• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제14권10호
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• pp.6165-6171
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• 2013

This study aimed to analyze the expression and clinical significance of cyclin G2 (CCNG2) in thyroid carcinoma and the biological effects of CCNG2 overexpression in a cell line. Immunohistochemistry and Western blotting were used to analyze CCNG2 protein expression in 63 cases of thyroid cancer and normal tissues to allow the relationship with clinical factors to be assessed. CCNG2 lentiviral and empty vectors were transfected into the thyroid cancer K1 cell line. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blotting were applied to detect the mRNA and protein levels of CCNG2. MTT assay and cell cycle were also conducted to assess the influence of up-regulated expression of CCNG2 on K1 cell biology. The level of CCNG2 protein expression was found to be significantly lower in thyroid cancer tissue than normal tissues (P<0.05). Western blot: The relative amount of CCNG2 protein in thyroid cancer tissue was respectively found to be significantly lower than in normal tissues (P<0.05), correlating with lymph node metastasis, clinic stage and histological grade (P<0.05), but not gender, age or tumor size (P>0.05). Loss of CCNG2 expression correlated significantly with poor overall survival time on Kaplan-Meier analysis (P<0.05). The results for biological functions showed that K1 cell transfected CCNG2 had a lower survival fraction, a greater percentage in the G0/G1 phases, and lower cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) protein expression compared with K1 cells non-transfected with CCNG2 (P<0.05). CCNG2 expression decreased in thyroid cancer and correlated significantly lymph node metastasis, clinic stage, histological grade and poor overall survival, suggesting that CCNG2 may play important roles as a negative regulator in thyroid cancer K1 cells by promoting degradation of CDK2.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.129-138
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• 1988

본(本) 연구(硏究)에서는 잔자갈을 충전(充塡)한 간접폭기방식(間接曝氣方式) 침지여상(浸漬濾床)의 설계(設計)나 운전에 합리성(合理性)을 부여하기 위해, 폭기조(曝氣槽)에서 침지여상(浸漬濾床)으로의 산소공급(酸素供給) 특성(特性) 및 잔자갈의 입경(粒徑), 순환수(循環水)의 수량부하(水量負荷), $BOD_5$ 용적부하(容積負荷) 변화에 대한 처리효율(處理效率)을 검토하였다. 실험(實驗)은 $20^{\circ}C$를 유지한 침지여상(浸漬濾床)의 하부(下部)에 합성하수(合成下水)를 상향류(上向流)로 연속주입(注入)하였고, 동시(同時)에 포기조에서 충분히 포기된 물을 침지여상(浸漬濾床)에 상향류(上向流)로 순환(循環)시키면서 수행되었다. 실험결과(實驗結果) 가장 적당한 잔자갈의 입경(粒徑)은 11 mm 정도였으며, 설계(設計) 및 운전을 위해서는 잔자갈의 표면적부하(表面的負荷)보다는 침지여상(浸漬濾床)의 용적(容積)을 기준으로 하는 것이 타당하며, 90% 이상의 $BOD_5$ 제거율을 얻기 위해서는 BOD 용적부하율(容積負荷率)을 $1.0kg-BOD_5/m^3{\cdot}d$ 이하로 운전하여야 하며, 이때 순환수(循環水)($DO7.2mg/{\ell}$)의 수량부하(水量負荷)는 $189m^3/m^3{\cdot}d$ 이상으로 유지시켜야 할 것으로 나타났다. 또 본실험(本實驗) 범위내에서 반응속도계수(反應速度係數) $K_1$은 순환수(循環水)의 수량(水量) 부하(負荷) 및 잔자갈의 입경(粒徑)과 밀접한 관계(關係)가 있음을 알았다.

