• Molecules and Cells
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.228-235
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• 2020

The Drosophila transmembrane semaphorin Sema-1a mediates forward and reverse signaling that plays an essential role in motor and central nervous system (CNS) axon pathfinding during embryonic neural development. Previous immunohistochemical analysis revealed that Sema-1a is expressed on most commissural and longitudinal axons in the CNS and five motor nerve branches in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). However, Sema-1a-mediated axon guidance function contributes significantly to both intersegmental nerve b (ISNb) and segmental nerve a (SNa), and slightly to ISNd and SNc, but not to ISN motor axon pathfinding. Here, we uncover three cis-regulatory elements (CREs), R34A03, R32H10, and R33F06, that robustly drove reporter expression in a large subset of neurons in the CNS. In the transgenic lines R34A03 and R32H10 reporter expression was consistently observed on both ISNb and SNa nerve branches, whereas in the line R33F06 reporter expression was irregularly detected on ISNb or SNa nerve branches in small subsets of abdominal hemisegments. Through complementation test with a Sema-1a loss-of-function allele, we found that neuronal expression of Sema-1a driven by each of R34A03 and R32H10 restores robustly the CNS and PNS motor axon guidance defects observed in Sema-1a homozygous mutants. However, when wild-type Sema-1a is expressed by R33F06 in Sema-1a mutants, the Sema-1a PNS axon guidance phenotypes are partially rescued while the Sema-1a CNS axon guidance defects are completely rescued. These results suggest that in a redundant manner, the CREs, R34A03, R32H10, and R33F06 govern the Sema-1a expression required for the axon guidance function of Sema-1a during embryonic neural development.

• Proceeding of Spring/Autumn Annual Conference of KHA
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• 2002.11a
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• pp.301-306
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• 2002

In Japan, the vacancy rates of office buildings have been at high in big cities since 1992. This problem is especially acute in Tokyo, where it is estimated that over 2.27 million square meters of office floor area will be oversupplied in 2003: big urban redevelopment projects will be completed in 2003. Under these circumstances, International Cooperative Research and Development on Sustainable Urban Management by Conversion of Buildings, called “SUMCOB”, has been carried out. This research aims to regenerate urban areas by converting redundant offices into flats, although instances of conversion are still very few in Japan. This paper introduces part of current results by SUMCOB, and discusses legal problems with conversion and basic capacity of vacant offices in Tokyo. It has been confirmed that there are no constraints concerned with Real Estate Registration Law (although it requires the change of the registration after conversion). and City Planning Law. However, some criteria are incompatible with Building Standard Law and Fire Service Law if the use of the building is changed from offices to flats. Typical incompatibility between offices and flats is lightening. If the buildings do not satisfy criteria for flats, the cost of renovation works for conversion will increase. To examine the basic capacity of vacant office buildings for conversion, field surveys in Tokyo have carried out at three areas: Kodenmacho (Chuo-ku), Toranomon (Minato-ku), and Iwamonocho (Chiyoda-ku). They are typical office areas that are included in center core of Tokyo. In Chuo-ku, the oldest commercial area in Tokyo, textile merchants have been located their headquarters. In Minato-ku, many rental office buildings have been located and several large scale redevelopments are advancing. Chiyoda-ku includes Marunouchi area, which is the prime office area in Japan. Thirty percent of the buildings in survey areas suffer from over twenty percent vacant floor rate, and fifty five percent were constructed before 1990. Especially most of buildings over forty percent vacant floor rate were constructed in 1980s. Vacant office problems haven't been seen in old buildings in Tokyo yet. The number of dwelling units made from office space will influence the conversion scheme. Seventy percent of the office buildings in survey areas have floor area of less than two hundred square meters. If they have been subdivided into two bedrooms type or three bedrooms type, the number of dwelling units in a floor would be less than three. The difficulty of conversion planning derives from frontage size, depth size, and their proportion. The five categories are proposed to grasp actual requirements for converting offices into flats.

