• Journal of Genetic Medicine
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.138-144
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• 2010

Purpose: Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), which mediates neovascularization of uterine endometrium may be involved in the neovascularization in the utero-placental circulation. Low numbers of endothelial progenitor colony-forming unit (CFU) in culture are predictive biomarker of vascular disease. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether the number of CFU in preeclampsia differed from that in normal pregnancy. Materials and Methods: Women with singleton normal (n=26) or preeclamptic (n=20) pregnancies were studied during the third trimester. The number of EPCs was quantified by CFU methodology. Plasma levels of angiogenic factors, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFlt-1), and placental growth factor (PlGF) were determined by enzyme-linked immunoassay. Results: CFU numbers were significantly decreased in the preeclamptic patients compared with the controls (median, 3; range 1-12 vs. 31; 3-81 CFU/well, P<0.001). A majority of the cells comprising individual colonies were positive for endothelial characteristics (Ulex europaeus lectin staining and acetylated low-density lipoprotein uptake). Plasma levels of the sFlt-1 were highly elevated (P<0.001) in patient with preeclampsia compared to controls, whereas PlGF were highly reduced (P=0.004), but these factors did not associate with CFU numbers. Conclusion: Our results suggest that reduced numbers of CFU obtained from maternal peripheral blood may contribute to the development of preeclampsia.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.63-71
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• 1992

Four novel amphoteric surfactants of N-alkoxyethylcarboxybetaine series were synthesized via Schotten-Baurnman reaction between four alkyl chlorides contaning 10, 12, 14 and 16 carbon atoms in their N-alkyl group and dimethylaminoethanol to give the intermediate products, alkoxyethyldimethylamine, Quaternization of these intermediates was permitted to form 2-(alkoxyethyldimethylarnmonio) acetates, whose structures were identified by elemental analysis. IR spectrophotometry and $^1$Hnmr spectrometry. The yield of the final products was shown in the range of $74{\sim}77%$ based on the yield of the intermediate products, Surface tension of the aqueous solution of the final products was measured. and the critical micelle concentrations(cmc) were shown in the range of $2.82{\times}10^{-3}{\sim}2.67{\times}10^{-6}$mol/l, and the surface thension at erne was 35${\sim}$43dyne/cm. Cmc was lowered gradually by the increase of carbon numbers in N-alkyl ether containing group. The isoelectric point was shown in the range of 4.08${\sim}$6.03. It showed a tendency to lean toward the acidic site and its range was broadened as increase of the hydrophobic group length. A linear relationship between log erne and the number of carbon atoms(N) in the hydrophobic alkyl chain was shown in the relative equation of log cmc=2.49-0.50N.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.60 no.5
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• pp.13.1-13.7
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• 2018

Background: The objective of this study was to underline that litter size as a key trait of sows needs new parameters to be evaluated and to target an individual optimum. Large individual variation in litter size affects both production and piglet's survival and health negatively. Therefore, two new traits were suggested and analyzed. Two data sets on 5509 purebred German Landrace sows and 3926 Large White and crossing sows including at least two parental generations and at least five parities were subjected to variance components analysis. Results: The new traits for evaluating litter size were derived from the individual numbers of total born piglets (TBP) per parity: In most cases, sows reach their maximum litter size in their fourth parity. Therefore, data from at least five parities were included. The first observable maximum and minimum of TBP, and the individual variation expressed by the range were targeted. Maximum of TBP being an observable trait in pig breeding and management yielded clearly higher heritability estimates ($h^2{\sim}0.3$) than those estimates predominantly reported so far. Maximum TBP gets closer to the genetic capacity for litter size than other litter traits. Minimum of TBP is positively correlated with the range of TBP ($r_p=0.48$, $r_g$ > 0.6). The correlation between maximum of TBP and its individually reached frequency was negative in both data sets ($r_p=-0.28$ and - 0.22, respectively). Estimated heritability coefficients for the range of TBP comprised a span of $h^2=0.06$ to 0.10. Conclusion: An optimum both for maximum and range of total born piglets in selecting sows is a way contributing to homogenous litters in order to improving the animal-related conditions both for piglets' welfare and economic management in pig.

