing in Bucheon and its adjacent area. Food habits were assessed via a self reporting questionnaire, and a 3-day dietary recall survey was conducted by interviewing. Dietary variety was assessed by dietary diversity score(DDS), meal balance score(MBS), and dietary variety score(DVS). The average DDS, MBS, and DVS were $3.87{\pm}0.57$, $7.27{\pm}1.48$, and $12.59{\pm}3.14$, respectively. The DDS($2.21{\pm}0.83$) of the breakfast in the group in which the regularity of meal time per week was 5~7 days was significantly higher($p$ <0.01) than the DDS($1.47{\pm}0.96$) of the breakfast in the group in which the regularity of meal time per week was ${\leq}$2 days. The MBS($6.69{\pm}1.43$) of the group in which the regularity of meal times per week was ${\leq}2$ days was significantly lower($p$ <0.01) than the MBS of the group in which the regularity of meal time per week was ${\geq}3$ days. The DDS($2.38{\pm}0.69$) of the breakfast in the breakfast over eating group was significantly higher($p$ <0.001) than the DDS($1.83{\pm}0.83$) of breakfast under eating group. The MBS($6.56{\pm}1.46$) in the breakfast skipping group was significantly lower($p$ <0.01) than the MBS(about 7.6) in other breakfast eating groups, and the DVS ($13.79{\pm}3.21$) in the breakfast over eating group was significantly higher($p$ <0.05) than the DVS($11.53{\pm}2.94$) in the breakfast skipping group. The DDS of breakfast, lunch, and snack were not significantly correlated with the number of suppers per week, but the DDS($2.65{\pm}0.52$) of the supper in the group in which the number of suppers per week was 7 was significantly higher($p$ <0.05) than the DDS($2.22{\pm}0.49$, $2.25{\pm}0.62$) of the supper in the group in which the number of suppers per week was ${\leq}2$, 3~4. The DDS, MBS and DVS were not significantly correlated with the number of suppers per week. The DDS($1.33{\pm}1.25$) of the breakfast in the group in which the number of night snacks per week was 6~7 was significantly lower($p$ <0.05) than the DDS of the breakfast in the group in which the number of night snacks was ${\leq}5$. Also, the DDS($4.42{\pm}0.32$) per day in the group in which the duration of meal was <10 min. was significantly higher($p$ <0.01) than the DDS($3.51{\pm}0.53$) per day in the group in which the duration of meal was ${\geq}30$ min. These findings suggest that nutritional education based on female university students' eating variety and food habits(regularity of meal time, regularity of repast, repast of breakfast, lunch, and supper, number of suppers, and night snacks per week, and duration of meal) may be required to improve dietary variety.

• 사상체질의학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.24-31
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• 2018

Objectives The purpose of this study is to find out whether there is any difference in lifestyle by health status in the same Sasang constitution type, and whether there is any difference in lifestyle by the Sasang constitution type in the same health condition. Methods We used collected the clinical data of Korean medicine Data Center (KDC). In this study, we used items of the lifestyle about meal and sleep (Meal regularity, Meal amount, Meal time, Dream, Sleep well, Hard to fall asleep, Shallow sleep, Nap, Sleep time, Quality of sleep) as variables. We found the differences of lifestyles using the Chi-square test and ANOVA. We analyzed using SPSS statistics 21.0 for Korean. Results & Conclusions When we compared the lifestyle by Sasang constitution type in each health status, there were differences in items of meal amount and nap. When we compared the lifestyle by health status in each Sasang constitution type, we found differences in items of meal regularity, sleep well, nap etc. However, in TE tpe, there was not these differences by health status.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.13-21
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• 2017

