• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.38-48
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• 2010

Objectives: Moxa treatment has outstanding effects that are frequently facilitated in a clinical setting, and it is also known to have positive effects for immunity and relief of pain through various studies. Currently, moxa treatment has become diversified in many ways. One of the moxa treatment techniques that was frequently used during the Joseon Dynasty was Woogakgubeop (牛角灸法, horn-shaped moxa treatment). This articles aims to disclose the fact that the Woogakgubeop is the technique applicable to the origin of the Large moxa treatments of today. Also, the writings of Woogakgubeop recorded in the royal medical documentations, such as the Chronicles of the Royal Families of the Joseon Dynasty, the Seungjeonwonilgi (The Daily Records of Royal Secretariat) and others, are analyzed and the characteristics of the Woogakgubeop are cleared through it. Methods: From the royal medical documents, the Chronicles of the Royal Families of the Joseon Dynasty and the Seungjeonwonilgi, articles related Woogakgubeop were extracted and analyzed. Records of each document were facilitated for the DB search. In addition to these two documents, the records of written literature were surveyed as well. The written literature are appropriate to express the experiences of intellectuals at the time. Results and Conclusions: 1. Considering that Woogakgubeop is a single therapy, there exists relatively many records in addition to the specialized medical documents, and through them, it is known that Woogakgubeop was a widely known therapy in the middle to later parts of Joseon in general. 2. Woogakgubeop is a method that addresses problems contained within the existing moxa treatment techniques. By enlarging the size of the mugwort wick, it strengthens the heat energy of the moxa treatment to reduce the frequency of applying moxa treatment. When undertaking the method to empty the wick inside the mugwort, the pain of a fever patient will be reduced and burn damage to the skin is minimized. 3. Wind-cold type weakness and other general moxa treatment techniques have been used for various symptoms detailed, including chest pain, tinnitus, carbuncle, cellulites, cold sense of leg, colic, diarrhea and other illnesses. In addition, it may generate strong fever, and was used to implement the Yeonjebeop (煉臍法). 4. Woogakgubeop is applicable to the origin of Large moxa treatment of today and it provides important bibliographic base thereof.

• BMB Reports
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.9-15
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• 2006

To prove whether error catastrophe /lethal mutagenesis is the primary antiviral mechanism of action of ribavirin against foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV). Ribavirin passage experiments were performed and supernatants of $Rp_1$ to $Rp_5$ were harvested. Morphological alterations as well as the levels of viral RNAs, proteins, and infectious particles in the BHK-21 cells infected using the supernatants of $Rp_1$ to $Rp_5$ and control were measured by microscope, real-time RT-PCR, western-blotting and plaque assays, respectively. The mutation frequency was measured by sequencing the complete P1- and 3D-encoding region of FMDV after a single round of virus infection from ribavirin-treated or untreated FMDV-infected cells. Ribavirin treatment for FMDV caused dramatically inhibition of multiplication in cell cultures. The levels of viral RNAs, proteins, and infectious particles in the BHK-21 cells infected were more greatly reduced along with the passage from $Rp_1$ to $Rp_5$, moreover, nucleocapsid protein could not be detected and no recovery of infectious virus in the supernatant or detection of intracellular viral RNA was observed at the $Rp_5$-infected cells. A high mutation rate, giving rise to an 8-and 11-fold increase in mutagenesis and resulting in some amino acid substitutions, was found in viral RNA synthesized at a single round of virus infection in the presence of ribavirin of $1000\;{\mu}M$ and caused a 99.7% loss in viral infectivity in contrast with parallel untreated control virus. These results suggest that the antiviral molecular mechanism of ribavirin is based on the lethal mutagenesis/error catastrophe, that is, the ribavirin is not merely an antiviral reagent but also an effective mutagen.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 1992.07b
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• pp.1211-1214
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• 1992

AC servo motor drives, Fara DS series, proposed in this paper can be effectively used in robots, CNC machine tools, and FA system with AC servo motors as actuators. The inverter of the AC servo drive consists of IGBT (Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor) which have high switching frequency. Noises and vibrations generated in variable speed control of AC servo motors can be greatly reduced due to their high switching frequencies. In the developed servo drive, maximum torque is always generated in the whole speed range by compensating phase shift, which results from the nonlinearies of the AC servo motor during abrupt acceleration and deceleration. Abundant protection functions are provided to prevent abnormal state of the servo motor, and furthermore diverse user options are considered provided for the effective application. The proposed AC servo motor drive is designed to minimize velocity variation with respect to external load, supply voltage, environmental temperature, and humidity, so can be widely used in the fields of factory automation including robots and CNC msachine tools.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.365-371
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• 2013