• Asian Oncology Nursing
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.49-61
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• 2004

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to suggest the projected manpower of oncology nurses & Advanced oncology certified nurses needed in the future. Method: Need models, ratio models and expert opinion were used for projecting the number of oncology nurses & Advanced oncology certified nurses. Resul: 1. The demand for the oncology nurses was estimated 6,043 in the year 2003, 6,548 in the year 2005, and 4,556 in the year 2010. 2. The demand range of the advanced oncology certified nurses centering on the number of hospitalized patients were estimated 358-538 in the year 2003, 388-583 in the year 2005, and 448-672 in the year 2010. 3. The demand range of the middle and long term advanced oncology certified nurses centering on the number of sickbed were estimated 507-787 in the year 2005, 523-810 in the year 2010, and 540-837 in the year 2020. 4. The demand range of the advanced oncology certified nurses centering on the number of organizations were estimated 374 in the year 2003, 399 in the year 2005, 410 in the year 2010. 5. The total demand range, concerning the numbers of hospitalized patients, hospital bed, and organizations are estimated 358-538 in the year 2003, 388-787 in the year 2005, 428-840 in the year 2010, and 540-837 in the year 2020. 6. In the demand of developed country's level oncology nurses are OCN's level 1,495, AOCN's level 102 in the year 2003, OCN's level 1,613, AOCN's level 111 in the year 2005, OCN's level 1,879, AOCN's level 128 in the year 2010 in case of the United States, and in case of Canada, 765 in the year 2003, 826 in the year 2005, and 956 in the year 2010.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.197-208
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• 2003

This study was surveyed to provide the information on current operational practices and issues of contract-managed foodservice companies. Questionnaires were distributed to 79 contract-managed foodservice companies (eight large-size, 48 mid-size, 23 small-size companies) from March to May in 2002. The contract-managed foodservice companies provided averages of 269,184 (range 140,036-503,500), 14,837 (range 450-75,269), and 4,065 (range 930-8,050) meals daily from large, medium, and small-size companies, respectively. The companies managed to averages of 268.2 (160-619) foodservice contracts at large-size companies, 21.9 (5-63) contracts at mid-size companies, and 4.7 (1-10) contracts at small-size companies. The average numbers of dietitians were 298.6 (range 104-671) in large-size companies, 22.2(6-86) in mid-size companies, and 3.8(1-9) in small-size companies. The averages of sales were 156.5 billion at large-size companies, 6.7 billion at mid-size companies, and 1.7 billion at small-size companies in 2001. The contract was two types including management fee contract(5%), and profit and loss contract(95%). The cost ratios for office foodservice were 59.5% at food cost, 24.2% at labor cost, 6.3% at profit, and 10.1% at other cost. For hospital foodservice, the ratios were 54.0% at the food cost, 34.6% at labor cost, 3.0% at profit, and 11.8% at other cost. For high school foodservice, the ratios were 62.2% at the food cost, 21.5% at labor cost, 5.4% at profit, and 11.2% at other cost. When the contractors managed to the foodservice, the most important matters were the sanitation management and customer satisfaction. Also, the difficult problems were excess investment of equipments and low meal prices.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.13-21
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• 2017

Temporal changes in the number of zooplankton species are important information for understanding basic characteristics and species diversity in marine ecosystems. The aim of the present study was to estimate the optimal monitoring frequency (OMF) to guarantee and predict the minimum number of species occurrences for studies concerning marine ecosystems. The OMF is estimated using the temporal number of zooplankton species through bi-weekly monitoring of zooplankton species data according to operational taxonomic units in the Tongyoung coastal sea. The optimal model comprises two terms, a constant (optimal mean) and a cosine function with a one-year period. The confidence interval (CI) range of the model with monitoring frequency was estimated using a bootstrap method. The CI range was used as a reference to estimate the optimal monitoring frequency. In general, the minimum monitoring frequency (numbers per year) directly depends on the target (acceptable) estimation error. When the acceptable error (range of the CI) increases, the monitoring frequency decreases because the large acceptable error signals a rough estimation. If the acceptable error (unit: number value) of the number of the zooplankton species is set to 3, the minimum monitoring frequency (times per year) is 24. The residual distribution of the model followed a normal distribution. This model can be applied for the estimation of the minimal monitoring frequency that satisfies the target error bounds, as this model provides an estimation of the error of the zooplankton species numbers with monitoring frequencies.

