• Journal of The Korean Ophthalmological Society
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• v.59 no.12
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• pp.1114-1121
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• 2018

Purpose: We report the clinical outcomes of patients undergoing additional widening of the limbal incision to prevent disease recurrence after conjunctivo-limbal autograft combined with pterygial excision. Methods: We retrospectively compared 95 eyes with primary and 12 eyes with recurrent pterygia randomized to treatment via two surgical methods: conjunctivo-limbal autograft alone and combined with widening of the limbal incision to allow for pterygial removal. We widened the limbal incisions by 1 mm on both the superior and inferior limbal margins and removed the pterygia. The outcomes were compared between 39 eyes undergoing conjunctivo-limbal autograft alone and 68 eyes undergoing conjunctivo-limbal autograft with widening of the limbal incision. Results: The mean overall postoperative follow-up period was $29.6{\pm}10.5months$ and conjunctivo-limbal autograft alone group was $27.4{\pm}11.5months$, combined with widening of the limbal incision group was $30.7{\pm}9.7months$. Six pterygia (15.4%; four primary and two recurrent) developed in those undergoing conjunctivo-limbal autograft alone and two (2.9%; one primary and one recurrent) in those undergoing additional widening of the limbal incision; the recurrence rate differed significantly between the two groups (p < 0.05). In the group treated with conjunctivo-limbal autograft alone, the mean time to development of a new primary pterygium was $6.3{\pm}3.4months$ and that to development of a recurrent pterygium $4.3{\pm}2.5months$; the respective values for the group undergoing additional widening of the limbal incision were $12.1{\pm}2.6$ and $8.4{\pm}4.6months$; the recurrence rates differed significantly (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Conjunctivo-limbal autograft with additional widening of the limbal incision used to treat both new primary and recurrent pterygia was more effective in terms of reducing pterygial recurrence than conjunctivo-limbal aAutograft alone.

• Journal of The Korean Ophthalmological Society
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• v.60 no.2
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• pp.144-151
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• 2019

Purpose: Intravitreal aflibercept, ranibizumab, bevacizumab, and dexamethasone are the most widely used drugs in the treatment of diabetic macular edema (DME). The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy and safety of anti-vascular endothelial growth factors and dexamethasone for the treatment of DME. Methods: There were nine previous systematic reviews on this topic; we updated these high-quality reviews. Seven studies were added to two studies following a literature search. Efficacy outcomes were 1) average improvement in visual acuity, 2) proportion of patients who experienced an improvement in vision (an increase in best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) of ${\geq}15$ in the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study [ETDRS]), and 3) proportion of patients who experienced worsening vision (a decrease in BCVA of ${\geq}15$ in the ETDRS). Safety outcomes included systemic adverse events and ocular-related adverse events. Results: The mean difference in the BCVA for ranibizumab versus bevacizumab treatment was 0.16 (95% confidence interval [CI]: -0.02, 0.34), and that for ranibizumab versus aflibercept was -0.08 (95% CI: -0.26, 0.10). The mean difference in the change of BCVA for aflibercept versus ranibizumab was -0.20 (95% CI: -0.40, -0.01), and that for aflibercept versus bevacizumab was -0.34 (95% CI: -0.53, -0.14). Other efficacy outcomes showed similar trends, and there was no significant difference between treatments. There was also no significant difference in both systemic and ocular adverse events rates between the treatments. Conclusions: In DME patients, the efficacy of aflibercept was found to be higher with respect to BCVA changes compared with ranibizumab or bevacizumab. However, there were no significant difference in terms of visual acuity improvement or visual acuity of more than 15 letters, nor in terms of anti-vascular endothelial growth factors (as a safety outcome).

• Annals of Clinical Microbiology
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.86-91
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• 2018