• 대한불안의학회지
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.142-147
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• 2008

Objective : Evidence from recent studies supports the role of genetic factors in the development of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). The primary aim of this study is to investigate the association between the dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) TaqI A polymorphism and PTSD. The second aim is to examine the association between the DRD2 TaqI A polymorphism and clinical symptoms in patients with PTSD. Methods : We recruited 189 Vietnam veterans for participation in this study, among whom 99 were PTSD patients and 90 were control subjects. The presence of the DRD2 TaqI A polymorphism was determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Several standardized research scales were used in the clinical assessment of PTSD, including the Combat Exposure Scale (CES), Clinician Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and Clinical Global Impression (CGI). Results : There was no significant difference in the distribution of the DRD2 genotype, frequency and prevalence of the A1 allele, or the frequency of heterozygotes between the patients with PTSD and the controls. In the PTSD group, the patients with the A1 allele (A1A1, A1A2) scored higher on the CAPS-total (p=0.044), CAPS-avoidance symptoms (p=0.016) and BDI (p=0.024) than those without the A1 allele (A2A2). Conclusion : We could not find an association between the dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) TaqI A polymorphism and PTSD. However, the A1 allele of DRD2 seemsto influence avoidance symptoms in patients with PTSD.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제33권11호
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• pp.1837-1847
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• 2020

Objective: To evaluate the pancreatic differentiation potential of α-1,3-galactosyltransferase knockout (GalTKO) pig-derived bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) using epigenetic modifiers with different pancreatic induction media. Methods: The BM-MSCs have been differentiated into pancreatic β-like cells by inducing the overexpression of key transcription regulatory factors or by exposure to specific soluble inducers/small molecules. In this study, we evaluated the pancreatic differentiation of GalTKO pig-derived BM-MSCs using epigenetic modifiers, 5-azacytidine (5-Aza) and valproic acid (VPA), and two types of pancreatic induction media - advanced Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (ADMEM)-based and N2B27-based media. GalTKO BM-MSCs were treated with pancreatic induction media and the expression of pancreas-islets-specific markers was evaluated by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting, and immunofluorescence. Morphological changes and changes in the 5'-C-phosphate-G-3' (CpG) island methylation patterns were also evaluated. Results: The expression of the pluripotent marker (POU class 5 homeobox 1 [OCT4]) was upregulated upon exposure to 5-Aza and/or VPA. GalTKO BM-MSCs showed increased expression of neurogenic differentiation 1 in the ADMEM-based (5-Aza) media, while the expression of NK6 homeobox 1 was elevated in cells induced with the N2B27-based (5-Aza) media. Moreover, the morphological transition and formation of islets-like cellular clusters were also prominent in the cells induced with the N2B27-based media with 5-Aza. The higher insulin expression revealed the augmented trans-differentiation ability of GalTKO BM-MSCs into pancreatic β-like cells in the N2B27-based media than in the ADMEM-based media. Conclusion: 5-Aza treated GalTKO BM-MSCs showed an enhanced demethylation pattern in the second CpG island of the OCT4 promoter region compared to that in the GalTKO BM-MSCs. The exposure of GalTKO pig-derived BM-MSCs to the N2B27-based microenvironment can significantly enhance their trans-differentiation ability into pancreatic β-like cells.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권8호
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• pp.3253-3256
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• 2015

Background: Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a major health problem in the Asia-Pacific region including Thailand. Several factors have been proposed as contributing to hepatocarcinogenesis. This study was aimed to investigate the impact of CYP2C19 genotypic polymorphism in HCC related to chronic HBV infection in Thailand. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed between April 2014 and January 2015. Chronic HBV patients with HCC (n=50) and without HCC (n=50) were included. Clinical information and blood samples of all patients were collected. The CYP2C19 genotype was determined by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method, and was classified as rapid metabolizer (RM), intermediate metabolizer (IM) or poor metabolizer (PM). Results: The CYP2C19 genotype frequencies of RM, IM and PM in HBV patients were found to be 19/50 (38%), 25/50 (50%) and 6/50 (12%), respectively. The CYP2C19 genotype frequencies of RM, IM and PM in HBV with HCC patients were 21/50 (42%), 25/50 (50%) and 4/50 (8%), respectively. The distribution of CYP2C19 genotype was not different between patients with and without HCC. Interestingly, among HBV with HCC patients, the RM genotype of CYP2C19 tended to increase risk of aggressive manifestation (OR=2.89, 95%CI=0.76-11.25, P-value=0.07), compared with non RM genotype carriers. Conclusions: CYP2C19 genotype IM was the most common genotype in Thai patients with chronic HBV infection. In addition, genotype RM could be an associated factor for aggressive presentation in HCC related to chronic HBV infection.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제17권7호
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• pp.3431-3436
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• 2016

