• Toxicological Research
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.181-184
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• 2011

Screening of estrogenic activity on dichloro diphenyl trichloroethane (DDT), dichloro diphenyl dichloro ethylene (DDE), dieldrin, heptachlor, aldrin, chlordane, lindane, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) and parabens was compared using Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) test guideline 455 (TG455). The estrogenic activity of DDT was 58,000-fold ($PC_{50}$, $1.67{\times}10^{-6}$ M) less than $17{\beta}$-estradiol($E_2$) ($PC_{50}$, $2.88{\times}10^{-11}$ M) but DDE, dieldrin, heptachlor, aldrin, chlordane, lindane and PBDE did not show any estrogenic activity in this assay system. In the case of paraben compounds, the rank of relative transcriptional activation (logRTA) was butyl paraben -1.63752 ($PC_{50}$, $1.25{\times}10^{-7}$ M) > isobutyl paraben -2.34008 ($PC_{50}$, $6.3{\times}10^{-7}$ M) > ethyl paraben -2.64016 ($PC_{50}$, $1.26{\times}10^{-6}$ M) > isopropyl paraben -2.73993 ($PC_{50}$, $1.58{\times}10^{-6}$ M) > propyl paraben -2.84164 ($PC_{50}$, $2.0{\times}10^{-6}$ M). Our data suggest that OECD test guideline TG455 may be useful as a screening tool for potential endocrine disruptors.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.110-115
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• 2006

Purpose: This study was performed to determine the prognostic factors influencing relapse pattern, overall and disease-free survival in patients treated with postoperative radiotherapy for endometrial carcinoma. Materials and Methods: The records of 54 patients with endometrial adenocarcinoma treated postoperative radiotherapy at Pusan National University Hospital between April 1992 and May 2003 were reviewed retrospectively. Median age of the patients was 55 (range $35{\sim}76$). The distribution by surgical FIGO stages were 63.0% for 0Stage I, 14.8% for Stage II, 22.2% for Stage III. All patients received postoperative external radiotherapy up to $41.4{\sim}54Gy$ (median: 50.4 Gy). Additional Intravaginal brachytherapy was app led to 20 patients (37.0% of all). Median follow-up time was 35 months ($5{\sim}115$ months). Significant factors of this study: histologic grade, Iymphovascular space invasion and myometrial invasion depth were scored (GLM score) and analyzed. Survival analysis was peformed using Kaplan-Meier method. The log-rank test was used for univariate analysis and the Cox regression model for multivariate analysis. Results: 5-year overall and disease-free survival rates were 87.7% and 871%, respectively. Prognostic factors related with overall and disease-free survival were histologic grade, Iymphovascular space invasion and myometrial invasion according to the univariate analysis. According to the multivariate analysis, Iymphovascular space invasion was associated with decreased disease-free survival. GLM score was a meaningful factor affecting overall and disease-free survival (p=0.0090, p=0.0073, respectively) and distant recurrence (p=0.0132), which was the sum of points of histologic grade, Iymphovascular space Invasion and myometrial invasion. Total failure rate was 11% with 6 patients. Relapse sites were 2 para-aortic Iymph nodes, 2 lungs, a supraclavicular Iymph node and a vagina. Conclusion: The prognosos in patients with endometrial carcinoma treated by postoperative radiotherapy was closely related with surgical histopathology. If further explorations confirm the system of prognostic factors in endometrial carcinoma, it will help us to predict the progression pattern and to manage.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2020

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to investigate the soil chemical properties and soil bacterial community of the cropping system for Cnidium officinale Makino. METHODS AND RESULTS: The bacterial community was analyzed for the relative abundance and principal coordinated analysis (PCoA analysis) by using by Illumina Miseq sequencing. The correlation analysis between soil chemical properties and soil bacterial community were analyzed by Spearman's rank correlation and DISTLM analysis. Soil bacterial community (phylum and class) showed two distinct clusters consisting of cluster 1 (first cropping) and cluster 2 (continuous cropping) from 2 different cultivation methods of Cnidium officinale Makino. PCoA and DISTLM analyses showed that soil pH and Ca significantly affected soil bacterial community in cultivation area of Cnidium officinale Makino. In addition, Spearman's rank correlation showed significant correlation between relative abundance (Acidobacteria and Actinobacteria) and soil factors (soil pH and Ca). CONCLUSION: The results of this study were considered to be important for determining the correlation between soil properties and soil bacterial community of the cropping method for Cnidium officinale Makino. Furthermore, the results will be helpful to investigate the cause of continuous cropping injury of the Cnidium officinale Makino by examining the changes of soil properties and soil bacterial communities.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.49 no.6
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• pp.565-577
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• 2016

