• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.170-177
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• 2007

In this study, the long-term predictability of El Nino and La Nina events of Pusan National University Coupled General Circulation Model(PNU/CME CGCM) developed from a Research and Development Grant funded by Korea Meteorology Administration(KMA) was examined in terms of the correlation coefficients of the sea surface temperature between the model and observation and skill scores at the tropical Pacific. For the purpose, long-term global climate was hindcasted using PNU/CME CGCM for 12 months starting from April, July, October and January(APR RUN, JUL RUN, OCT RUN and JAN RUN, respectively) of each and every years between 1979 and 2004. Each 12-month hindcast consisted of 5 ensemble members. Relatively high correlation was maintained throughout the 12-month lead hindcasts at the equatorial Pacific for the four RUNs starting at different months. It is found that the predictability of our CGCM in forecasting equatorial SST anomalies is more pronounced within 6-month of lead time, in particular. For the assessment of model capability in predicting El Nino and La Nina, various skill scores such as Hit rates and False Alarm rate are calculated. According to the results, PNU/CME CGCM has a good predictability in forecasting warm and cold events, in spite of relatively poor capability in predicting normal state of equatorial Pacific. The predictability of our CGCM was also compared with those of other CGCMs participating DEMETER project. The comparative analysis also illustrated that our CGCM has reasonable long-term predictability comparable to the DEMETER participating CGCMs. As a conclusion, PNU/CME CGCM can predict El Nino and La Nina events at least 12 months ahead in terms of NIino 3.4 SST anomaly, showing much better predictability within 6-month of leading time.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.219-228
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• 2018

This study was conducted twice to investigate egg purchase behavior and perception on animal welfare of Korean consumers. This study included women, who were the main decision makers and caretakers in the household, and men with one-person household. This survey was conducted with by the Computer Assisted Web Interview and Gang Survey methods. On the key considerations factor, the highest response rate was considered to be 'price', and the response rate of considering 'packing date' increased in the second survey. At a reasonable price based on 10 eggs, the response rate was the highest at 53.8% and 42.9% in both the first and second surveys and the appropriate price averages were 2,482 won and 2,132 won, respectively. The highest rate of purchase of egg consumers from 'Large Mart' followed by 'Medium sized supermarket' and 'Chain supermarket'. As for the awareness about animal welfare, the recognition ratio (73.5%) was higher in the result of the second survey than the first. The cognitive period of animal welfare was 59.0% before the insecticide egg crisis and 41.0% thereafter. Regarding whether or not they have ever seen an animal welfare certification mark and an animal welfare animal farm certification mark, 59.6% of respondents said that they saw it for the first time and 37.6% answered that they knew the animal welfare certification mark. On the animal welfare system, the 'free-range' response rate was the highest at 85.8%. The 'free-range' fit response decreased by 34.2%p, while the 'barn' and 'European type' fit response increased by 13.2%p and 24.1%p, respectively. The number of 'I have never seen' and 'I have ever eaten' responses to the recognition and eating experience of animal welfare certified eggs decreased while the number of those who answered 'Have ever seen' and 'Have eaten' increased. The answer of purchasing animal welfare certified eggs at department stores, organic farming cooperatives, and internet shopping malls was higher than that of buying conventional eggs. Of the total respondents, 92.0% were willing to purchase an animal welfare egg before the price was offered, but after offering the prices of animal welfare eggs, the intention to purchase was 62.7%, which was about 30%p lower than before. The reason for purchasing an animal welfare certified egg was the highest score of 71.0% for 'I think it is likely to be high in food safety', and 38.1% for 'I think the price is high' for lack of intention to purchase. In the sensory evaluation of animal welfare eggs, egg color and skin texture of conventional eggs were significantly higher than those of certified welfare eggs (P<0.05), and boiled eggs showed that egg whites of animal welfare certified eggs were more (P<0.05). As a result, the results of this study will contribute to the activation of the animal welfare certification system for laying hens by providing basic data on consumer awareness to animal welfare certified farmers.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2011.10a
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• pp.2192-2204
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• 2011

