• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.338-351
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• 2018

This study was conducted in a long-term experimental forest in the central hardwoods region of southwestern Michigan to retrospectively examine the role of past forest management practices and climate on red oak (Quercus rubra L.) productivity. Initially, in 1971, plots within the experimental forest were treated separately with a clearcut and shelterwood regeneration harvest in an attempt to increase red oak regeneration. From 1987-1989, a new study was initiated within a portion of the clearcut and shelterwood plots to evaluate the effectiveness of additional oak crop tree release using mechanical and chemical applications. Cumulative diameter and mortality rates of 719 red oaks were monitored across the four silvicultural treatments: Clearcut-A (clearcut without additional release treatment), Clearcut-B (clearcut with additional release treatment), Shelterwood-A (shelterwood without additional release), and Shelterwood-B (shelterwood with additional release) plus an untreated control. Increment cores were obtained from red oak trees and neighboring competitor species. Tree-ring analyses (dendrochronology) were applied to examine the effect of these silvicultural treatments and climatic factors (temperature and precipitation) on red oak productivity. The results indicated that crop tree release following a clearcut or shelterwood harvest reduced mortality rates and thus increased survival of red oak. Red oak in control plots or plots only receiving the initial regeneration harvesting treatment and no additional competition release were negatively affected by climatic stress, which included summer moisture stress. In contrast, red oak in plots that received the competition release treatment from shade tolerant tree species not only had higher tree level productivity (i.e., tree basal area) and lower mortality rates, but were also relatively more resilient to climatic stress by showing limited or no associations between climate and growth.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.46 no.10
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• pp.1265-1269
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• 2017

This study was performed to evaluate the effects of combined treatment of clove bud essential oil (CBEO) and mild heat (MH) on inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 inoculated onto red oak leaves. Combined treatment of 0.2% CBEO with MH at $50^{\circ}C$ exhibited the highest inhibitory effect against E. coli O157:H7 among treatments, resulting in 1.45 log reduction compared with water washing treatment. In addition, inhibitory effect of the combined treatment was maintained during storage of red oak leaves at $4^{\circ}C$ for 9 days, showing 1.67~2.25 log reductions compared with non-treated samples. Thus, these results indicate that combined treatment with CBEO/MH can be used to ensure the microbiological safety of fresh leaf vegetables such as red oak leaves during storage.

• Journal of Korea Foresty Energy
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.43-50
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• 2002

This paper describes experimental results on the utilization of some Korean oak woods for whisky aging barrel. Some anatomical characteristics as vessel diameter, ray spacing, ray height, existence of tyloses, water absorption and color change of alcohol during immersing of wood samples were examined. The oak woods used in this study were ring-porous. The type of ray was a compound ray consisted of uniseriate ray and broad ray. The ray parenchyma cells were almost procumbent, tyloses were presented in white oak(Quercus aliena, Quercus variabilis, Quercus dentata, Quercus mongolica), but absented in red oak(Quercus rubura). Density of wood samples decreased during immersing in alcohol. Alcohol color in Quercus dentata and Quercus aliena presented more darker than other samples. Water absorption of sapwoods was higher than that of heartwoods. Especially, red oak showed more higher water absorption than white oak. Consequently, Korean white oak woods can be used as the whisky aging barrel.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.691-699
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• 2014

In order to improve the dimensional stability and durability of wood, this study attempted to impregnate bismuth (Bi) - tin (Sn) alloy metal with low melting temperature into solid woods of three species such as radiata pine, red oak and white oak, and investigated to determine an optimum condition of manufacturing the metal alloy-wood composites with natural wood grains. These Bi-Sn alloys were chosen for this study because they were harmless to human and melting at low temperatures. The composites resulted in high dimensional stability and low thickness swelling, and also showed much improved performance such as high bending strength, high hardness, high electric conductivity, and high thermal conductivity as floor materials. A proper impregnating condition of all specimens was determined as 10 minutes of the preliminary vacuum time, and $185^{\circ}C$ of the heating temperature. The proper processing condition for radiata pine wood was 2.5 minutes of the pressuring time at the pressure of $10kgf/cm^2$. For red oak wood, 10 minutes of the pressuring time at the pressure of $30kgf/cm^2$ were the proper condition. The proper manufacture conditions for white oak wood was determined as 10 minutes of the pressuring time at the pressure of $50kgf/cm^2$.

