• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.306-311
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• 2001

Purpose : In this retrospective study, we attempted to evaluate the treatment outcome and the prognostic factors of thymoma treated with surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Methods and materials : Between 1979 and 1998, 55 patients with thymoma were treated at the Seoul National University Hospital. Of these, 11 patients underwent surgery only, 33 patients received post-operative radiotherapy and 11 patients received radiotherapy only. Twenty-three patients had gross total resection and 21 patients subtotal resection. For postoperative radiotherapy, the radiation dose consisted of $41.4\~55.8\;Gy$. The average follow-up was 64 months, and ranged from 2 to 160 months. The sex ratio was 1:1 and the median age was 48 years $(15\~74\;years)$. Overall survival and disease-free survival were determined via the Kaplan-Meier method, and the log-rank was employed to evaluate for differences in prognostic factor. Results : The five- and 10-year survivai rates were $87\%\;and\;65\%$ respectively, and the median survival was 103 months. By univariate analysis, only stage (p=0.0017) turned out to be significant prognostic factors of overall survival. Also, stage (p=0.0007) was significantly predictive for overall survival in mutivariated analysis. Conclusion : This study showed the stage was found to be important prognostic factors, which influenced survival. Especially, as incomplete resection is related with poor results, complete resection is important to cure the invasive thymoma.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.10
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• pp.4421-4427
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• 2015

Objectives: To investigate the prognosis significance of preoperative serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and the correlation with clinicopathological factors of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients who underwent hepatectomy. Materials and Methods: Clinicopathological data of retrospective analysis were collected for 251 HCC patients undergoing hepatectomy in this study. According to preoperative AFP level, patients were categorized into AFP-negative (0-20ng/mL) and AFP-positive (>20 ng/mL) groups for Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox proportional hazard regression modeling. Results: The results demonstrated that increased AFP was associated with longer prothrombin time (PTs), liver capsule invasion, low grade differentiation, and late Barcelona Clinic Liver Center (BCLC) stage. Moreover, the female patients had a greater prevalence of increased preoperative AFP than male patients [284.8 (3.975-3167.5) vs (3.653-140.65); Z-2.895, p=0.004]. The 1-, 3-, and 5-year recurrence-free survival (RFS) rates were 78.1, 57.5, and 40.6 % in the AFP-negative group and 61.8, 37.7, and 31.4 %, respectively, in the AFP-positive group (log-rank test 8.312, p=0.004). The 1-, 3-, and 5-year overall survival (OS) rates were 94.4, 83.8, and 62.3% in the AFP-negative group and 87.2, 60.0, and 36.7%, respectively, in the AFP-positive group. The difference was statistically significant (log-rank test, 16.884, p=0.000). Cox proportional-hazards model identified preoperative AFP to be an independent prognostic predictor of overall survival. Conclusions: Preoperative serum AFP is an independent predictor of prognosis among HCC patients following surgical resection. Female patients have a higher preoperative AFP than their male counterparts.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.114-119
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• 2011

Thermogravimetric analysis(TGA) was carried out for pyrolysis and char-$CO_2$ gasification of low rank Indonesian ABK coal and China lignite. The pyrolysis rate was successfully described by a two-step model adopting the modified Kissinger method. The shrinking core model, when applied to char-$CO_2$ gasification gave initial activation energy of 189.1 kJ/mol and 260.5 kJ/mol for the ABK coal and China lignite, respectively. Thus, the char-$CO_2$ gasification has been successfully simulated by the shrinking core model. In particular, the activation energy of char-$CO_2$ gasification calculated in this work is similar to the results on the anthracite coal, but considerable difference exists when other models or coal types are used.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea CI
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• v.47 no.5
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• pp.17-24
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• 2010

Recently the study of identifying bio-markers for disease diagnosis and prognosis has been actively performed. In particular, lots of attentions have been paid to the finding of pathway gene-sets differentially expressed in disease patients rather than the finding of individual gene markers. In this paper we propose a novel method to identify disease-related pathway gene-sets based on time-series microarray data. For this purpose, we firstly compute individual gene scores by the using maSigPro (microarray Significant Profiles) and then arrange all the genes in the decreasing order of the corresponding gene scores. The rank of each gene in the entire list is used to evaluate the statistical significance of candidate gene-sets with Wilcoxson rank sum test. For the generation of candidate gene-sets, MSigDB (Molecular Signatures Database) pathway information has been employed. The experiment was conducted with prostate cancer time-series microarray data and the results showed the usefulness of the proposed method by correctly identifying 6 out of 7 biological pathways already known as being actually related to prostate cancer.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2001