Recently, The government is actively transit road-oriented Traffic System to the eco-friendly and high-efficiency railroad-oriented transportation system for the sustainable green growth. The second plan of Nationwide Railway Network which has been officially announced rearrange to integration, multi-core, open architecture country by the railway network and integrate to the one mega city that rink an important city in one hour 30 minute. But the railroad industry is disadvantageous when it compares with the road industry on the ground that railroad industry peculiarities(a cost-benefit analysis, an environment value, etc) have not reflected in the (preliminary) feasibility study for SOC industry. The government establish Improved methodology of Rail Investment Rating System and improved preliminary feasibility study in railroad project by introduction many content(analysis periods, rate of discount, the benefits of shortening of transit hours, the estimation of traffic accident reduction benefits, investment cost of vehicle substitution and operation and maintenance cost of high speed rail) about the Improved methodology of Rail Investment Rating System. This study is intended to consideration the key content that was included in the Improved methodology of Rail Investment Rating System. In addition, the points to be considered for additional study have been reviewed in this study. We hope we will carry out make a reasonable and objective Rail Investment Rating System and to perform the railway industry of the virtuous cycle such improvement plans are reflected at a hereafter railroad section.

• The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.19-33
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• 2009

Purpose : To check the legal relation between rescue team and patient as well as legal responsibility for patient's damage intentionally or erroneously caused by rescue member, a public official, in the performance of relevant job ; to prevent legal dispute over rescue team and to present program for fair settlement of dispute and equitable and feasible burden of damage. Method : First, the legal principle of Civil Law, Criminal Law and Administrative Law related to the theme of this research will be investigated around research by literature. Second, the case of dispute related to rescue team will be introduced. Result: 1. If 119 rescue members as a public official intentionally or erroneously cause damage to patient in the performance of job, they shall bear civil, criminal and administrative responsibility. They shall bear civil responsibility for indemnity for damage due to default or tort. The typical criminal responsibility includes accidental homicide arising out of duty, preparing falsified official document, dereliction of duty, etc. In the administrative side, the state is responsible for indemnity for peculiar status of the rescue member, public official. 2. Though raising civil petition or legal dispute over unsatisfactory rescue service may be reasonable to guarantee the right of nation, such action may cause stress to rescue member as well as may lead to mental shrinking and defensive attitude only to take the basic first aid treatment which has low possibility of mistake instead of active first aid treatment so as to avoid legal responsibility. 3. The program that may prevent legal dispute over 119 rescue team includes expansion of manpower specialized in first aid treatment, enhancement of education on legal environment, development and application of standard job guideline, formation of mutual trust with patient, detailed explanation, preparing and keeping minute record, improvement of the rescue members' ability of first aid treatment and development of medical instruction mode. Conclusion : The best policy is to prevent legal dispute. If it is impossible to basically exclude the possibility of dispute, however, we need to make effort to minimize the occurrence, settle fairly and divide damage equitably and feasibly. To improve the preventible death rate of our first aid system to the level of advanced country, 119 rescue team which is in charge of the stage before hospital needs to positively enforce special first aid by improving the qualitative level of rescue service and to strive to prevent legal dispute that may occur in the process.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.553-558
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• 2012

A simple new method was developed for the determination of betaine in Fructus Lycii using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography with evaporative light scattering detection (HILIC-ELSD). Good chromatographic separation and reasonable betaine retention was achieved on a Kinetex HILIC column ($2.1{\times}100mm$, $2.6{\mu}m$) packed with fused-core particle. The mobile phase consisted of (A) acetonitrile and (B) 10 mM ammonium formate (pH 3.0)/acetonitrile (90/10, v/v). It was used with gradient elution at a flow rate of 0.7 mL/min. The column temperature was set at $27.5^{\circ}C$ and the injection volume was $10{\mu}L$. The ELSD drift tube temperature was $50^{\circ}C$ and the nebulizing gas (nitrogen) pressure was 3.0 bar. Stachydrine, a zwitterionic compound, was used as an internal standard. Calibration curve over $10-250{\mu}g/mL$ showed good linearity ($R^2$ > 0.9992) and betaine in the 70% methanol extract of Fructus Lycii was well separated from other peaks. Intraand inter-day precision ranged from 1.1 to 3.0% and from 2.4 to 5.3%, respectively, while intra- and inter-day accuracy ranged from 100.0 to 107.0% and from 94.3 to 103.9%, respectively. The limit of quantification (LOQ) was $10{\mu}g/mL$ and the recoveries were in the range of 98.2-102.7%. The developed HILIC-ELSD method was successfully applied to quantitatively determine the amount of betaine in fourteen Fructus Lycii samples from different locations, demonstrating that this method is simple, rapid, and suitable for the quality control of Fructus Lycii.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.11-17
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• 2020

