• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.15-28
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• 2017

A protected area means a space designated and protected by law from development pressure and environmental pressure. It is mainly designated to protect specific ecosystems, natural landscapes, and cultural resources from irrational development (or damage), and involves policies of the public sector such as central and local governments. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) has conducted conservation and restoration projects for preserving natural ecosystems and genetic resources. In order to conserve the ecosystem in the protected area, national and public organizations purchase private land and use it ecologically; in addition, ecological restoration project is carried out for the purpose of creating waterside ecological belt or preserving ecosystem. Land acquisition refers to the land where highly influenced by the water quality and need to restore, and purchased by negotiating with the landlord. Although the nation and public institution carried out ecosystem restoration project for partial purchase land in order to conserve ecosystem, it is below the expected effect due to lack of comprehensive management system and have some problems in restoration project and unification of management institutions. Land acquisition in Donggang River Basin Ecological Conservation area is initiated in 2005 for creating income of local residents and ecological restoration. However, the lack of overall management and awareness resulted in poor vegetation growth and poor response by local residents due to terrain exposure. As such, there is insufficient research on the current situation and systematic integrated management although the number of land acquisition is increasing year after year. Futhermore, overall recognition and follow-up monitoring of eco-restoration are still inadequate. Therefore, the survey on the awareness of the purchase land ecosystem restoration project is necessary for the efficient restoration project and establishment of the management strategy for land acquisition in the future. Therefore, in this study, we provide fundamental materials on further research projects by carrying out research on the awareness of ecological restoration projects in the Donggang River basin ecological preservation area.

• Explosives and Blasting
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.14-19
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• 1997

Koreans have emphasized education as the primary means to reconstruct our country means to reconstruct our country after two catastrophic events-the Japanese occupation and the Korean War(1950-1953). A Strong belief- in education coupled with sheer deter-mination spurred the period of industrial and eeonomic development that started in the early 1970-'s. The "can-do" attitude of the general public was matched and aided by small S & T communities. Scientists and engineers provided the neeessary expertise to manufacture goods and process the many raw materials imported from overseas. After nearly three decades of reconst-ructing our completely devastated country, Korea has become a modern, cosmo-politan, fast-paced and dynamic country. In order to further increaser our manufac- turing capabilities and double the per-capita income by the beginning of the 21st century, we must improve productivitiy and encourage creatitivity in all sectors of our country. The S & T community's efforts in research and development. education, and interna-tional cooperation will be invaluable in determining our direction and reaching these goals. The general public is eager to peacefully unite our foreign powers since 1945. Toward that end. members of the S & T community are willing to coope-rate with our north Korean counterparts in all areas of S & T with the exception of defense related endeavors. Establi-shing scientific ties with north Korea will result in mutual economic benefit and greater regional stability in East Asia. In particular. scientists and manu-facturers in each province are eager to initiate cordial and professional relation-ships with north Korea in the hopes of securing these benefits. The Korean Federation of Science and Technology Societies(KOFST) has played an important role both in developing S & T policies, and in gostering the frowty of S & T societies. A non-governmental umbrella organization composed of over 251 professional societies, KOFST facili-tates the transfer of research outcomes and technology from research institutions to the various industries. KOFST also seeks to increase cooperation between the countries of the Pacific Rim. As evidence of that, we have pursued joint research and industrial ventures with China. Established projects include those on environmental conditions in the Yellow Sea, and improvement of aircraft manufacturing, telecommunica-tion equipment, and agricultural produ-cts. Increased cooperation between the Pacific Rim countries, particularly in S & T, would foster social and economic development for the region as a whole.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.12-15
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of reaction conditions, solvents, and surfactants on the average size and size distribution of silica particles in preparing silica fine powders by sodium silicate. Silica fine particles were synthesized by varying kinds of solvents and surfactants using the emulsion method. Span 20, Span 40, Span 60, and Span 80 were used as nonionic surfactants, Dispersing solvents were n-Hexane, n-Heptane, iso-Octane, and n-Decane of the alkane group. In these experiments, it was known that the optimum dispersion stirring time to form the emulsion of the constant size was around 6 min. The mean sizes of silica particles, at a variety of the dispersion stirring speeds, decreased as the dispersion stirring speed increased. Also, in the case of the solvents, the size of the formed silica particles decreased when the molecular weight of the solvent increased. Lastly, in the case of the surfactants, the mean size of silica particles increased as the hydrophobic lipophilic balance (HLB) value of the surfactant decreased.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.15 no.11
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• pp.347-358
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• 2015