Objectives: This study was conducted to evaluate the nutrition quotient (NQ) by mother's parenting style which may influence the NQ in preschool children. Methods: Subjects were 310 mothers and their 4-6 year old children. The questionnaire composed of demographic characteristics, mother's parenting style at meal time and eating behavior as measured by NQ questions. The NQ questions consisted of 19 food behavior checklist items and all items were grouped into 5 factors: balance, diversity, moderation, regularity, and practice. Mother's parenting style was classified by using words for nutrition education at meal time. All data were statistically analyzed by SPSS program (Ver. 23) and the statistical differences in variables were evaluated by Student's t-test, ${\chi}^2$-test, One-way ANOVA. Results: We observed that in children whose mothers use the parenting style at meal time of 'explanation' and 'compliment & cheer up' had high dietary regularity, diversity, practice. The children of mothers who use the parenting style at meal time of 'persuasion' and 'reward' were found to have a lower degree of balance, diversity, and practice. Especially, children of 'reward' style mothers had lower moderation of dietary life. On the other hand, among the parenting style at meal time of 'comparison & demand', 'treating' and 'faire', there was no significant difference in the NQ factor by each group. NQ grade was higher among those who used more explanation (p < 0.001) and persuasion (p < 0.01) and with use of less persuasion (p < 0.01) and reward (p < 0.01). The positive association observed between the frequency of dietary education of mothers and higher NQ grade indicated the degree of dietary practices of those children. On the other hand, the children of mothers who rarely practice the dietary education at home had lower NQ grade (p < 0.001). Conclusions: In order to promote children's proper dietary behaviors, it is important to provide nutrition education to children as well as provide guidance on parenting style at meal time.

• 대한영양사협회학술지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.114-122
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• 2007

This study was conducted to find and compare the effects of dietary habits on and obesity indices and nutrition intakes among four hundreds and seven healthy adults males subjects. Subjects were classified as regular meal group(RMG) and irregular meal group(IRMG). Two hundreds and thirteen subjects of RMG had regularly 3times meal(time and amount) per 1 day during more than last 6 month. One hudred and ninety four subjects of IRMG(n=194) were not had regularly meal during last 6 month. Obesity indices were BMI(Body Mass Index), WHR(Waist Hip Ratio) and PIBW(Percentage of Ideal Body Weight). And the mean BMI, WHR and PIBW of RMG and IRMG were 23.1, 0.91, 104.8 and 24.7, 0.93, 112.9. PIBW of IMG were significantly lower than IRMG(p<0.01). The mean daily intakes of starches, seeds, meats, eggs, fishes, milk, fats and processed food intakes of RMG were significantly lower than IRMG. And the mean daily intakes of vegetables, mushrooms and beverages intakes of the IRMG were significantly lower than RMG. Energy intake of RMG and IRMG were 1978.2kcal and 1988.2kcal. For nutrient intake, vitamin C intake of IRMG was significantly lower than RMG. But niacin and cholesterol intake of RMG were significantly lower than the IRMG. Meal regularity was mainly related with obesity indices and nutrition intakes. Therefore, it might be necessary to manage meal regularity to prevent obesity and chronic disease in Korean adult males.

• 한국조리학회지
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.119-123
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• 2014

This study was intended to investigate food habits, dietary variety and the effects of nutrient intake of female college students. Food habits such as regularity of meal time, repast of breakfast, lunch, and supper, and duration of meal were assessed via a self reporting questionnaire, 24 hrs recall method for nutrient intake was obtained from 155 female college students in Yangju-si. Dietary variety was assessed by dietary diversity score(DDS). The mean height and weight of the subjects were $161.25{\pm}3.52cm$ and $52.26{\pm}4.52kg$, respectively. The dietary habits of female college students was generally inadequate. In the survey of dietary habits, the ratio of skipping breakfast 3~6 days a week in total subjects was 87.09%, showing a rather higher ratio of skipping breakfast. In the evaluation of nutrient intakes by DDS, subjects who had higher DDS had significantly higher nutrient intakes of energy, protein, carbohydrate, fiber, calcium, phosphate, iron, vitamin A, vitamin C, and cholesterol(p<0.05). There was a great difference in nutrient intakes, suggesting the risk of nutritional imbalance. These findings suggest that nutritional education based on female college students' eating variety and dietary habits(regularity of meal time, skipping breakfast and night snacks per week, and duration of meal) may be required to improve dietary variety. it is considered that the improvement in dietary habits will contribute to the improvement of nutrition.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제40권2호
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• pp.183-195
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• 2011