• Korea Journal of Hospital Management
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.172-192
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• 2002

The purpose of this study is to ascertain whether the effect of introduction of OCS(Order Communication System) to the hospital is satisfied or not comparing the anticipated effect with the actual effect. For this purpose, a domestic hospital which has introduced and has been operating OCS for several years was chosen. Based on the internal data of S Hospital prepared before introducing OCS, researcher has analyzed the basic direction, design standard and status of operation after the introduction of OCS, etc. After analyzing the status of operations of several departments using OCS and interviewing with the chiefs of pertinent departments, a survey form was designed. Actual survey and interviews were conducted by the researcher for weeks to know whether doctors, nurses, medical technicians and clerks of the patient management dept. were satisfied with OCS and to find if they have any recommendations to improve OCS. Based on the analysis of survey, the effect of OCS was evaluated whether it has satisfied the anticipated effectiveness. For the question if they feel convenient in using OCS, doctors, nursing staffs in charge of ward and the staffs of billing dept. has answered that they were all satisfied(100%). The answers for the same question were relatively high in the case of nurses in charge of outpatient and staffs of radiography. Of course, there have been some nurses and staffs who complained for the inconvenience. However, overall satisfaction was high on the average. Some common problems occurred after the introduction of OCS were frequent errors due to instability of OCS system, paralysis of function of hardware on data back-up system and redundant investment due to erroneous choice of DB program in setting DB. It was also pointed out that lack of computer education and low participation of medical staffs has resulted in failure of developing effective software. As a result, it has lowered the efficiency of OCS. For example, some works have to be done by hands even after OCS. Based on the result of this research, recommendations to maximize the effect of OCS were presented as follows. First, strong leadership of CEO and active cooperation of doctors are mandatory. Second, all the process of hospital work should be analyzed and be redesigned in more efficient ways. Third, OCS should be designed to be user-based system which can be used efficiently by all staffs of the hospital. Forth, prior to the operation of OCS, proper tests of the program and trainings of the pertinent staff are required. Fifth, prior to the selection of hardware, BMT(Bench Marking Test) should be conducted. Sixth, before introducing OCS, staffs in charge of OCS should visit many hospitals operating the OCS system and take their cases into account.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartB
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• v.18B no.1
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• pp.29-38
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• 2011

In order to derive domain-independent heuristics from the specification of a planning problem, it is required to relax the given problem and then solve the relaxed one. In this paper, we present a new planning graph, Merged Planning Graph(MPG), and GD heuristics for solving contingent planning problems with both uncertainty about the initial state and non-deterministic action effects. The merged planning graph is an extended one to be applied to the contingent planning problems from the relaxed planning graph, which is a common means to get effective heuristics for solving the classical planning problems. In order to get heuristics for solving the contingent planning problems with sensing actions and non-deterministic actions, the new graph utilizes additionally the effect-merge relaxations of these actions as well as the traditional delete relaxations. Proceeding parallel to the forward expansion of the merged planning graph, the computation of GD heuristic excludes the unnecessary redundant cost from estimating the minimal reachability cost to achieve the overall set of goals by analyzing interdependencies among goals or subgoals. Therefore, GD heuristics have the advantage that they usually require less computation time than the overlap heuristics, but are more informative than the max and the additive heuristics. In this paper, we explain the experimental analysis to show the accuracy and the search efficiency of the GD heuristics.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.792-808
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• 2016

Due to the high importance of foreign trade in the national economy, Korea has a lot of ports designated as trade ports compared to the small land size. However, because of the poor utilization results, some small trade ports have been criticized for wasteful financing due to redundant investment in SOC. This is because the characteristics and comparative advantage of foreign trade in trade ports have not been analyzed in detail by region. Therefore, this study analyzes the patterns and types of change in the size of trade, number of cargo items handled, and the number of trade target countries in the past 20 years for 19 domestic small trade ports using the time-series cluster analysis technique. As a result of analysis, Korean small trade ports were classified into five growth pattern types according to the analysis index, and characteristics and implications for each type could be derived. Today, as the foreign trade environment changes drastically and the importance of balanced regional development is emphasized, it is very important to study the growth types and implications of small trade ports and the results of this study are expected to provide meaningful implications for regional port development and operation in the future.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.49-56
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• 2014

It is important to keep stable effluent water quality and minimize operation cost in biological wastewater treatment plant. However, the optimal operation is difficult because of the change of influent flow rate and concentrations, the nonlinear dynamics of microbiology growth rate and other environmental factors. Therefore, many wastewater treatment plants are operated for much more redundant oxygen or chemical dosing than the necessary. In this study, the optimal control scheme for dissolved oxygen (DO) is suggested to prevent over-aeration and the reduction of the electric cost in plant operation while maintaining the dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration for the metabolism of microorganisms in oxic reactor. For optimal control, The oxygen uptake rate (OUR) is realtime measured for the identification of influent characterization and the identification of microorganisms' oxygen requirement in oxic reactor. Optimal DO seT-Point needed for the microorganism is suggested based on real time measurement of oxygen uptake of microorganism and the control of air blower. Therefore, both stable effluent quality and minimization of electric cost are satisfied with a suggested optimal setpoint decision system by providing the necessary oxygen supply requirement to the microorganisms coping with the variations of influent loading.