Background: The PANA RealTyper HPV kit (PANAGENE, Korea; PANA RealTyper) was developed to genotype human papillomavirus (HPV) and was based on multiplex real-time PCR amplification and melting curve analysis. In this study, we compared PANA RealTyper to the AdvanSure HPV GenoBlot assay (LG Life Sciences, Korea; AdvanSure assay) and attempted to evaluate the performance of PANA RealTyper. Methods: A total of 60 cervical specimens were collected from women undergoing routine cervical cancer screening. The AdvanSure assay and PANA RealTyper kit identified the same 20 high-risk genotypes. However, the AdvanSure assay identified 15 low-risk genotypes, while the PANA RealTyper kit identified only 2 but detected 18 low-risk genotypes. Results: Among the total 60 specimens, 54 high-risk genotypes (40 specimens) and 20 low-risk genotypes (18 specimens) were detected. The agreement rates of the assays ranged from 94.4 to 100% for high-risk genotypes. Among 9 genotypes that were positive in the PANA RealTyper kit but negative in the AdvanSure assay, 7 were confirmed as true positive (HPV genotypes 16 (n=1), 39 (n=1), 52 (n=1), 58 (n=2), 68 (n=2)). Among 4 genotypes that were negative in the PANA RealTyper kit but positive in the AdvanSure assay, 3 were confirmed as HPV genotype 59. Among the 19 low-risk genotypes positive in the AdvanSure assay, there were 2 cases of HPV 6 and 1 case of HPV 11. In comparison, only 1 positive case of HPV 6 was determined by the PANA RealTyper kit. Conclusion: The PANA RealTyper kit was comparable with the AdvanSure assay. The PANA RealTyper kit would be useful and suitable for HPV genotyping in the clinical laboratory.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.69-79
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• 2011

This study was conducted to estimate effects of by-products of medical herbs replacing rice straw on in vitro fermentation characteristics. Each trial was composed of five treatments including medical herbs : rice straw (%) = 20 : 80 (T1), 40 : 60 (T2), 50 : 50 (T3), 100 : 0 (T4) and the control. Each treatment had eight fermentation times (3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 36, 48 and 72 hours) with three replications. The gas production and DM degradation were significantly (P<0.05) increased by supplementation, especially T4, during the whole fermentation periods. Methane production increased along with addition of by-products similar to the gas production and DM degradation. The pH values ranged from 5.39 to 6.80 and were significantly (P<0.05) decreased by supplementation of by-products of medical herbs. Microbial growth rates reached the peak at between 36 and 48h, thereafter tended to decrease. Although there were no significant differences in the enzyme activities, there was a tendency of increase in T4 treatment. From above results, the replacement levels, particularly 100% replacement of rice straw by by-products of medical herbs, resulted in improving the in vitro fermentation characteristics such as increasing gas production, microbial growth and DM degradation. Also it may help digestion by increasing enzyme activities.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.111-119
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• 2010

Salmonella spp. are one of major pathogens for zoonosis in worldwide, and can replicate within host cells and generally cause enterocolitis and foodborne poisoning which represents a considerable public health burden. The present study was designated to investigate the safty for host cells, antibacterial effects of Saururus chinensis Baill water extract (SCWE) on pure culture and infection with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. typhimurium) in murine derived macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. The different treatment of SCWE concentration (1, 10 or $100{\mu}g/ml$) did not show any cytotoxic effect to RAW 264.7 cells for 24 h incubation. In determination of antibacterial activity of SCWE against S. typhimurium, bacterial viability was markedly decreased compared to SCWE-untreated control. In RAW 264.7 cells, SCWE significantly induced morphological change (p<0.05). In infection assay of S. typhimurium in RAW 264.7 cells pretreated with $100{\mu}g/ml$ of SCWE, which are non-cytotoxic concentration, bacterial uptake ability of macrophage was increased corresponding with morphological change, whereas bacterial survival rates within macrophage was markedly reduced comparing to that of SCWE-untreated control. Furthermore, nitric oxide (NO) production in SCWE-treated cells was slightly decreased until 24 h post infection. Taken together, these findings demonstrated that SCWE have the antibacterial activity for S. typhimurium and the protective effects against S. typhimurium infection through activating murine macrophage independent on NO, suggesting that SCWE were beneficial on the disease caused by intracellularly replicating pathogens as a safe alternatives of conventional chemotherapies.