서울 시내와 경기도 파주시에 소재하는 남녀 공학 고등학교의 식생활 실태 중 식사 규칙성과 식사횟수와 관련된 사항에 대하여 조사하였다. 남녀 고등학생의 식사의 규칙성에서는 남학생에 비해 여학생의 경우 상대적으로 하루 식사가 비교적 규칙적인 것으로 나타났다. 1일 동안의 식사횟수는 남녀학생 모두 대체로 '1일 3식'을 하는 것으로 나타났다. 식사섭취횟수의 형성 시기에 대한 결과에서는 남녀학생은 모두 '중학교'로 나타났으며, 특히 여학생에 있어서는 '학령기 이전'이라고 답한 경우도 28.7%로 높게 나타났다. 활동에 가장 영향을 주는 식사에 대한 답변은 남학생은 점심(41.0%)이라고 답한 결과가 가장 높은 반면 여학생은 '아침'(39.8%)이라는 결과가 높게 나타났다. 학년별 식사섭취 빈도와 규칙성의 항목에 대한 분석 결과에서는 전반적으로 규칙적인 식사를 하고 있는 것으로 나타났지만 유의차가 없었다(p<0.05). 1일 식사횟수에서는 1~3학년 모두 대체적으로 '1일 3식'을 하는 것으로 나타났다. 학년별 식사섭취횟수 형성시기에서는 모든 학년에서 '중학교'와 '학령기 전'의 순의 결과를 보여 주었다. 식사의 규칙성과 일반사항의 분석 결과, 가족 수 '5명'과 '용돈이 적을수록'의 항목에서 규칙적인 식사가 이루어지고 있었다. 용돈 중 '3만원 이하'의 경우 '5만원 이상'의 식비 지출의 경우 비교적 규칙적인 것으로 나타났다. 식사를 준비하는 사람에 따라서는 '어머니'가 식사를 준비하는 경우 상대적으로 하루 식사가 비교적 규칙적인 것으로 나타났다. 부모의 연령과 교육정도가 높고 월 가구 소득이 많을수록 하루 식사가 비교적 규칙적으로 나타났다. 부모의 직업에 따라서는 아버지 '사무직'(149명(56.9%))과 어머니 '전업주부'(279명(56.9%))인 경우 하루 식사가 비교적 규칙적인 것으로 나타났다. 1일 동안의 식사횟수와 일반사항과의 차이분석 결과에서는 대체적으로 '1일 3식'을 하는 것으로 볼 수 있었다. 한 달 용돈 '5만원 이하'의 경우 54.3%가 '1일 3식'을 하는 것으로 나타났고 식사를 준비하는 사람의 경우, '스스로' 이외에는 대체적으로 1일 3식을 하는 것으로 나타났다. 부모의 연령, 부모 학력, 월 가족소득에 따라 식사횟수와 차이를 보여주었다. 식사 섭취횟수의 형성 시기와 일반사항을 분석한 결과, '용돈'과 ' 식사를 준비하는 사람'의 결과는 '중학교'>'학령기전' 순으로 나타났다. 수면 시간과의 분석결과에서는 '5~8시간'이라고 응답한 학생들의 경우 '중학교 때 형성되었다'에서 높은 결과를 보였다. 또한 부모 연령이 낮을수록 '중학교 때 형성되었다'는 결과가 높았고 연령이 높아질수록 '학령기 전'의 결과가 높게 나타났다. 월가구소득과 식사섭취횟수와의 분석 결과에서는 소득이 높을수록 '학령기 전'이라고 답변한 결과가 높았고 소득이 낮을수록 '중학교 때 형성되었다'에서 높은 결과를 보여 주었다. 전체적으로 볼 때, '중학교 때 형성되었다'가 34.6%으로 가장 높게 나타났고, '학령 전'(23.8%), '초등학교 4~6학년 전'(13.7%), '초등학교 2학년 전'(11.8%) 순으로 나타났다. 한 끼 식사 중 자신활동에 가장 큰 영향을 미치는 식사를 분석한 결과에서는 '점심'이 37.6%으로 가장 높게 나타났고, '아침'(35.8%), '저녁'(22.8%) 순으로 나타나 전반적 '점심'이 자신의 활동에 가장 큰 영향을 미친다고 생각하는 것을 볼 수 있었다. 한 달 용돈 '9만원 이하'의 경우 '점심'이, '10~20만원'의 경우 '아침'이, '21만원 이상'의 경우 '저녁'이 가장 큰 영향을 미친다고 하여 차이를 보였다. 수면시간과의 분석 결과에서는 4, 5, 6시간의 경우 '아침'이, '7시간 이상' 수면을 하는 경우 '점심'이 가장 큰 영향을 미친다는 결과였다. 아버지의 연령은 낮을수록 어머니의 연령은 높을수록 '아침'의 영향력이 크다는 상반된 결과가 나타났다. 또한 월가구소득이 증가할수록 '아침'의 영향력을 높게 느끼고 있는 결과였다. 이상의 결과를 종합해 보면, 고등학생의 식생활태도는 성별과 학년별로 차이를 나타내어 차별화된 영양교육과 식생활 태도에 관련한 기초지식을 강화해야 함을 알 수 있었다. 식사의 규칙성과 식사횟수에 있어서는 부모의 특성과 월 가족 소득에서 차이가 나타나 고등학생 개인의 영양교육은 물론이고 가정을 연계한 영양지도에 대한 대책이 필요한 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 식사횟수의 형성은 이미 고등학생 이전에 만들어져 고정되어 있는 결과가 나타나기에 특히 다양한 교육방법을 활용하여 그 중요성을 인지하도록 만들고 올바른 식습관으로 개선된 후 유지되도록 지속적인 모니터링이 요구되었다. 아침식사보다 점심식사에 대한 영향력이 나타난 결과를 보면, 아침식사에 대한 결식과 영양불균형을 예측해 볼 수 있었고 영양 섭취가 세 끼니에 골고루 분배될 수 있는 영양지도의 중요성과 아침식사와 결식에 고등학생의 식생활태도의 후속연구를 진행해야 할 필요성을 확신할 수 있었다. 본 조사의 결과는 남녀 고등학생이 식생활태도와 영향을 미치는 요인들과 관련하여 분석해서, 실천적인 식습관 형성 및 개선에 대한 개별적이면서 세부적인 영양교육 프로그램을 구축하는데 있어 기초 자료가 활용되어지길 바란다. 또한 지속적이면서 다각적인 식사관련 후속 연구들이 진행되어 영양교육 시간이 정규 수업시간으로 정착하는 데 있어 도움이 되리라 생각된다.