The purpose of this thesis is to classify landscape-type of golf course, and t provide a better understanding of landscape of existing golf courses, seek a developed method for landscape, and other useful knowledge. In order to classify landscape type of the golf course, and analyze the preference for the determinants, we have selected 4 golf courses in Yongin, Kyonggi Province. The analysis in this study shows that a variable, 'familiarity' is the most potent influence of visual preference, (Sig 0.01), and it can be divided into five classes of landscape-type in golf course. More specifically, we conducted the analysis of the image of views and visual preference to bring out major factors which could decide visual preference in golf courses. The results between visual preference and physical variable are as follows; 1. It implies that a factor for a image of the view in golf course is analyzed by 4 districts from factor 1 to factor 4. An ability explaining those factors in the whole of variable quantity is 51.742%, implying factors for the image of the scene in golf courses are appeared as familiarity, changeableness, spaciousness, and naturalness. Among those factors, since familiarity(C.V.; 26.783%) and changeableness(C.V.; 112.200%) took high rank, this represents the fact that familiarity or changeableness highly affects the forming of image. 2. Defending on degree of image ability in golf course, we could classify as five types such as Type I, Type II, Type II, Type IV, and Type V. 3. As a result of calculating type of factor score, Type I had the lowest ranking in naturalness, and rather lower than others such as organization and spaciousness. The II is a top-ranked one in familiarity and naturalness, while it has the lowest ranking in spaciousness. Type III has the highest ranking in organization and preference. Type IV is the lowest-ranked one in familiarity and preference. Type IV is the lowest-ranked one is familiarity and preference. Type V has the highest ranking in spaciousness, but the lowest ranking in organization. 4. As a result of preference, Type III, Type II, Type V, Type I, and Type IV come out in order. That water-seen place type charges the highest rank shows the importance of changeable materials. 5. These factors-familiarity, organization, spaciousness and naturalness- are the major materials of the scene of view in golf courses. The possibility of how to use those for designing and making enhanced golf courses should be reinvestigated through these factors. Especially, it is acknowledged that the duction of changeableness, which is not mentioned in the study of informational approach, is much stimulating for the designing use. A further research on this theme should be made in the future, not limiting to the golf courses in Yongin.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.80-89
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• 2017

This study aims to get necessary information for designing the systematic and practical career preparation education program by checking the differences among core competency of collegiate and career variables. In order to do that, the core competence of collegiate was identified through Korea collegiate essential skills assessment(K-CESA), and the survey results about career preparation behavior, career decision-making self efficacy and career barriers were collected. And then the data were compared and analyzed to differentiate relationships among core competency of collegiate and career variables, based on the university types and the locations. The data were analyzed by ANOVAs and t-tests using the SPSS 21.0 program. According to the analysis, firstly, there is a difference in the level of collegiate essential skills depending on the characteristics of schools. Secondly, the students at metropolitan four-year universities feel more difficulties primarily in the variable of career barriers than the students at local universities and students at colleges. Thirdly, the students of high rank at core competence showed higher career decision-making self-efficacy and career preparation behavior than the students of low rank, and they feel less difficulties in the matter of career barrier. This study shows that in order to support students' career efficiently, it is necessary for each college and university to design career program by considering the core competency and the level of career development of students, instead of providing them with a unified and fractional program.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.268-278
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• 2021