• Journal of Internet Computing and Services
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.23-32
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• 2006

In this paper, we propose indexing method to manage large amount of XML documents efficiently, using the range of node and Pre-Oder List. The most of XML indexing methods are based on path or numbering method. However, the method of path-based indexing method shows disadvantages of performance degradation for join operations of ancestor-descendent relationships, and searching for middle and lower nodes. The method of numbers-scheme based indexing has to number all nodes of XML documents, since search overhead increased and the disk space for indexes was wasted. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a novel indexing method using node ranges and Preorder-Lists to overcome these problems. The proposed method more efficiently stores similar structured XML documents. In addition, our method supports flexible insertion and deletion of XML documents.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.37-45
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• 2006

gel electrophoresis (CGE) with poly(ethylene oxide) has been applied to the measurement of CAG repeat number in Androgen receptor (AR) gene related to male infertility. Non-linear regression analysis was performed using the standard X174 RF/Hae III, 100bp step ladder DNA in order to investigate the exact number of CAG repeat. For 79 Korean infertile males and 89 controls, CAG repeats at exon 1 in AR gene was compared and analyzed by CGE. It turned out that CAG repeat numbers were 24.972.6 range, 17-29) for the infertile male, and 23.992.4 range, 18-29) for the control, respectively. P value (0.018) was less then 0.05, meaning that the result was statistically meaningful.

• International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.147-162
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• 2021

The problem of predicting a ship's form factor and associated scale effects has been subject to many investigations in recent years. In this study, an attempt is made to investigate whether the form factor is influenced by a change in the ship's speed by numerically modelling a geosim series of the KCS hull form by means of a RANS solver. The turbulence dependence of the problem is also studied by altering the closure model among three widely used approaches (the k-𝜔, k-𝜔 SST, and k-𝜀 models). The results show that at very low speeds (Froude numbers in the range of 0.02-0.06) the numerical model predicts changes in the form factor of a ship between 10% and 20%, depending on the turbulence model and scale factor choices. As the speed is increased further, the form factor exhibits little change, usually in the range of 1% or less. Simulations where the Reynolds number is changed by approximately two orders of magnitude, achieved by altering the value of viscosity, confirmed that the form factor can be considered Froude-dependent only for low speeds, predicting essentially identical values when high speed cases are considered.

• Wind and Structures
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.127-144
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• 2010

Pressure measurements on static and autorotating flat plates have been recently reported by Lin et al. (2006), Holmes, et al. (2006), and Richards, et al. (2008), amongst others. In general, the variation of the normal force with respect to the angle of attack appears to stall in the mid attack angle range with a large scale separation in the wake. To date however, no surface pressures have been measured on auto-rotating plates that are typical of a certain class of debris. This paper presents the results of an experiment to measure the aerodynamic forces on a flat plate held stationary at different angles to the flow and allowing the plate to auto-rotate. The forces were determined through the measurement of differential pressures on either side of the plate with internally mounted pressure transducers and data logging systems. Results are presented for surface pressure distributions and overall integrated forces and moments on the plates in coefficient form. Computed static force coefficients show the stall effect at the mid range angle of attack and some variation for different Reynolds numbers. Normal forces determined from autorotational experiments are higher than the static values at most pitch angles over a cycle. The resulting moment coefficient does not compare well with current analytical formulations which suggest the existence of a flow mechanism that cannot be completely described through static tests.