• 한국보건간호학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.16-27
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• 2006

This study investigated and tested the overall level of dietary habits and health status/health management of the residents in a rural area. The interview survey was performed in March 2004 with a structured questionnaire to 510 residents who lived in Muan-Gun of Jeonnam province. The questionnaire was the abridged Scale of Dietary Habits and Health Status which surveys the morbidity, subjective health status, health management, and health examination. The Chi-squire method was used for some of the cross-sectional data. The 510 adult respondents were composed of 61.2% male and 38.3% female. In regularity of meal time, 56.3% of the subjects had a meal regularly(eating time), while 73.5% had a balanced diet(eating number). The habit of regular meal time was significantly higher in old people than in young people. The majority of the subjects had an appropriate meal amount. Unbalanced diet was higher in young people than in old people. 51.4% had the dining out and was significantly higher in younger people than in old people. In other questions, 60.7% of the subjects took a snack, 77.3% were under regular health management, and 49.6% had health examination. A minority of the respondents (31.3%) had disease, while 13.5% chronic disease, and 17.8% had acute disease. The level of dietary habits and general characteristics were positively correlated with each other, as were habits and health status. These results suggest the need for nutritional education programs directed at young people with a special emphasis on regularity of meal time. unbalanced diet, dining-out and a snack.

• 한국조리학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.284-293
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• 2015