High intakes of sodium may increase the risk of hypertension or cardiovascular diseases. According to the 2010 Korea National Health and Nutrition Survey, the average intake of sodium was 4,878 mg/day with salt, kimchi, soy sauce, fermented soybean paste and Ramyeon being the five main sources of sodium. In order to identify solutions to reduce the intake of sodium, we investigated the intake patterns and eating behaviors of Ramyeon among 347 college students (male 146, female 201) using survey questionnaires. The average age of study subjects was 23.7 years for males and 20.5 years for females. The average Body Mass Index ($kg/m^2$) was 21.9 for males and 20.1 for females. The average frequency of Ramyeon intake was 2.0 times/week. The main reason for eating Ramyeon was convenience (56%), followed by good taste (27%), low price (11%) and other reasons (9%). The criteria for choosing Ramyeon were taste (72%), convenience (14%), price (7%), nutrition (1%), and the other factors (2%). Males' average intake of Ramyeon soup (61%) was higher than that of the females (36%). The estimated intake of Ramyeon soup by survey showed a positive correlation with the measured intake of Ramyeon soup. Sodium contents of Ramyeon were measured separately for the noodles and the soup, which were 1,185 mg/serving and 1,148 mg/serving each. Therefore, the amount of sodium intake can be reduced if students eat less Ramyeon soup. Also, we observed that dietary behaviors and soup intakes of Ramyeon between the sexes were different. Appropriate nutritional education for proper eating habits may help decrease the intake of sodium.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.115-121
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• 2014

Humulus japonicus is an ornamental plant in the Cannabaceae family. Although the mode of action of Humulus japonicus is not fully understood, a strong relationship was observed between anti-inflammatory and anticancer in some types of cells. Recent studies also have shown that Humulus japonicus possesses anti-inflammatory activities and may significantly improve antioxidant potential in Raw 264.7 macrophage cells. Thus, the aim of this study was evaluated the effect of Humulus japonicus extract on sperm motility and subsequent preimplantation developmental competence of the bovine embryos. After in vitro maturation, the oocytes with sperms were exposed in in vitro fertilization (IVF) medium supplemented with Humulus japonicus extract (0.01, 0.05, $0.1{\mu}g/mL$, respectively) for 1 day. In our results, exposure of IVF medium to Humulus japonicus extract did not affect sperm motility and percentage of penetrated oocytes but ROS intensity was significantly decreased by $0.01{\mu}g/mL$ compared with other groups (p< 0.05). Moreover, treatment with $0.01{\mu}g/mL$ of Humulus japonicus extract was higher the frequency of blastocyst formation than the any other groups (p<0.05). Otherwise, treatment with $0.01{\mu}g/mL$ of Humulus japonicus extract not increased the total cell number but reduced apoptotic-positive nuclei number. In conclusion, our results indicate that supplementation of Humulus japonicus extract in IVF medium may have important implications for improving early embryonic development in bovine embryos.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.269-275
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• 2004

Different biological tissues have different values of electrical resistivity. In EIT (electrical impedance tomography), we try to provide cross-sectional images of a resistivity distribution inside an electrically conducting subject such as the human body mainly for functional imaging. However, it is well known that the image reconstruction problem in EIT is ill-posed and the quality of a reconstructed image highly depends on the measurement error. This requires us to develop a high-performance EIT system. In this paper, we describe the development of a 16-channel digital EIT system including a single constant current source, 16 voltmeters, main controller, and PC. The system was designed and implemented using the FPGA-based digital technology. The current source injects 50KHz sinusoidal current with the THD (total harmonic distortion) of 0.0029% and amplitude stability of 0.022%. The single current source and switching circuit reduce the measurement error associated with imperfect matching of multiple current sources at the expense of a reduced data acquisition time. The digital voltmeter measuring the induced boundary voltage consists of a differential amplifier, ADC, and FPGA (field programmable gate array). The digital phase-sensitive demodulation technique was implemented in the voltmeter to maximize the SNR (signal-to-noise ratio). Experimental results of 16-channel digital voltmeters showed the SNR of 90dB. We used the developed EIT system to reconstruct resistivity images of a saline phantom containing banana objects. Based on the results, we suggest future improvements for a 64-channel muff-frequency EIT system for three-dimensional dynamic imaging of bio-impedance distributions inside the human body.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.375-381
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• 2008