The purpose of this study is to verify if metropolitan area and non-metropolitan area have an influence on health of the elderly and estimate and compare the difference between the two areas. To achieve this purpose, the study was conducted on 4,714 elderly people aged 65 or more among source materials of "The 3rd Korean Longitudinal Study of Ageing in 2010" using OLS regression analysis and Oaxaca's decomposition method. Major results of the study are as follows. First, the elderly living in metropolitan area were found to have better health than the ones in non-metropolitan area(${\beta}=-.044$, p<.01). Second, in the result of looking into 'area' effect alone, which was decomposed to investigate actual effect of the difference between metropolitan area and non-metropolitan area, the elderly living in non-metropolitan area were found to have lower health status than the ones living in metropolitan area, confirming that the health gap among the elderly also originates from the characteristics of residential area(non metropolitan area-metropolitan area: 223.92, 109.50%; metropolitan area-non metropolitan area: -267.18, 130.66%). Through the results of the study, practical and policy implications and future study direction were suggested.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.30-36
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• 2019

Purpose: This study aimed to identify the feasibility of the maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) on baseline 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography-computed tomography (FDG PET/CT) as a predictive factor for prognosis in early stage primary lung cancer treated with stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT). Materials and Methods: Twenty-seven T1-3N0M0 primary lung cancer patients treated with curative SBRT between 2010 and 2018 were retrospectively evaluated. Four patients (14.8%) treated with SBRT to address residual tumor after wedge resection and one patient (3.7%) with local recurrence after resection were included. The SUVmax at baseline PET/CT was assessed to determine its relationship with prognosis after SBRT. Patients were divided into two groups based on maximum SUVmax on pre-treatment FDG PET/CT, estimated by receiver operating characteristic curve. Results: The median follow-up period was 17.7 months (range, 2.3 to 60.0 months). The actuarial 2-year local control, progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival were 80.4%, 66.0%, and 78.2%, respectively. With regard to failure patterns, 5 patients exhibited local failure (in-field failure, 18.5%), 1 (3.7%) experienced regional nodal relapse, and other 2 (7.4%) developed distant failure. SUVmax was significantly correlated with progression (p = 0.08, optimal cut-off point SUVmax > 5.1). PFS was significantly influenced by pretreatment SUVmax (SUVmax > 5.1 vs. SUVmax ≤ 5.1; p = 0.012) and T stage (T1 vs. T2-3; p = 0.012). Conclusion: SUVmax at pre-treatment FDG PET/CT demonstrated a predictive value for PFS after SBRT for lung cancer.

• Journal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.167-180
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• 2003

The objective of this research is to acquire basic data to develop a program for professional consultants who can consult and provide advice for rural women's small business entrepreneur. In this research, startup business educational programs and 10 major related textbooks in Korea were analyzed, and a survey was conducted in which 71 owners of government funded rural small business responded. The major findings are as follows; First, most programs were targeting city females and were providing basic information mostly using lecture method over a few days. And no programs for rural women's small business could be found. Second, no textbooks dealing with rural women's small business could be found and the contents of each textbook differed significantly even though there were a few common points. Third, the result of the survey indicated that rural women's small business entrepreneurs had difficulty especially in acquiring necessary initial funds and raw materials, selling products, and judging the possibility of business success. And, there was significant difference in importance and perceived knowledge over 36 business know-hows in business startup area among the respondents. Based on the results, the followings could be recommended; First, educational programs for rural women's small business entrepreneurs should use a unique and different approach than other industries. Also, it is necessary to foster startup consultants especially for the rural women's small business entrepreneurs and to develop a delivery system for the startup educational programs. Second, contents of educational programs need to be selectively included depending on the level of uses. Finally, a workbook should be developed so that entrepreneur candidates can actually practice rather than just acquiring basic information and superficial knowledge during the participation.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.18-26
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• 2001

Purpose : To evaluate the effects of electroacupuncture on regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) at acupoints suggested by oriental medicine to be related to the treatment of cerebrovascuiar diseases. Materials and Methods : Rest/electroaeupuncture-stimulation Tc-99m ECD brain SPECT using a same-dose subtraction method was performed on 5 normal male volunteers (age range from 27 to 30 years) using electroacupuncture at acupoint, ST 36. In the control study, needle location was chosen on a non-meridian focus 1cm posterior to the right fibular head. All images were spatially normalized and the differences between rest and acupuncture stimulation were statistically analyzed using SPM$^{(R)}$ for Windows$^{(R)}$. Results : Electroacupuncture applied at ST36 increased rCBF in the left hemisphere, that is, the left parietal lobe(angular gyrus), the left temporal lobe, the left inferior frontal lobe around rectus gyrus and the left cerebellar hemisphere, a part of the left inferior frontal lobe. In the control stimulation, no significant rCBF increase was observed. Conclusion : The results demonstrate that electroacupuncture increases rCBF in the contralateral cerebral hemisphere.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.665-670
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• 2010

