• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• v.46 no.2
• /
• pp.117-124
• /
• 2002

Counterflow oxidation was developed and evaluated for treatment of organics that adsorbed in/on granular activated carbon(GAC). This reaction is a method that destructs and removes organics adsorbed, at the same time, regenerates waste carbon, uti lizing a self-sustained flame which propagates itself ina direction counter to the oxygen flow. The results showed that the mass loss of carbon and flam temperature were strongly dependent on the flow rate of oxyen, adsorptive capability of regenerated carbon completely was recovered, as well as destrution and removal efficiency of thermally stable PCBs was achieved with the value of better than 99.99%.

• Elastomers and Composites
• /
• v.36 no.3
• /
• pp.153-161
• /
• 2001

The rubber pads era tank which undergo dynamic deformations with the sufficient amplitudes and frequencies lead to a considerable internal temperature rise due to the heat generation. The heat generation which is dependent on the viscoelastic characteristics or a rubber is due to the conversion of partial mechanical energy into thermal energy identical to the area oi hysteresis loop. Heat generation without adequate heat dissipation leads to heat build-up and the excessive temperature rite exerts a bad influence upon the performance and the life of rubber products. In this paper, temperature distributions of the rubber pads of a tank track subjected to dynamic loads are obtained under the assumption of the steady state. Heat generation rates used in this finite element analysis are acquired through experiments and the computed temperature fields are displayed in isothermal contour regions.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
• /
• v.13 no.2
• /
• pp.104-111
• /
• 2008

As a way to account for the variability of the primary model parameters in the secondary modeling of microbial growth, three different regression approaches were compared in determining the confidence interval of the temperature-dependent primary model parameters and the estimated microbial growth during storage: bootstrapped regression with all the individual primary model parameter values; bootstrapped regression with average values at each temperature; and simple regression with regression lines of 2.5% and 97.5% percentile values. Temperature dependences of converted parameters (log $q_o$, ${\mu}_{max}^{1/2}$, log $N_{max}$) of hypothetical initial physiological state, maximum specific growth rate, and maximum cell density in Baranyi's model were subjected to the regression by quadratic, linear, and linear function, respectively. With an advantage of extracting the primary model parameters instantaneously at any temperature by using mathematical functions, regression lines of 2.5% and 97.5% percentile values were capable of accounting for variation in experimental data of microbial growth under constant and fluctuating temperature conditions.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
• /
• v.30 no.1
• /
• pp.237-255
• /
• 1992

The purpose of this study was to investigate relations of resources and demands, family financial management and financial statement of urban households by applying a system approach. The results of this study were as follows; Saving rate had significant differences according to resources variables such as age, family life cycle, occupation of househead and housewife, ratio of employed to family member, and to demands variabels such as subjective prospect of business cycle, and value orientation, whereas total saving amount had significant differences according to resources vaiables such as age, family life cycle, educational level, percapita income, occupation of househead, type of income and to demand variable, perception of relative income. Also average monthly saving amount had significant differences according to resources vaiables such as educational level, per capita income, occupation of housewife, housing ownership, ratio of employed to family member, ratio of dependent to employed, and to demands variable, perception of relative income. The stocks had significant differences according to resources variables such as age, family life cycle, educational level, per capita income, occupation of househead, type of income, and housing ownership. Finally, real estate had significant differences according to resources variables such as age, family life cycle, educational level, percapita income, occupation of househead, type of income, housing ownership, and to demands variable, perception of relative income. Financial Statement among urban households according to family financial management had significant differences. And among all variables affecting financial statement among urban households, per capita income had the highest effect and perception of relative income was the second.

• Journal of Information Technology Applications and Management
• /
• v.22 no.4
• /
• pp.1-37
• /
• 2015

Micro small business start-ups are receiving financial and marketing support from government or public authority, but business closure rate is very high and it causes a hugh burden to households and national economy. This study aims to verify the causal relationship between the self-determination characteristic of small business start-ups and entrepreneurial intention through learning orientation and innovation ability. The man's intrinsic motivation of self-determination theory is expected to have an impact on the entrepreneurial intention of small business start-ups. The self-determination theory includes perceived autonomy, perceived competence, perceived relationship as independent variables. This study presented a research model for explaining the entrepreneurial intention of small business start-ups, and collected 260 survey responses from the small business start-ups In order to validate the proposed research model, PLS analysis is performed with valid 246 questionnaires. By PLS technique, the measurement reliability and validity of research variables are tested and the path analysis is conducted to do the hypothesis test. Path analysis shows that perceived autonomy does not significantly affect the learning orientation and innovation ability. On the other hand, perceived competence significantly influences learning orientation and innovation ability. Perceived relationships had significant influence on learning orientation. It is found that the parameters of learning orientation and innovation ability significantly influence the dependent variable of entrepreneurial intention. Based on the results, a policy and strategy for supporting small business start-up are presented.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems
• /
• v.19 no.6
• /
• pp.755-759
• /
• 2009