• FLOWER RESEARCH JOURNAL
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.36-43
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• 2008

This purpose of this study was to examine the effect of planting density, growing medium and strength of a nutrient solution (National Horticultural Research Institute's nutrient solution: HRI's) on the growth and development of Oriental hybrid lily 'Le Reve' in a box cultivation. The planting density with 14, 18 and 22 bulbs had sprouting one day earlier than other treatments. Planting density of 22 bulbs flowered first, while six bulbs flowered the last, indicating that higher planting densities led earlier flowering. The increasing planting density increased stem length of cut flowers. On the other hand, cut flower quality was improved when the planting density was lower. The incidence of physiological disorders such as blasting was more frequent in planting density of 22, 18, and 14, indicating that higher planting densities caused higher incidences of physiological disorders. All planting densities except 22 bulbs displayed superior results in width, weight, number, and scale weight of the bulbs. Greater planting densities led to inferior bulb enlargement and an increased decomposition rate. pH decreased in all treatments after the bulb enlargement and decreased more as the planting density increased. Contents of P, K, Ca, and Mg increased, while contents of K and Ca decreased, as the planting density increased. The rice hull+coir (1:1, v/v) treatment was better than others, but did not show that much of a difference. Moreover, in bulbs enlargement after cut flower harvest, lily medium and perlite+peat moss treatments showed superior results, and decomposition rate was the greatest in the rice hull+coir (1:1, v/v) treatment. In the HRI's solution strength treatment from the period of flower bud emergence to flower harvest, higher solution strengths gave better cut flower quality in terns of length, weight, and number of flowers. The non-treated control and one third strength of a HRI's solution hastened flowering, indicating that lower strengths led to earlier flowering. According to the results of leaf analysis as affected by solution strength during the flower harvest, absorption rates of N and K were greater when the strength was higher, and Ca and Mg showed the same tendency. On the other hand, the absorption rate of P was the lowest in all treatments.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.65-73
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• 2010

To observe and analyze the characteristics of cloud and precipitation properties, the Cloud physics Observation System (CPOS) has been operated from December 2003 at Daegwallyeong ($37.4^{\circ}N$, $128.4^{\circ}E$, 842 m) in the Taebaek Mountains. The major instruments of CPOS are follows: Forward Scattering Spectrometer Probe (FSSP), Optical Particle Counter (OPC), Visibility Sensor (VS), PARSIVEL disdrometer, Microwave Radiometer (MWR), and Micro Rain Radar (MRR). The former four instruments (FSSP, OPC, visibility sensor, and PARSIVEL) are for the observation and analysis of characteristics of the ground cloud (fog) and precipitation, and the others are for the vertical cloud characteristics (http://weamod.metri.re.kr) in real time. For verification of CPOS products, the comparison between the instrumental products has been conducted: the qualitative size distributions of FSSP and OPC during the hygroscopic seeding experiments, the precipitable water vapors of MWR and radiosonde, and the rainfall rates of the PARSIVEL(or MRR) and rain gauge. Most of comparisons show a good agreement with the correlation coefficient more than 0.7. These reliable CPOS products will be useful for the cloud-related studies such as the cloud-aerosol indirect effect or cloud seeding. The visibility value is derived from the droplet size distribution of FSSP. The derived FSSP visibility shows the constant overestimation by 1.7 to 1.9 times compared with the values of two visibility sensors (SVS (Sentry Visibility Sensor) and PWD22 (Present Weather Detect 22)). We believe this bias is come from the limitation of the droplet size range ($2{\sim}47\;{\mu}m$) measured by FSSP. Further studies are needed after introducing new instruments with other ranges.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.30 no.1_2
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• pp.177-183
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• 2018

Purpose : Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy(VMAT) has the advantage of uniformly and precisely irradiating the tumor to the shape of the tumor while reducing the risk of radiation damage to normal tissues. such as brain cancer, head and neck cancer and prostate cancer, It is being used for treatment. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the usefulness of the Jaw-Tracking technique(JTT) in VMAT for brain and head and neck cancer. Materials and Methods : We selected eight patients with brain and head and neck cancer(4 Brain, 4 head and neck) who were treated with the VMAT treatment technique. Contouring information of the patient's tumor and normal organ was fused to the Rando phantom using the deformable registration of Velocity(Varian, USA). A treatment plan was developed using the Varian Eclipse(ver 15.5, Varian, USA) with the same patient actual beam parameters except for the use of jaw-tracking. As the evaluation index, the maximum dose and mean dose of target and OAR were compared and a portal dosimetry was performed for the treatment plan verification. Results : When using JTT, the relative dose of OAR decreased by 5.24 % and the maximum dose by 7.05 %, respectively, compared with the Static-Jaw technique(SJT). In the various OARs, the mean dose and maximum dose reduction ranges ranged from 0.01 to 3.16 Gy and from 0.12 to 6.27 Gy, respectively. In the case of the target, the maximum dose of GTV, CTV, PTV decreased by 0.17 %, 0.43 %, and 0.37 % in JTT, and the mean dose decreased by 0.24 %, 0.47 % and 0.47 %, respectively. Gamma analysis The JTT and SJT passing rates were $98{\pm}1.73%$ and $97{\pm}1.83%$ on the basis of 3 % / 3 mm, respectively. Comparing the doses of all OARs applied to the experiment, it was found that the use of JTT resulted in a significant decrease in dose due to additional jaw shielding besides MLC than SJT. Conclusion : In radiation therapy using VMAT treatment plan, we can apply JTT in the case of adjacent tumor and normal organs such as brain cancer and head and neck cancer, and in radiotherapy required large field and high energy caused increase leakage dose through MLC. It is considered that the target dose of PTV can be increased by lowering the dose of normal tissue surrounding the tumor.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.447-453
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• 2019