In this paper, we propose practical results for cache replacement policy by measuring cache hit and search time for each replacement algorithm through cache simulation. Thus, the structure of each cache memory and the four types of alternative policies of FIFO, LFU, LRU and Random were implemented in software to analyze the characteristics of each technique. The paper experiment showed that the LRU algorithm showed hit rate and search time of 36.044% and 577.936ns in uniform distribution, 45.636% and 504.692ns in deflection distribution, while the FIFO algorithm showed similar performance to the LRU algorithm at 36.078% and 554.772ns in even distribution and 45.662% and 489.574ns in bias distribution. Then LFU followed, Random algorithm was measured at 30.042% and 622.866ns at even distribution, 36.36% at deflection distribution and 553.878ns at lowest performance. The LRU replacement method commonly used in cache memory has the complexity of implementation, but it is the most efficient alternative to conventional alternative algorithms, indicating that it is a reasonable alternative method considering the reference information of data.

• Journal of the Korean Regional Science Association
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.61-78
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• 2017

Among several policies for industrial decentralization introduced since the 1960s, business relocation grant policies put a heavy financial burden on central and local governments. This study investigates the change in the likelihood of manufacturing establishments' relocation to the non-SMA associate with the change in business relocation grant policies. Using the mining and manufacturing survey data from 1996 to 2014, manufacturing firms' relocation decision model in nested logit structure was estimated. The data showed that the proportion of movements from the SMA to the non-SMA significantly increased after the introduction of the grant policies. However, estimation results of firms' relocation decision model indicated that the likelihood of firms relocating from the SMA to the non-SMA decreased after the introduction of the grant policies. In particular, firms' likelihood to move into the rural regions is even lower in the period of the grant extension. This suggests that increasing rate of relocations toward the rural regions may have been driven by the growing advantage of rural locations, such as low land rent and improvement in market accessibility, rather than the grants per se. This implies that the alleviation of physical and environmental constraints of the rural regions and the creation of business friendly environment such as easy access to premises at reasonable prices and strengthened linkage with the SMA, rather than simple provision of business relocation grants, needed to attract businesses in the rural regions.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.40-52
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• 2015

Background: The purpose of this study was to analyze the increase in Grade of Nursing Management Fee of medical institutions and establish a reasonable government policy by examining which factors affect the increase of nurse staffing. Methods: Analyzing data collected from the Health Insurance Review & Assessment Service resource management department with targets of 1,104 medical institutions. The study period was 5 years from June 30, 2008 to June 30, 2013. SAS ver. 9.2 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA) was used for statistical analysis. The data was analyzed by a chi-square test and also conducted muiltivariate logistic regression analyses for variables of basic characteristics, human resource characteristics, and material resources. Results: Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) of the rise in Grade of Nursing Management Fee among other hospitals compared to hospitals owned by government or universities was 0.264. The AOR in hospitals established after November 2006 compared to those before June 1995 was 2.383. The AOR in Gangwon, Chungcheng South, and Jeolla South Provinces compared to Seoul was 0.084, 0.036, and 0.194, respectively. The AOR in hospitals with more than 6.75 specialists per 100 beds compared to those with less than 6.75 specialists per 100 beds was 7.514. The AOR in hospitals with more than 17.48 nurse per 100 beds compared to those with less than 17.48 nurse per 100 beds was 3.300. The AOR in hospitals with 50% to 75% bed utilization, 75% to 90% bed utilization and more than 90% bed utilization compared to those with less than 50% bed utilization was 5.428, 9.884, and 10.699, respectively. The AOR in hospitals with one magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and more than two MRI compared to those with no MRI was 2.018 and 2.942, respectively. Conclusion: This result has showed policies to induce the rise in Grade of Nursing Management Fee among old hospitals and the incentive system for local medical institutions are needed. Also we need to develop a governmental policy for medium-small hospitals with low operation rate of beds and insufficient medical personnel and number of equipment in hospitals.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.219-225
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• 2016

