• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.357-366
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• 2004

Chronic exposure to high levels of manganese leads a pronounce and debilitating disorder known as manganism. Research on the toxic manifestation of manganese have focused primarily on its neurological effects because exposure to high levels of the metal produces a distinct and irreversible extrapyramidal dysfunction resembling the dystonic movements associated with Parkinson's physiological and biochemical systems in the body. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of manganeses on primary rat calvarial cell growth and toxicity. The experimental groups were in concentration of 0, 10, 30, 60, 100, 300 ${\mu}M$. Cell activity was assessed at day 1 and day 3 using a fluorescent molecular probe. Cell proliferation was evaluated at day 1 and day 3 by MTT assay. The amount of total protein synthesis was measured at day 3 and day 7. The results were as follows: The proliferation of primary rat calvarial cells were inhibited by $MnCl_2$ in the concentration exceeding $100{\mu}M$. The primary rat calvarial cells treated with $MnCl_2$ showed similar protein synthesis to the control group except in 100 ${\mu}M$. These result suggest that manganese suppress the viability and protein synthesis of primary rat calvarial cells in concentration exceeding $100{\mu}M$.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.55 no.7
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• pp.238-248
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• 2012

Purpose: Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy is an important cause of neonatal mortality, as this brain injury disrupts normal mitochondrial respiratory activity. Carnitine plays an essential role in mitochondrial fatty acid transport and modulates excess acyl coenzyme A levels. In this study, we investigated whether treatment of primary cultures of rat cortical neurons with L-carnitine was able to prevent neurotoxicity resulting from oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD). Methods: Cortical neurons were prepared from Sprague-Dawley rat embryos. L-Carnitine was applied to cultures just prior to OGD and subsequent reoxygenation. The numbers of cells that stained with acridine orange (AO) and propidium iodide (PI) were counted, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were measured. The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay and the terminal uridine deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labeling assay were performed to evaluate the effect of L-carnitine (1 ${\mu}M$, 10 ${\mu}M$, and 100 ${\mu}M$) on OGD-induced neurotoxicity. Results: Treatment of primary cultures of rat cortical neurons with L-carnitine significantly reduced cell necrosis and prevented apoptosis after OGD. L-Carnitine application significantly reduced the number of cells that died, as assessed by the PI/AO ratio, and also reduced ROS release in the OGD groups treated with 10 ${\mu}M$ and 100 ${\mu}M$ of L-carnitine compared with the untreated OGD group (P<0.05). The application of L-carnitine at 100 ${\mu}M$ significantly decreased cytotoxicity, LDH release, and inhibited apoptosis compared to the untreated OGD group (P<0.05). Conclusion: L-Carnitine has neuroprotective benefits against OGD in rat primary cortical neurons in vitro.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.379-388
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• 1992

The present study was designed to evaluate the protective effects of dietary vitamin A or E. and of combination of vitamins A and E on peroxidative deterioration of heart in adriamycin-treated rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to 5 groups according to the dietary supplementation of vitamin A or E Except control rats a dose of 2mg ADR/kg of B. W was injected to these animals intraperitoneally on the same day every week. Adriamycin treatment significantly decreased the weight gain of experimental rats compared with that of control rats, But this decrement was not modified by dietary supplementation of vitamin A or E. Lipid peroxide values of plasma were elevated by ADR treatment. The combined use of ADR and dietary vitamin A or E significantly reduced these values, The interaction between vitamins A and E seemed to be present in the lipid peroxide value of plasma. Catalase and superoxide dismutase(SOD) activities in rat heart were decrased by ADR treatment but glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px) activity was elevated. Dietary supplmen-tation of vitamin A or E enhanced the heart catalase and SOD activities. except only vitamin A-supplemented group. GSH-Px activity of rat heart tended to be decreased by dietary supple-mentation of vitamin A or E. With ADR treatment polyunsaturated fatty acids such as archido-nic acid(20:4) and docosahexaenoic acid(22:6) were decreased in rat heart. However dietary supplementation of vitamins A and E reduced this decrease. The retinol and tocopherol contents of rat plasma were decreased by ADR treatment. Dietary vitamin A or E influence vitamin A or E content of plasma. The interaction between dietary vitamins A and E was observed in vitamin A or E level of rat plasma.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.65-73
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• 1997