Background: Carcinogenesis is a multifaceted intricate cellular mechanism of transformation of the normal functions of a cell into neoplastic alterations. Metastasis may result in failure of conventional treatment and death Hence, research on metastatic suppressors in cancer is a high priority. The metastatic suppressor gene CD82, also known as KAI1, is a member of the transmembrane 4 superfamily which was first identified in carcinoma of prostate. Little work has been done on this gene in breast cancer. Herein, we aimed to determine the gene and protein level expression of CD82/KAI1 in breast cancer and its role as a prognosticator. Materials and Methods: In this study, 83 histologically proven cases of breast cancer and a similar number of controls were included. Patient age ranged from 18-70 years. Quantitative Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (q-RT PCR) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were used to investigate KAI1 expression at gene and protein levels, respectively. Statistical analysis was done to correlate expression of KAI1 and clinicopathological parameters. Results: It was revealed that: (i) KAI1 was remarkably diminished in metastatic vs non metastatic breast cancer both at the gene and the protein levels (P < .05); (ii) KAI1 expression levels were strongly correlated with TNM staging, histological grade and advanced stage (p<0.001) and no association was found with any other studied parameter; (iii) Lastly, a significant correlation was observed between expression of KAI1 and overall median survival of BC patients (P = 0.04). Conclusions: Our results suggest that lack of expression of the KAI1 might indicate a more aggressive form of breast cancer. Loss of KAI1 may be considered a significant prognostic marker in predicting metastatic manifestation. When evaluated along with the clinical and pathological factors, KAI1 expression may be beneficial to tailor aggressive therapeutic strategies for such patients.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.149-156
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• 2010

게임 콘텐츠(game contents) 속 몰입을 위한 요소는 영상, 게임 인터페이스(game interface) 등 여러 가지이지만 그 중에서도 사운드(sound)의 첨예한 운용은 게임 개발에 있어 고려되어야 할 중요한 요소로 작용한다. 게임 유저(game user)는 적절한 조건이 충족되면 게임 안에서 몰입하여 과제를 해결한다. 이러한 조건을 위해 게임 속 몰입 요소들이 존재하는데, 본 연구에서는 그 중에서도 사운드의 운용 방법중에 특히 반복적인 사운드를 통해 유저를 몰입하게 만드는 과정을 미하이 칙센트미하이 (Csikszentmihalyi. M)의 플로(flow)이론, 도너 호프만(Donna L. Hoffman)과 토마스 노박(Thomas P. Novak)의 플로변인을 통해 분석하고, 진행과정에서 선행연구인 게임과 몰입간의 시각적 관점의 분석과도 비교한다. 분석 텍스트(text)로는 퐁포코(Ponpoko, Sigma Enterprise Inc., 1981), 바이오해저드4(BioHazard 4, Capcom, 2007)를 선정하여 해당 텍스트 중 반복적인 사운드와 일반적인 사운드를 구분해 설문조사를 실시했다. 분석을 위해 사용한 방법은 빈도분석, 다변량 분산분석이다.

• 한국균학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.70-78
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• 1988