The objective of this study is to propose a method for computing the Natural Drought Index (NDI) that does not consider man-made drought facilities. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to estimate the NDI. Three monthly moving cumulative runoff, soil moisture and precipitation were selected as input data of the NDI during 1977~2012. Observed precipitation data was collected from KMA ASOS (Korea Meteorological Association Automatic Synoptic Observation System), while model-driven runoff and soil moisture from Variable Infiltration Capacity Model (VIC Model) were used. Time series analysis, drought characteristic analysis and spatial analysis were used to assess the utilization of NDI and compare with existing SPI, SRI and SSI. The NDI precisely reflected onset and termination of past drought events with mean absolute error of 0.85 in time series analysis. It explained well duration and inter-arrival time with 1.3 and 1.0 respectively in drought characteristic analysis. Also, the NDI reflected regional drought condition well in spatial analysis. The accuracy rank of drought onset, termination, duration and inter-arrival time was calculated by using NDI, SPI, SRI and SSI. The result showed that NDI is more precise than the others. The NDI overcomes the limitation of univariate drought indices and can be useful for drought analysis as representative measure of different types of drought such as meteorological, hydrological and agricultural droughts.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.54 no.3
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• pp.234-238
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• 2016

Purpose: Increasing use of computer aided design-computer aided manufacturing (CAD-CAM) system and number of design software made design of restoration easy and quick. Outcome of restoration has been dependent on dental technician's wax up proficiency, dentists can design restoration for themselves now. This study aims to investigate the outcome of restoration designs, according to handling skill of CAD-CAM design tool. Materials and methods: A patient's mandibular right 1st molar was prepared. After taking impression, stone model was made, scanned the stone model with 3 shape intra-oral scanner, stereolithography (STL) file was extracted. With 3shape dental designer, one dental technician with more than 5 years work experience (designer 0) and three dental technicians with less than 2years work experience (designer 1, 2, 3-group DT) and 4 1st year residents (designer 4, 5, 6, 7-group RT) designed gold crown on the same STL file. Designed crown's MD (mesio-distal) and BL (bucco-lingual) diameter, height of crown, inter-cuspal distance, number of occlusal contact points were compared. Statistical analysis was carried out, test of normality within each group, using independent t-test. Number of contact points were compared, using Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Results: There was no significant difference between group DT and group RT. Number of contact points also resulted in no significant difference. Conclusion: The outcome of each designed crowns showed no statistical differences, in values which can be expressed as numbers. Subjective factors were different. With increasing proficiency in handling designing software, fabrication of restorations according to each designer's occlusal concept can be made easy.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.13-24
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• 2001

The purpose was to identify the middle and high school students'clothing gift purchasing behavior according to the consumption orientation. Self-administered questionnaires were distributed to 585 middle and high school students who had an experience of purchasing a clothing gift more than one time during recent one year in Chonbuk province from Mar. 6 to Mar. 15 2000. Frequency. percentage. mean. standard deviation. factor analysis. $\varkappa$$_2$-test. t-test. one way ANOVA were used for data analysis. Duncan's Multiple Range test was followed. The results of this study were as follows ; 1. The student's consumption orientation factors were consisted of plan, practicality. and pleasure. and they were divided into the practicality pursuit. the convenience pursuit. and the feeling pursuit. 2. The practicality pursuit considered practical aspects more. but considered external aspects of gifts less. gift purchasing frequencies was less. and selected cheaper gifts. The convenience pursuit considered practical aspects less. purchased gift more frequently. and selected ore expensive ones. The feeling pursuit considered practical aspects and external aspects of gift important. 3. Girls considered the external aspects of clothing gift more important than boys. and patronized the specialty store or discount outlet. The students in high schools or with more pocket money considered more criteria when selecting gifts. and selected more expensive ones. 4. Middle and high school students game and took gifts 1-3 times a year. and the common price rage was 10,000-30,000 won. Girls with more pocket money and in older ages selected more expensive gifts. On birthday or parents day. they used to select clothing as a gift more frequently. and the rank order of the favorite items were socks or stockings. handkerchiefs. and upper outer wears. They patronized specially store or opposite sexes.