The purpose of the study was to find an effect of honey on the enzyme activity of Sprague Dawley rats. All experimental rats were fed ad libitum for seven weeks with 68% saccharide diet and at same time fed administratively with 10% and 20% water solution of acacia, sumac, polyflower honey, and sucrose, respectively. The level of LDH activity in serum of rat taken diet with acasia, sumac, and polyflower honey were increased in comparison with the control group. The level of $\alpha$-HBDH activity in serum of rat taken diet with acasia, sumac, polyflower honey, and sugar solution were increased than that other honey solution. The level of GOT and GPT activity in serum was increased by the feeding of solution of 20% acacia honey. The level of ICD activity in serum of rat taken diet with sumac honey was increased but was decreased notably by the feeding of polyflower honey. The level of G-6-P DH activity in whole blood of rat taken diet with honey solutions were decreased, but the level of aldolase activity in serum of rat taken diet with honey solutions were increased.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.205-215
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the tissue response in various bone grafting materials, especially xenogenous bone materials in vivo, compare of bone formation capacity of various bone grafting materials on rat skull defects and evaluate the effect of Hyaluronic acid on healing of human Demineralized Freezed Dried Bone allogenous graft (DFDBA) materials in rat calvarial defects. 30 Sprague-Dawly rats were divided into 4 groups. $7{\times}7mm$ size bony defect were artificially prepared in the calvaria (both parietal bone) of all 30 rats and follwed group grafting of autogenous bone graft on right side and allogenic DFDBA on left side bone graft (rat DFDB) in 15 control group, but in 15 experimental group, xenograft (human DFDB) on left side, hyaluronic acid treated with xenograft on right side. Sequential sacrifices was performed at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 weeks of experiment. These specimens were stained with H&E and MT stain, and then histologic analysis under light microscope was carried out. There were inflammatory reaction in all graft material during early stage. Autogenous and Allogenous DFDBA graft group observed inflammatory reaction at 1 week. Xenograft group persistant inflammatory reaction until 4 weeks, but in HA treated xenograft group inflammatory reaction was decreased at 2 weeks. Osteoblastic activity in control group was begun at 2 week, xenograft group was delayed at 6 weeks, however HA treated xenograft group was begun at 4 weeks. At 2 week, mild osteoclastic activity were observed in all xenograft group not in concerned to HA, but there was no difference each group after 4 weeks. There are most activated angiogenesis around graft mateirals in xenograft group at 2 weeks, but in HA treated xenograft group, decreased angiogenesis was observed at same time. Bone formation and bone maturation of xenograft group, there was no difference in HA treatment, was less than control group. Fibrosis around xenograft materials were observed until 6 weeks, there was no difference between xenograft and HA treated groups.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.197-206
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• 2007

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of 6-chloro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine(SKF81297), a selective agonist of dopaminergic $D_1$ receptor, on the secretion of catecholamines(CA) evoked by cholinergic stimulation and membrane-depolarization in the isolated perfused rat adrenal gland, and also to elucidate the mechanism involved. SKF81297($10{\sim}100{\mu}M$) perfused into an adrenal vein for 60 min produced dose- and time-dependent inhibition of CA secretory responses evoked by ACh(5.32 mM), high $K^+$(56 mM), DMPP($100{\mu}M$) and McN-A-343($100{\mu}M$). Also, in adrenal glands loaded with SKF81297($30{\mu}M$), the CA secretory responses evoked by Bay-K-8644($10{\mu}M$), an activator of L-type $Ca^{2+}$ channels and cyclopiazonic acid($10{\mu}M$), an inhibitor of cytoplasmic $Ca^{2+}$-ATPase were also inhibited. However, in the presence of the dopamine $D_1$ receptor antagonist, (R)-(+)-8-chloro-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-methyl-5-phenyl-1H-benzazepine-7-ol(SCH23390, $3{\mu}M$), which is a selective antagonist of dopaminergic $D_1$ receptor, the inhibitory responses of SKF81297($30{\mu}M$) on the CA secretion evoked by ACh, high $K^+$, DMPP, McN-A-343, Bay-K-8644, and cyclopiazonic acid were significantly reduced. Collectively, these experimental results suggest that SKF81297 inhibits the CA secretion from the rat adrenal medulla evoked by cholinergic stimulation(both nicotininc and muscarinic receptors) and membrane depolarization. This inhibitory of SKF81297 seems to be mediated by stimulation of dopaminergic $D_1$ receptors located on the rat adrenomedullary chromaffin cells, which are relevant to extra- and intracellular calcium mobilization. Therefore, it is thought that the presence of the dopaminergic $D_1$ receptors may be involved in regulation of CA release in the rat adrenal medulla.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.189-202
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• 1985

Enhanced activity of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system has been suggested as a cause of the high blood pressure in certain forms of experimental hypertension. In spontaneously hypertensive rats, however, increased activity of the system has not been found, and even suppressed renin angiotensin system has been reported in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. In the present experiments it was attempted to explore the possible alteration of the short loop negative feedback control in the hypertensive rat. Experiments have been done in the anesthetized spontaneously hypertensive rats(SHR) as well as in normotensive Wistar and Sprague Dawley rats as control. Responses of the plasma renin activity to the intravenous L-isoproterenol were dose dependent, in both SHR and normotensive control rats. Hypotensive responses to smaller do sea of L-isoproterenol were more accentuated in SHR than in the normotensive control rats. Angiotensin If given intravenously suppressed plasma renin activity in a dose dependent fashion in both groups. However, these suppressive responses were significantly attenuated in SHR as compared with the normotensive control rats. Treatment with angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitor did not correct the attenuated responses of the plasma renin activity to angiotensin II in SHR. Intravenous infusion of arginine vasopressin also produced a dose-dependent suppression of plasma renin activity in both groups. The responses to arginine vasopressin were also significantly attenuated to the normotensive control rats. In the sodium-depleted SHR, arginine vasopressin did not suppress plasma renin activity, whereas the suppressive responses to arginine vasopressin in the normotensive control rats were not different from the untreated control rats. These data suggest that there may be a derangement in the short loop negative feedback control of the renin-angiotensin system in spontaneously hypertensive rat.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.747-760
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• 2005