• Archives of design research
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.167-178
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• 2004

The purpose of this treatise is to show merits and method of establishing Lotte department store design division Online Documents Communication System through illustration of examples of intranet in which internet environment convenient to use for its openness is applied for establishing Design Online Documents Communication System for fundamentals of organization. In this connection merits and effect attainable from establishing Design Outline Documents Communication System of the enterprise as found were as follows: Firstly, it brought about reduction in workload of staffs through sharing various existing resources. It reduced redundant works and enables speedy handling of works. Secondly, it was possible to exchange viewpoints and share information by pertinent parties. Thirdly, by expediting information exchange and communication among persons in charge it was possible to improve work efficiency. Fourthly, it was possible to build and operate such system at relatively low cost on the basis of web browser. Without using any other significant instrument or equipment but by linking it to business network and using existing computer system operation was possible. Fifthly, by common sharing of work exclusive to design room through on-line it was possible to improve professionalism and convenience in data preservation. Through this treatise and survey and study on process for establishing intranet it was possible to find that there were sharing work, improving work efficiency, reducing workload, saving cost and expediting communication to a significant degree.

• The Korean Journal of Archival Studies
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• no.65
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• pp.227-251
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• 2020

The documentation of a city can never be complete with only the documentation of the administrative domain, and requires that of its citizens, who are living in the city in different ways. This study attempts to present the documentation of the memories of the citizens, which either have never been produced or have been damaged and thus are difficult to be collected. From the Archival Activist point of view, this study suggests documentary as its research method, in order to leave trace of various experiences of Seoul, which are not recorded in document but are rooted in its people's memories and their daily lives. Documentaries are characterized by their narrative. This can be somewhat arbitrary, but it is due to their narrative that this study suggests documentaries, rather than oral statements, as a new form of method. While, due to its self-historicality, oral records are subject to producing redundant or irrelevant memories, documentaries enable the documentation of data relevant to the topic of collection. First, the study presents the narrative-based archiving, which is the same method of collection suggested by Seoul Metropolitan Archives, and then explores the role and significance of documentary archiving. It further presents the conditions in which documentary archiving is required in the context of narrative-based collection. The study presents the planning and implementation of documentary archiving and introduces one of the three documentaries produced by 2019 Seoul Archiving Project.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.254-260
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• 2017

The service life of civil infrastructure needs to be maintained or extended through appropriate inspections and maintenance planning, which results from the optimization process. A multi-objective optimization process can lead to more rational and flexible trade-off solutions rather than a single-objective optimization for the service life management of civil infrastructure. Recent investigations on the service life management of civil infrastructure were generally based on minimizing the life-cycle cost analysis and maximizing the structural performance. Various objectives for service life management have been developed using novel probabilistic concepts and methods over the last few decades. On the other hand, an increase in the number of objectives in a multi-objective optimization problem can lead to difficulties in computational efficiency, visualization, and decision making. These difficulties can be overcome using the objective reduction approach to identify the redundant and essential objectives. As a result, the efficiency in computational efforts, visualization, and decision making can be improved. In this paper, the multi-objective optimization using the objective reduction approach was applied to the service life management of concrete bridges. The results showed that four initial objectives can be reduced by two objectives for the optimal service life management.

• 대한공업교육학회지
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.134-148
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• 2008

In this study, a survey was conducted to determine the understanding by teachers at KIPO-funded high schools of the specialized training of invention patent personnel. The subjects were 4 high schools and 126 copies of questionnaires were collected for analysis. The results of this study are as follows. First, teachers understand that it is particularly important to provide a specialized training for students so that they can more effectively adapt to the changes in their lives. They also consider basic job skills training, moral education and job readiness training as equally important. Second, they recognize the necessity for a specialized training of invention patent personnel. Third, they think that redundant teachers arising from the reform of the curriculum for specialized training should be provided with minor training. Fourth, they think that the reform of the curriculum for specialized training should consider the following aspects: the development of a curriculum for invention patent-specialized high schools, the strengthening of administrative financial supports, the creation of a consensus among those involved for the success of the specialized training, the development of textbooks and materials, and the consideration of the future prospects and current conditions of the invention patent industry. Fifth, they think that the successful operation of specialized high schools requires the consideration of the following factors: users' understanding, conformance, selection & concentration and uniqueness.