The ability to recognize human emotion is one of the hallmarks of human-robot interaction. Especially, speaker-independent emotion recognition is a challenging issue for commercial use of speech emotion recognition systems. In general, speaker-independent systems show a lower accuracy rate compared with speaker-dependent systems, as emotional feature values depend on the speaker and his/her gender. Hence, this paper describes the realization of speaker-independent emotion recognition by rejection using confidence measure to make the emotion recognition system be homogeneous and accurate. From comparison of the proposed methods with conventional method, the improvement and effectiveness of proposed methods were clearly confirmed.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
• /
• v.81 no.1
• /
• pp.13-18
• /
• 2018

Bronchodilator therapy is central to the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and are recommended as the preferred treatment by the Global Obstructive Lung Disease Initiative (GOLD). Long acting anti-muscarinics (LAMA) and long acting ${\beta}_2$ agonists (LABA) are both more effective than regular short-acting drugs but many patients remain symptomatic despite monotherapy with these drugs. Combination therapy with LAMA and LABA increases the therapeutic benefit while minimizing dose-dependent side effects of long-acting bronchodilator therapy. The TOviTO programme has investigated the benefits of treatment with a combination of tiotropium and olodaterol administered via a single inhaler. Tiotropium+olodaterol $5/5{\mu}g$ significantly improved forced expiratory volume in 1 second ($FEV_1$) area under the curve from 0 to 3 hours, trough $FEV_1$ health status and breathlessness versus the mono-components and placebo. Tiotropium+olodaterol $5/5{\mu}g$ also increased endurance time and reduced dynamic hyperinflation during constant work rate cycle ergometry. On the basis of these and other studies the 2017 GOLD report recommends escalating to dual bronchodilator therapy in patients in groups B and C if they remain symptomatic or continue to have exacerbations and as initial therapy for patients in group D.

• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers A
• /
• v.51 no.3
• /
• pp.153-161
• /
• 2002

In this paper, we propose a Probabilistic Tabu Search(PTS) method for hydro-thermal scheduling. Hydro scheduling has many constraints and very difficult to solve the optical schedule because it has many local minima. To solve the problem effectively, the proposed method uses two procedures, one is Tabu search procedure that plays a role in local search, and the other is Restarting procedure that enables to diversify its search region. To adjust Parameters such as a reducing rate and initial searching region, search strategy is selected according to its probability after restarting procedure. Dynamic decoding method was also used to restrict a search region and to handle water balance constraints. In order to show the usefulness of the proposed method, the PTS is applied on two cases which have independent or dependent hydro plants and compared to those of other method. The simulation results show it is very efficient and useful algorithm to solve the hydro-thermal scheduling problem.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
• /
• v.17 no.4
• /
• pp.378-383
• /
• 2004

Tungsten is widely used as a plug for the multi-level interconnection structures. However, due to the poor adhesive properties of tungsten(W) on SiO$_2$ layer, the Ti/TiN barrier layer is usually deposited onto SiO$_2$ for increasing adhesion ability with W film. Generally, for the W-CMP(chemical mechanical polishing) process, the passivation layer on the tungsten surface during CMP plays an important role. In this paper, the effect of oxidant on the polishing selectivity of W/Ti/TiN layer was investigated. The alumina(A1$_2$O$_3$)-based slurry with $H_2O$$_2$ as the oxidizer was used for CMP applications. As an experimental result, for the case of 5 wt％ oxidizer added, the removal rates were improved and polishing selectivity of 1.4:1 was obtained. It was also found that the CMP characteristics of W and Ti metal layer including surface roughness were strongly dependent on the amounts of $H_2O$$_2$ oxidizer.

• Journal of Information Technology Applications and Management
• /
• v.24 no.2
• /
• pp.71-80
• /
• 2017

Software reliability is one of the most elementary and important problems in software development In order to find the software failure occurrence, the instantaneous failure rate function in the Poisson process can have a constant, incremental or decreasing tendency independently of the failure time. In this study, we compared the reliability performance of the software reliability model using the parameters of Pareto life distribution with the intensity decreasing pattern and the shape parameter of Erlang life distribution with the intensity increasing and decreasing pattern in the software product testing. In order to identify the software failure environment, the parametric estimation was applied to the maximum likelihood estimation method. Therefore, in this paper, we compare and evaluate software reliability by applying software failure time data. The reliability of the Erlang and Pareto life models is shown to be higher than that of the Pareto lifetime distribution model when the shape parameter is higher and the Erlang model is more reliable when the shape parameter is higher. Through this study, the software design department will be able to help the software design by applying various life distribution and shape parameters, and providing basic knowledge using software failure analysis.