Periodontal therapy has dealt primarily with attempts at arresting progression of disease. however, more recent techniques have focused on regenerating the periodontal ligament having the capacity to regenerate the periodontium. Recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-7(rhBMP-7) can differentiate the osteoprogenitor cells and induce bone formation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of BMP-7 on rat periodontal ligament cells differentiation, in vitro. In the control group, cells was cultured with DMEM media. In the experimental groups, cells were cultured with rhBMP-7 in concentration of 10, 25, 50 and 100 ng/ml. Each group was characterized by examining alkaline phosphatase activity at 3 and 5 days of culture and the ability to produce mineralized nodules of rat calvarial cells at 14 days of culture. Synthesis of type I collagen(COL-I), osteocalcin(OCN), and bone sialoprotein(BSP) was evaluated by RT-PCR at 7 days of culture. Activation of Smad proteins and p38 MAP kinase was determined by western blot analysis of the cell lysates. Alkaline phosphatase activity was significantly increased in the concentration of BMP-7 50 ng/ml and 100 ng/ml compared to the control(p<0.05). The mineralized bone nodule formation was greater with addition of 50 ng/ml and 100 ng/ml BMP-7 than the control(p<0.01). In 7 days' culture, the expressions of COL-I, BSP, and OCN was increased by BMP-7 in concentration of 10 $ng/ml{\sim}100$ ng/ml. In western blot analysis, BMP-7 treated culture cells expressed Smad 1,5,8 in dose-dependent manner, whereas BMP-7 did not activate phosphorylated form of p38 MAP kinase. These result suggested that BMP-7 stimulate rat periodontal ligament cells to differentiate toward osteoblast phenotype and increase bone matrix production by activation of BMP-Smad pathway.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.613-619
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• 2009

The Efficacy of SHI-1909 was investigated in comparision with predinisolone in acetic acid and Picrylsulfonic acid solution (TNBS)-induced rat inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) for 5 days. 7% Acetic acid and 5% TNBS solution were administered with polyethylene (P.E) tube inserted to rats intracolon, which causing colitis to the rats. The acetic acid and TNBS control group (the saline treated colitic rat) exhibited ulceration and inflammation of the distal colon with formation of granuloma and pathologic connections. We checked the inflammatory parameters like rat's weight, food intake quantity change during administration. After 5 days, we sacrificed the rats and checked the colon's length, ulcer and pathologic condition. Oral treatment with SHI-1909 resulted in significant recovery of macroscopic parameters like weight and diet intake change. Especially, SHI-1909 had a more potent effect than prednisolone on macroscopic colonic damage score. We can suggest that SHI-1909 could be a promising drug in the treatment of IBD.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.56 no.6
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• pp.655-666
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• 2023

Purpose: Gestational nutrition has an impact on the growth and development of the fetus. Choline (C) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are important and essential nutrients for humans that play a role in the structural integrity of the membranes as well as signalling. C is used in the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine, and cell membranes are highly enriched with DHA. The dietary intake of C or DHA during pregnancy directly influences fetal development. Currently, there is no evidence to prove the effectiveness of the combined dietary supplementation of both C and DHA during gestation on developmental outcomes in the offspring. Methods: The current study was designed to assess the physical, sensory, and motor development of rat pups born to mothers supplemented with C and/or DHA during the entire gestational period. Pregnant rat dams were divided into the following five groups: Normal control (NC), Saline control (SC), Choline (C), DHA, and Choline+DHA (C+DHA). The NC dams did not receive any supplementation during the entire gestation period. The experimental groups were supplemented with Saline, C, and/or DHA, respectively, during the entire gestation (E0 to delivery). Results: Rat pups (n = 6/group) exposed to combined C and DHA showed significant improvement in birth weight, fur development, eye-opening as well as weight gain on the 7th, 14th, and 21st postnatal day and pinnae detachment (assessed from birth to postnatal day 21) when compared with age-matched NC, SC or C or DHA pups. Further, significant reflex responses were observed in visual placing and bar holding of pups exposed to both C and DHA, whereas the differences in surface righting, negative geotaxis, and grasping reflexes were not significant between the groups. Conclusion: Gestational supplementation of both C and DHA rather than either of them alone is better in enhancing developmental outcomes in rat pups.