A new disease causing skin sooty dapple symptoms on fruits, leaves, and young shoot of Asian pear occurred in Korea. However, no chemical control approaches has been developed to control this disease. To investigate ecological aspects of this disease, we conducted field surveys in the high or low disease occurred orchards. The years with heavy rainfall caused severe occurrence of the skin sooty dapple disease than the years with lower rainfall during all growth stages of pear fruit. Different fruit-wrapping bags did not prevent occurrence of skin sooty dapple disease, and lesion numbers were higher in lower parts of fruit equatorial line inside of fruit-wrapping bags. There is a direct correlation between occurrence of the skin sooty dapple disease and frequency of fungicide application in the orchards. Among the tested commercial fungicides, thiophanate-methyl WP and penconazole WP completely inhibited the growth of the Cladosporium sp. in in vitro studies but little protection was observed in the field following fungicide applications. However, application of lime sulfur combined with the use of fruit-wrapping bags most effectively reduced incidence of the disease in the field. Our results suggest that skin sooty dapple disease could be a serious problem in sustainable organic pear farms and effective control methods for this disease urgently required.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.539-548
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• 2011

This study was conducted to control unseasonable flowering in a standard chrysanthemum 'Baekma' bred in Korea by 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (ethephon) and night temperature (NT) through suppression of the transition from a vegetative to a reproductive stage under long day length caused by high NT in summer season. Ethephon was applied either once or twice at a concentration of 0, 200, 400, or $800mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$. The NT within controlled mini-plastic houses was maintained at 13, 17, or $21^{\circ}C$. The NT at $13^{\circ}C$ showed the greatest inhibiting effect of unseasonable flowering among all NTs regardless of various combinations of ethephon concentration and frequency. Moreover, the inhibition tendency of unseasonable flowering was distinctly decreased in a NT-dependant manner. Higher NTs reduced cut flower length and number of leaves, but increased the number of young leaves attached to top part of the flower. Higher ethephon concentrations and lower NTs increased cut flower length and the fresh weight of total, stem, and leaves due to the extension of vegetative growth period. Thus, if it is difficult to control the NT below $21^{\circ}C$ in greenhouses in the summer season, we recommended to spray more than $200mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ ethephon once after planting to suppress unseasonable flowering and to ensure sufficient length of cut flowers.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.11
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• pp.31-45
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• 2017

According to the railway accident statistics in recent years, the frequency of accidents has been significantly reduced, due to the advance of related technologies and the establishment of safety information management systems. Nonetheless, accidents due to errors in the operation and maintenance phase and faults in safety design continue to occur. Therefore, to prevent accidents, guidelines for the safety design and manufacture of railway vehicles were established, and a request for the independent safety evaluation of safety designs was made. To respond to this, rail system developers must prepare safety cases as a safety activity product. One of the main items of these safety cases is the safety-related application conditions (SRAC) and, thus, the question of how to develop these SRAC is an important one. The SRAC studies reported so far focused only on the simplicity of the derivation procedure and the specific safety activities in the design phase. This method seems to have the advantage of quickly deriving SRAC items. However, there is a risk that some important safety-related items may be missing. As such, this paper proposes an improved method of developing the SRAC based on the idea of performing both the safety design and safety evaluation activities throughout the whole system lifecycle. In this way, it is possible to develop and manage the SRAC more systematically. Especially, considering the SRAC from the initial stage of the design can allow the safety requirements to be reflected to a greater extent. Also, an application case study on railway signaling systems shows that the method presented herein can prevent the omission of important safety-related items, due to the consideration of the SRAC throughout the system lifecycle.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.23-31
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• 2004

Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA Landauer ＆ Dumais, 1997) is a technique to represent the meanings of words using co-occurrence information of words appearing in he same context, which is usually a sentence or a document. In LSA, a word is represented as a point in multidimensional space where each axis represents a context, and a word's meaning is determined by its frequency in each context. The space is reduced by singular value decomposition (SVD). The present study elaborates upon LSA for use of representation of ambiguous words. The proposed LSA applies rotation of axes in the document space which makes possible to interpret the meaning of un. A simulation study was conducted to illustrate the performance of LSA in representation of ambiguous words. In the simulation, first, the texts which contain an ambiguous word were extracted and LSA with rotation was performed. By comparing loading matrix, we categorized the texts according to meanings. The first meaning of an ambiguous wold was represented by LSA with the matrix excluding the vectors for the other meaning. The other meanings were also represented in the same way. The simulation showed that this way of representation of an ambiguous word can identify the meanings of the word. This result suggest that LSA with axis rotation can be applied to representation of ambiguous words. We discussed that the use of rotation makes it possible to represent multiple meanings of ambiguous words, and this technique can be applied in the area of web searching.