본 연구에서는 대학생 시기의 올바른 건강관리가 성인기의 건강과 신체기능을 최적으로 유지하는 기초가 되고, 앞으로 임신, 분만, 수유 등을 대비해야 하는 가임기일 뿐만 아니라, 장차 가정과 사회의 식생활 관리자의 역할을 담당해야 하는 여대생을 대상으로 식습관과 운동습관 및 건강관련인식을 조사하고 이러한 지표가 영양섭취수준에 미치는 영향에 대해 분석하였다. 여대생 155명을 대상으로 연령, 신장, 체중 등 일반적 특성과 식습관, 운동습관, 건강상태 인식에 관련된 문항으로 구성된 설문지를 이용하였고, 24시간 회상법을 이용하여 식이섭취 조사를 실시한 후 영양소 섭취량을 분석하였다. 대상자들의 일주일간 식사시간이 규칙적인 날의 횟수는 '5~6일'이 27.74%, '3~4일'이 59.35%, '1~2일'이 12.9%로 나타났고, 아침결식률에서는 거의 '매일 결식'하는 비율이 46.74%, '때때로 결식'하는 비율이 36.13%, '거의 결식을 하지 않는' 비율이 16.13%로 나타나 결식률이 높게 나타났다. 야식횟수는 '일주일에 2~3회'가 43.23%로 가장 높았고, '1회 미만'이 40.65%, '4회 이상'이 16.13%로 나타났고, 식사 소요시간은 '20분 미만'이 42.58%, '20~30분 사이'가 38.06%, '31분 이상'이 19.35%로 나타났다. 운동습관의 규칙성에서는 '규칙적으로 운동을 한다'가 29.7%이고, '운동을 전혀 안한다'가 70.32%로 나타났고, 건강상태에 대한 인식 조사에서는 '건강상태가 좋다'가 47.74%, '그저 그렇다'가 24.52%, '나쁘다'가 27.74%로 나타나 비교적 건강상태가 좋다고 인식하는 대상자가 비교적 높게 나타났다. 식습관에 따른 영양소 섭취량의 차이에서는 일주일에 식사 시간이 규칙적인 날이 많을수록 에너지, 단백질, 지방, 식이섬유소, 칼슘, 인, 철분, 나트륨, 칼륨, 비타민 $B_6$, 나이아신, 비타민C, 엽산, 비타민 E, 콜레스테롤을 유의적으로 많이 섭취하는 것으로 나타났고, 아침 결식 여부에 따른 영양소 섭취량의 차이는 일주일에 아침을 결식하는 날이 많을수록 아침식사를 거의 매일 하는 대상자보다 에너지, 단백질, 지방, 탄수화물, 식이섬유소, 칼슘, 인, 철, 나트륨, 칼륨, 아연, 비타민 A, 비타민 $B_6$, 비타민 C, 엽산, 비타민 E를 유의적으로 더 적게 섭취하는 것으로 나타났다. 일주일간 야식을 먹는 횟수에 대한 영양소 섭취량의 차이에서는 야식을 먹는 횟수가 많을수록 에너지, 단백질, 지방, 식이섬유소, 칼슘, 인, 철분, 칼륨, 비타민 $B_2$, 비타민 $B_6$, 비타민 C, 엽산, 비타민 E, 콜레스테롤을 유의적으로 많이 섭취하였으나 식사 속도에 따른 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 규칙적인 운동습관을 가진 대상자는 그렇지 않은 대상자보다 영양소 섭취량이 약간 높게 나타났으나 유의적인 차이는 나타나지 않았고, 건강상태 인식에 따른 영양소 섭취량의 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 본 조사 대상자의 대부분은 19~29세 여성의 영양권장량에 못 미치는 수준으로 영양소를 섭취하고 있었고, 특히 불규칙적인 식사, 결식, 야식 등의 불규칙적인 식습관을 가진 여대생들의 경우, 그 경우 칼슘, 철분, 아연, 여러 비타민 C 등에서 영양권장량에 70%에도 못 미치는 수준을 나타내어 올바른 식습관을 가질 수 있도록 구체적인 영양교육이 필요할 것이다.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.38-48
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• 2012

This study was conducted to examine dietary behaviors according to residence status and ethnicity of university students in Yanbian, China. For the subjects, 334 university students (Male=141, Female=193) answered a questionnaire about perception of weight control, dietary patterns, health habits, residence status, and ethnicity. Perception of weight, meal frequency, favorite kind of food, meal finishing time, skipping breakfast, type of breakfast, snack frequency, late-night snack frequency, exercise frequency, regular life, and sleeping time were all significantly associated with residence status. Motivation of weight control, meal frequency, regularity of meal time, meal volume, favorite kind of food, exercise time, and regular life were all significantly associated with ethnicity. University students who lived with their parents perceived their weight more properly, exhibited a more positive dietary pattern, and lived a more regular life than those students who lived in a dormitory with their friends. Chinese students exhibited a more regular dietary pattern and lived a more regular life than the Korean-Chinese students. As a result, both environmental and inherent factors are related with the dietary behaviors of university students in Yanbian, China. These data could be used to help university students in Yanbian, China attain a healthy diet.