• Proceedings of the Zoological Society Korea Conference
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• 1995.10b
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• pp.191.1-191
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• 1995

No Abstract, See Full Text

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.87-92
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• 1996

When cutting 2.0cm-thick red oak and hard maple with an air-jet-assisted carbon-dioxide laser of 2kW output power, maximum feed speed at the point of full penetration of the beam decreased with increasing the angle between grain and cutting direction. Feed speed averaged 3.75 and 3.38 meters per minute for red oak and hard maple, respectively. Gray-level of laser-cut surfaces were analyzed by image analysis system. The highest gray level of laser-cut surface was obtained when red oak was cut parallel to grain by laser. Surface profiler was used to scan the sawn and laser-cut surfaces. Center line average roughnesses of laser-cut surfaces were higher than those of sawn surfaces. Scanning electron micrographs showed the cell walls which were melted by laser.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.10 no.1_2
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• pp.36-40
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• 1967

1. The effect of the pH value on P32 absorption of leaves of three forest trees under the water culture is investigated. 2. The degree of the P32 absorption to the pH value is quite different in each forest tree. 3. The phosphorus contents are proved higher in the leaves of Quercus accutissima(the saw shaped oak) than in the leaves of Pinus densiflora(the red pine) and Lespedeza bicolar (bush clover). 4. Larger contents of phosphorus are found in acidity plots than in alkalinity. The leaves of treated plot of the pH 4 (red pine), of the pH 5.0 (bush clover), and of the pH 5.0-6.5 (saw shaped oak) have a higher nutrient capital as indicated by P32 compared with that of the other pH values. 5. It is also noticed that P32 absorption capacity is decreased with the higher pH values. 6. The content of P of leaves shows the lowest value in the plot of the pH 6.5 (pine), of the pH 7.5(bush clover), and of the pH 9.0(saw shaped oak). It is also noticed that the red pine is to do very well in acid cultivation and then follow bush clover and saw shaped oak in the order.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.891-897
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• 2011

Oak barrel have been used for a long time for the aging of wine. Instead of oak barrel aging, however, roasted oak chips can be directly added in the wine before aging. In this study, Korean oak chips roasted for different time durations were used for the red wine aging, and the properties of wine aged through the addition of the roasted oak chips were characterized. No significant differences were observed in the alcohol, soluble-solid, reducing-sugar and total-acid contents based on the oak chips aging, but the total phenol content increased. The methanol, ethyl acetate, propanol, isobutanol and isoamyl alcohol contents also increased. Especially, the methanol and propanol contents increased as the roasting time was prolonged. Although the hue values were similar to one another, the intensity as well as the lightness, redness, and yellowness values were high in the wine aged with the roasted oak chips. In the sensory evaluation, the wine aged with oak chips roasted for 2 h showed the highest scores in the flavor, taste, and overall preference.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.27-33
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• 1994

This study was conducted to determine the nutritional value of native oriental white oak(Quercus aliena Blume) browse by Korean native goats. Oak browse were mixed with grass hay(orchardgrass 60% and red clover 40%), varing in oak browse content. Diets included 30% oak browse and 70% grass hay, 60% oak browse and 40 % grass hay, and a 100% grass hay(contro1). Oak browse diets were higher in NDF, ADF, lignin, and tannin contents, but lower in CP content than the control diet with increased oak browse levels. Gross energy levels showed no difference between the control and oak browse diets. Dry matter intake was the lowest on diet containing oak browse 60%. Digestibility for DM, cellular constituents, NDF, and ADF showed lower for oak browse diets compared to control diet(P<0.05). Oak browse diets furnished significantly lower dietary N than &d the control diet. Fecal N losses generally increased with higher levels of oak browse levels(P<0.05). Apparently digested N and retained N were lower in oak browse diets than in control diet. The higher retained N was obtained in control diet than in oak browse diets. DE and ME declined linearly as oak browse levels increased when compared to control diet(P

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.515-525
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• 2016

The Palsangjeon Pagoda is a five-story wooden building in the Beopjusa Temple area in the Songnisan national park in Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea. According to historical records, it was constructed in either AD 1605 or AD 1626. To specify the construction year more precisely, we took 41 wood samples for tree-ring analysis during repair actions in 2013; 28 from red pine (Pinus densiflora S. et Z.), 12 from oak (Quercus spp.), and 1 from fir (Abies spp.). The tree-ring boundaries became clearly visible by smoothing their cross-sectional surface and the tree-ring widths were measured under a stereo microscope. All tree-ring series were compared with each other to establish mean chronologies, which we then compared with local master chronologies established using tree rings collected from wooden elements of the Daeungjeon Hall which is the main building in the Beopjusa Temple area. As a result, it was verified that the red pines were felled in AD 1624 and in AD 1851. Moreover, it was verified that the oaks were also felled in AD 1624 based on cross-dating with the red pine chronology. We concluded that the Palsangjeon Wooden Pagoda was constructed in AD 1626, as mentioned in the historical record (Daeungdaekwangmyeongjeonbulsangki, 1630) and the letters on a purlin on the $4^{th}$ story, using oak and red pine felled in AD 1624 and repaired later on using red pine felled in AD 1851.