Purpose: While several prognostic models for the stratification of death risk have been developed for patients with advanced gastric cancer receiving first-line chemotherapy, they have seldom been tested in the Chinese population. This study investigated the performance of these models and identified the optimal tools for Chinese patients. Materials and Methods: Patients diagnosed with metastatic or recurrent gastric adenocarcinoma who received first-line chemotherapy were eligible for inclusion in the validation cohort. Their clinical data and survival outcomes were retrieved and documented. Time-dependent receiver operating characteristic (ROC) and calibration curves were used to evaluate the predictive ability of the models. Kaplan-Meier curves were plotted for patients in different risk groups divided by 7 published stratification tools. Log-rank tests with pairwise comparisons were used to compare survival differences. Results: The analysis included a total of 346 patients with metastatic or recurrent disease. The median overall survival time was 11.9 months. The patients were different into different risk groups according to the prognostic stratification models, which showed variability in distinguishing mortality risk in these patients. The model proposed by Kim et al. showed relative higher predicting abilities compared to the other models, with the highest χ² (25.8) value in log-rank tests across subgroups, and areas under the curve values at 6, 12, and 24 months of 0.65 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.59-0.72), 0.60 (0.54-0.65), and 0.63 (0.56-0.69), respectively. Conclusions: Among existing prognostic tools, the models constructed by Kim et al., which incorporated performance status score, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, alkaline phosphatase, albumin, and tumor differentiation, were more effective in stratifying Chinese patients with gastric cancer receiving first-line chemotherapy.

• Korean Journal of Occupational Therapy
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.43-55
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• 2018

Objective : The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of fidget spinner training on the hand function and handwriting legibility of lower grade elementary school studens. Methods : This study randomly assigned a study group of 12 children and control group of 12 children from 24 children in grade 1 and 2 (ages 7 through 8), whose are dominantly right handed. The study used was a pre-post process. The intervention was conducted only on the study group twice a week for 5 weeks and for 40 minutes per session, for a total of ten sessions. The measuring instruments used to compare the hand functions and handwriting legibility were the Jebsen-Taylor Hand Function Test, Grip Strength Test, and Legibility Test. The data analysis used a Wilcoxon signed rank, Mann-Whitney U and Chi-Square cross analysis. Results : The fidget spinner training showed significant improvement in the study group's hand function(grip strength and handwriting legibility) and a significant difference was shown between the control and study groups. Conclusion : This study confirmed the value and utility of a fidget spinner as a tool for improving the hand function and handwriting legibility of elementary school students in lower grades. Future studies are expected to verify the effectiveness of the fidget spinner training based on the present study.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.77-87
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• 2018

The study was a mixed design study that analyzed the effects of developing and applying a program to improve pregnancy recognition for severe low fertility. The study period was from April 1, 2018, to October 26, 2018, and the participants included 16 women of 19~21 age who lived in M City and M Gun. The process of program development is based on Dorothy Johnson 's theory of behavior system to induce change of perception, and reference literature review and national policy report. The program developed through the literature was finally developed by examining the experts panel discussion after deriving causes and alternatives for low fertility from 25 fertility women. The contents of program consist of three areas. Quantitative research results were analyzed using Shapiro Wilk and Wilcoxon sign rank using SPSS 18.0, and qualitative research results were analyzed using focus group. As a result of study, the perception of pregnancy increased significantly (P<0.01) with statistical significance as pre-experimental (M=3.21, SD=.342), post-experimental (M=4.46, SD=.398) and the result of content analysis appeared three themes as , , . In conclusion, the program was effective in improving the recognition of pregnancy for young women.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.30 no.5B
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• pp.487-495
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• 2010

Soil moisture is a crucial factor in hydrological system which influences runoff, energy balance, evaporation, and atmosphere. United States National Aeronautic and Space Administration (NASA) and Department of Agriculture (USDA) have established Soil Moisture Experiment (SMEX) since 2002 for the global observations. SMEX provides useful data for the hydrological science including soil moisture and hydrometeorological variables. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between remotely sensed soil moisture data from aircraft and satellite and ground based experiment. C-band of Polarimetric Scanning Radiometer (PSR) that observed the brightness temperature provides soil moisture data using a retrieval algorithm. It was compared with the In-situ data for 2-30 cm depth at four sites. The most significant depth is 2-10 cm from the correlation analysis. Most of the sites, two data are similar to the mean of data at 10 cm and the median at 7 cm and 10 cm at the 10% significant level using the Rank Sum test and t-test. In general, soil moisture data using the C-band of the PSR was established to fit the Normal, Log-normal and Gumbel distribution. Soil moisture data using the aircraft and satellites will be used in hydrological science as fundamental data. Especially, the C-band of PSR will be used to prove soil moisture at 7-10 cm depths.