Pollutants from urban pavement consists various kinds of substances which are originated from dry deposition, a grind out tire, corrosive action of rain to pavement and facilities and raw materials of the road etc.. These are major pollutants of urban NPS (Non-point source) during rainfall period. However there is not enough information to control such pollutants for appropriate management of natural water quality. In this study of transportation areas, three monitoring stations were set up at trunk road, urban highway and national road in Gyeongnam province. Runoff flow rate was measured at every 15minutes by automatic flow meters installed at the end of storm sewer pipe within the road catchment area for water quality analysis. Data was collected every 15 minutes for initial two hours of rainfall. Additional samples were collected 1-4 hours interval till the end of rainfall. The monitoring parameters were $COD_{Mn}$, SS, T-N & T-P and heavy metals. The average EMCs of TSS and $COD_{Mn}$ were 62.0 mg/L and 24.2 mg/L on the city trunk road, which were higher than those of urban highway and national road, indicating higher pollutant loads due to activities in the city downtown area beside the vehicle. On the other hand, the average EMC of T-N and T-P were in the range of 2.67-3.23 mg/L and 0.19-3.21 mg/L for all the sampling sites. Heavy metals from the roads were mainly Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn, showing variable EMCs by the type of road. From the TSS wash-off analysis in terms of FF(first flush) index, first flush phenomenon was clearly observed in the trunk road(FF : 0.89-1.43). However, such mass delivery behavior was not apparently shown in urban highway(FF : 0.90-1.11) and national road(FF : 0.81-1.41).

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.13-19
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• 2016

Objectives: As the craniofacial and neck regions are prime areas of injury in bear attacks, the careful management of soft and hard tissue injuries and selection of reconstructive options is of the utmost importance. This study will review the incidence and patterns of bear mauling in eastern India reported to our department and the various modalities used for their treatment over a period of 7 years. It also documents the risks of infection in bear mauling cases and the complications that have occurred. Materials and Methods: Twenty cases were treated over the study period. Cases were evaluated for soft and hard tissue injuries including tissue loss and corresponding management in the craniofacial region. Cases were also evaluated for other associated injuries, organ damage and related complications. Results: Various modalities of treatment were used for the management of victims, ranging from simple primary repairs to free tissue transfers. Simple primary repairs were done in 75% of cases, while the management of the injured victims required reconstruction by local, regional or distant flaps in 25%. Free tissue transfers were performed in 15% of cases, and no cases of wound infection were detected in the course of treatment. Conclusion: Knowledge of various reconstructive techniques is essential for managing maxillofacial injuries in bear mauling cases. Modern reconstructive procedures like free tissue transfer are reliable options for reconstruction with minimal co-morbidity and dramatic improvement in treatment outcomes.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.195-199
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• 2011

Purpose: Composite neuroendocrine-exocrine carcinomas are malignancies that have two distinct components residing within the same tumor: an adenocarcinomatous portion and a neuroendocrine portion. This is rare in gastric cancers; however, poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas can sometimes reveal evidence of neuroendocrine features (NEF) or be 'mixed endocrine and exocrine carcinomas'. This study aimed to review NEF in gastric adenocarcinoma and to evaluate its prognostic significance. Materials and Methods: We selected 29 patients who were diagnosed with gastric adenocarcinoma with NEF and received gastrectomies at the Department of Surgery, Ajou University Hospital between January 2001 and December 2009. We analyzed the clinicopathologic features of gastric cancer with NEF and the prognosis associated with such tumors. Results: The pathologic result with respect to TNM staging of the gastric cancers with NEF were as follows: 5 cases of T1, 5 cases of T2, 10 cases of T3, and 9 cases of T4. There were 7 cases of N0, 7 cases of N1, 8 cases of N2 and 7 cases of N3. The staging of patients with NEF was higher than that of patients without NEF. Especially tumor lymphovascular invasion rate was 82.8%. The overall survival of patients with gastric cancer characterized by NEF was 73.8 months. Conclusions: Positive NEF status might be correlated with clinicopathologic parameters such as a high stage and high frequency of regional lymph node metastasis.