In this study, the effect of supplying volume and frequency of a nutrient solution consisted with $NO_3-N$ 4.6, $NH_4-N$ 3.4, $PO_4-P$ 3, K 3, Ca 4.6 and Mg $2.2mmol{\cdot}L^{-1}$ on growth and fruit quality of 'Duke' blueberry was investigated. Three years old 'Duke' blueberry bushes cultivated in containers ($60{\times}80{\times}40cm$) filled with 130L peat moss and 40L pearlite (v/v) were selected for the experiment. The growth containers were mulched with sawdust. Two different volumes (4L and 8L) of nutrient solution was tested at three different supplying frequencies (one time, two times, and three times) per week and the drainage quality of nutrient solution and fruit quality of 'Duke' blueberry was evaluated. The optimal drainage rate for the vegetable cultivation is known to be 20-30%. The results revealed that the average drainage rates of 27% and 29% for the nutrient solution supplied in 'Duke' blueberry growth medium at 4L, 2 times/7 days and 4L, 3 times/7days, respectively. The highest shoot diameter (4.2mm) and shoot length (31cm) of 'Duke' blueberry was recorded with the 8L of nutrient solution supplied at 3 times per 7 days. According to the analysis of inorganic components in the drainage of nutrient solution, there was a tendency of absorbing nitrogen at the early stage of growth. The supplying volume and frequency of nutrient solution was not significantly affected on 'Duke' blueberry fruit weight, soluble solids content, and titratable acidity. The highest yield per bush (2.7kg) was recorded for the nutrient solution supplied with 4L at three times per 7 days, while the 4L nutrient solution supplied at one time per 7 days resulted the lowest yield of 1.4kg per bush. Consequently, the tested nutrient solution can be applied for the 'Duke' blueberry bushes with the volume of 4L at three times per week for the better crop growth.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.376-387
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• 2019

Melons are mostly grown in soil, but it is susceptible to damage due to injury by continuous cropping such as Fusarium wilt and root rot. Hydroponic cultivation system can overcome the disadvantages of soil cultivation with precise nutrition management and a clean environment. When using the coir substrate, the most environmentally friendly organic substrate used for hydroponics, it is analyzed how the growth and fruit quality of the melon depends on the ratio of chips and dust and the amount of irrigation. The purpose of this study was to provide the basic data of melon hydroponics when cultivated in spring. The two types of the coir substrates used in the experiments were chip and dust ratios of 3 :7 and 5 : 5 respectively. The substrate with high dust ratios had excellent physical characteristics, such as container capacity and total porosity, and the drainage EC level showed a high value of $3.0-6.8dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$. When the amount of irrigation is provided based on the drainage rate, the group provided the nutrient solution on the basis of 10% drainage supplied 91 L per plant, which was reduced by about 30% compared to the group with the highest water supply. In addition, the total drainage showed less than 10 L per plant with a minimum water supply and was reduced by 30 - 70% in substrate with a high dust rates. In substrate with high water supply and high dust ratio, leaf growth and fruit enlargement were good, and the soluble solids content varies greatly from cultivar to cultivar. If you provided the amount of irrigation based on 10% drainage rate, the fruit weight will be decreased, but the amount of irrigation can be reduced. Therefore, it is considered that managing the water & nutrient properly taking into account the characteristics of coir substrate and cultivar can produce melon of uniform quality using hydroponics.