Most of the commercial devices for vitrification are directly immersed into the warming solution (WS) for increasing of warming rate. However, the previous modified cut standard straw (MCS) which has reported is difficult to immerse into the WS. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the long cut straw (LCS) could be useful as a stable tool for vitrified-warmed human blastocysts. A total of 138 vitrified-warmed cycles were performed between November 2013 and November 2014 (exclusion criteria: women ${\geq}38$ years old, poor responder, surgical retrieval sperm, and severe male factor). The artificial shrinkage was conducted using 29-gauge needles. Ethylene glycol and dimethyl sulfoxide (7.5% and 15% (v/v)) were used as cryoprotectants. Freezing and warming were conducted using the LCS tool. The cap of LCS was removed using the forceps in the liquid nitrogen ($LN_2$) and then directly immersed into the first WS for 1 min at $37^{\circ}C$ (1 M sucrose). Only re-expanded blastocysts were transferred after it was cultured in sequential media for 18-20 h. A total of 294 blastocysts were warmed, and all were recovered (100%). Two hundred eighty-five embryos were survived (96.9%). The vitrified-warmed blastocysts of all patients were transferred without any cancellation. We were able to achieve a reasonable implantation (24.2%), following by clinical pregnancy (36.2%), which then continued to ongoing pregnancy (36.2%), and live birth (31.2%). Using LCS is achieved the acceptable rates of survival, pregnancy and live birth. Therefore, the LCS could be considered as a stable and simple tool for human embryo vitrificaton.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.111-132
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• 1970

An analysis of nursing activities in a in-patient ward and its management was observed in order to assess necessary number of nursing hands and find out reasonable work management with them. The study was performed with two wards of St. Mary′s Hospital, Catholic Medical Center, for the period from July to December 1970. The results and conclusions were as the following 1. The role of the nurses are determined by doctor′s order in 57.7% in kind, 80.0% in amount. and by nurses decision 20.0% in amount. 2. Works related to patient care are found to be 20.6% in the internal medicine ward and 20.4% in the surgical ward while works related to treatment are 4.7% in the former and 27.2% in the letter. Medication occupies 40.0% in the internal medical ward while 26.6% in the surgery ward, and observation occupies 34.7% in the former while 25.8% in the letter. These can be said to reflect characteristic differences bet ween the two wards. 3. When nursing functions were evaluated by importance "A" level in the amount of works to be done occupied 67.6% in the surgical ward and 62.8% in the internal medical ward. In the kind of the important works, "B"level is found to be most frequent with 50% while "A"level 43%. When evaluated by difficulty, "B"level was found to be most frequent in amount in both internal medicine and surgical wards (52.6%, 38.2%). 4. Works needing professional knowledge and skills occupied 92% in the both wards while unprofessional works 2.8% and 4.2% respectively. There are indications, however, that unprofessional works have an increasing tendency. 5. When evaluated by the amount of works, the surgical ward has 11 nurses less and the internal medicine ward 3 nurses less then the necessary number of nursing staffs. There are shortage of 12 and 6 nurses respectively when evaluated by the number of patients and 18 nurses in the both wards when evaluated by the medical regulations of the Government. 6. The ratio of the nursing staff to patient was found to be 1:11.5, 1:23.0 and 1:34.5 in the morning, evening and night turn in the surgical ward. In the medical word the ratio was 1:9.4, 1:22.0 and 1:33.0. 7. The deficiency of necessary equipment and tension accompanying management of those equipment were found to lower the effective functioning of the head nurse who is a junior manager of the ward. They also consume much of the time and energy of the nurses at work who are over burdened in most of the cases. 8. The high rate of the number of nurses who leave the job impairs the functioning of team work which is considered to be most important in the effective performance of nursing activities and thus contributes to lower the efficiency of nursing functions.