• Korean journal of communication and information
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• v.61
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• pp.159-179
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• 2013

This study aims to consider the criteria and signification of 'aging' constructed in media in Korean society that has entered aging society. For the purpose, this study analyzed KBS the representative TV health programs. According to the result, designs the measurable indexes of aging to rank the casts. And it emphasizes to the casts that cannot reach a certain level the support from medical experts or advanced medical technology. With such characteristics of individual text, this paper found the ideological codes of the health programs. They contrast the elderly who have achieved successful aging from those that have not. They define the aged who have not practiced self-management or medical control to prevent aging properly as failure and also make fun of them. They draw aging that was not regarded as some kind of disease in the past into the area of medicine. Besides, the medicalization of aging regarded as an object for treatment may come to strengthen the control of medical experts and also individualize social issues.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.13 no.10
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• pp.4496-4505
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• 2012

As the result of this study, total 27 core competencies are developed and categorized into four competence groups; common competence group, teamwork formation competence group, data-processing and analysis group and resource management and application competence group. The result of diagnosing of competency level, the required level of competencies were more higher than possessed level. This result supports that it is essential to raise the competency level of employees entirely through the education programs. The data analysis with two independent variances, rank and type of occupation, shows the significant difference between the required and current competency level in terms of ranks, staff, senior and principle. Therefore, it is necessary to provide a differentiated educational programs considering ranks.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.7 no.12
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• pp.583-591
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• 2020

Employability has recently become the first target of the national higher education. Its model has been updated to catch the new trend of Industry 4.0. This paper aims at analyzing and ranking the determinants of undergraduate employability, focusing on business and economics majors in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. In-depth interviews with content analysis have been primarily conducted to reach an agreement on a key group of factors: human capital, social capital, and identity. The Stochastic Fractal Search Algorithm (SFSA) is then applied to rank the sub-factors. Human capital is composed of three major elements: attitude, skill, and knowledge. Social capital is approached at both structural and cognitive aspects with three typical types: bonding, bridging, and linking. The analysis has confirmed the change of priority in employability determinants. Human capital is still a driver but the priority of attitude has been confirmed in the contemporary context. Then, social capital with the important order of linking, bridging, and bonding is emphasized. Skill, knowledge, and identity share the least weight in the model. It is noted that identity is newly proposed in the model but a certain role has been found. The findings are crucial for education strategies to enhance university graduate employability.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.219-224
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• 2019

BACKGROUND: Soil bacteria play important roles in organic matter decomposition and nutrient cycling during the non-growing season. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of soil management and chemical properties on the utilization of carbon sources by soil bacteria in paddy fields. METHODS AND RESULTS: The Biolog EcoPlate was used for analyzing community-level carbon substrate utilization profiles of soil bacteria. Soils were collected from the following three types of areas: plain, interface and mountain areas, which were tested to investigate the topology effect. The results of canonical correspondence analysis and Kendall rank correlation analysis showed that soil C/N ratio and NH₄⁺ influenced utilization of carbon sources by bacteria. The utilization of carbohydrates and complex carbon sources were positively correlated with NH₄⁺ concentration. Cultivated paddy fields were compared with adjacent abandoned fields to investigate the impact of cultivation cessation. The level of utilization of putrescine was lower in abandoned fields than in cultivated fields. Monoculture fields were compared with double cropping fields cultivated with barley to investigate the impact of winter crop cultivation. Cropping system altered bacterial use of carbon sources, as reflected by the enhanced utilization of 2-hydroxy benzoic acid under monoculture conditions. CONCLUSION: These results show that soil use intensity and topological characteristics have a minimal impact on soil bacterial functioning in relation to carbon substrate utilization. Moreover, soil chemical properties were found to be important factors determining the physiological profile of the soil bacterial community in paddy fields.