평이버섯의 유전연구(遺傳硏究)와 신품종(新品種) 육성(育成)의 기초자료(基礎資料)를 얻기 위하여 팽이버섯의 원형질체(原形質體) 나출(裸出)에 영향(影響)을 미치는 제(諸) 요인(要因)을 구명(究明)한 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 팽이버섯의 균사생장(菌絲生長) 및 원형질체(原形質體) 나출(裸出)에 알맞은 배지(培地)는 Potato Dextrose peptone Agar였으며 5일간(日間) 배양(培養)된 지수적(指數的) 생장기(生長期)의 균사체(菌絲體)에서 원형질체(原形質體) 나출량(裸出量)이 가장 많았다. MMM 배지(培地)에서는 전혀 나출(裸出) 되지 않았다. 원형질체(原形質體)의 나출(裸出)은 Novozyme 234+Cellulase CP를 10 mg$ml^{-1}$ 농도(濃度)로 사용(使用)하였을때 $52.0{\times}10^{5}ml^{-1}$로 가장 높았으며 최적(最適) 반응시간(反應時間)은 3시간(時間)이었다. Novozyme 단독처리구(單獨處理區)에서는 나출량(裸出量)이 반정도 였다. 효소액(酵素液) pH의 영향(影響)은 삼투압조절제(參透壓調節劑)의 종류(種類)에 따라 차이(差異)를 보였다. 예소액(醴素液)의 반응시간(反應時間)은 Novozyme 234+cellulase CP 10 mg $ml^{-1}$의 경우 3시간(時間) 후(後) 최대(最大) 조출량(操出量)을 보였다. 삼투압조절제는 0.6 M의 Sucrose가 효과적(效果的)이었으며 완형액(緩衡液)없이 pH 6.2로 사용(使用)할 때 원형질체(原形質體)의 나출량(裸出量)이 가장 많았다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제27권11호
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• pp.2019-2027
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• 2017

Recently, cabbage kimchi has occasionally been associated with the foodborne diseases of enteric viruses such as human norovirus (HuNoV). This study aimed to evaluate the correlation between microbial/physicochemical properties and persistence of HuNoV in experimentally contaminated cabbage kimchi fermented and stored at $4^{\circ}C$ or $10^{\circ}C$ for 28 days. Changes in organic acid content, lactic acid bacteria (LAB), acidity, pH, and salinity were analyzed. The recovery of structurally intact HuNoV was examined for up to 28 days post-inoculation, using a NoV GII.4 monoclonal antibody-conjugated immuno-magnetic separation method combined with quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. On day 0, LAB loads were $4.70log_{10}$ colony forming units/g and HuNoV GII.4 titers were $2.57log_{10}\;genomic\;copies/{\mu}l$, at both temperatures. After 28 days, intact HuNoV titers decreased to 1.58 ($4^{\circ}C$) and $1.04(10^{\circ}C)log_{10}\;genomic\;copies/{\mu}l$, whereas the LAB density increased. This correlated with a gradual increase in lactic acid and acetic acid at both temperatures. Our findings support a statistical correlation between changes in physicochemical properties and the recovery of structurally intact HuNoV GII.4. Moreover, we determined that the production of organic acid and low pH could affect HuNoV GII.4 titers in cabbage kimchi during fermentation. However, HuNoV GII.4 was not completely eliminated by microbial/physicochemical factors during fermentation, although HuNoV GII.4 was reduced. Based on this, we speculate that the persistence of HuNoV GII.4 may be affected by the continually changing conditions during kimchi fermentation.

• 한국치위생학회지
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.831-842
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• 2018

Objectives: This study was conducted to reveal the biological basis of dental plaque and preschool children's dental health status through repetitive and continuous toothbrushing instruction to preschool children, using quantitative criteria, and to emphasize the importance of the role of an oral health manager for the prevention of dental caries. Methods: After IRB approval, toothbrushing instruction and oral microbial specimen collection were conducted with children of preschool age at the Daycare Center attached to D. University, Busan. Specimens from 27 children were characterized by analysis with real-time multi-chain enzymatic polymerization reaction technique at an agency specializing in genetic analysis. Results: In a survey of the children's dental health behaviors, 48.1% responded that the toothbrushing time is 91 to 150 seconds; 66.7% responded that the frequency of toothbrushing is more than three times per day; 81.5% stated that they performed tongue brushing; and 81.5% brushed their teeth. Regarding levels of dental cariogenic bacteria, after children received continuous toothbrushing instruction, there were reductions in both Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus. Regarding toothbrushing time, the time increased in relation to the presence of instruction. Regarding Quigley Hein Index, the index decreased in the early and middle periods upon addition of instruction, then increased in the middle and later periods. Conclusions: Through persistent and repetitive toothbrushing instruction, healthy behavior can be positively established in children of preschool age; it is necessary to prepare institutional measures so opportunities for dental health education can be consistently provided and maintained. In the future, it will be necessary to conduct a follow-up study to verify the factors affecting toothbrushing time and volume of oral pathogens.