• Journal of Wetlands Research
• /
• v.12 no.1
• /
• pp.51-61
• /
• 2010

Changes in climate have largely increased concentrated heavy rainfall, which in turn is causing enormous damages to humans and properties. Therefore, it is important to understand the spatial-temporal features of rainfall. In this study, RADAR rainfall was used to calculate gridded areal rainfall which reflects the spatial-temporal variability. In addition, Kalman-filter method, a stochastical technique, was used to combine ground rainfall network with RADAR rainfall network to calculate areal rainfall. Thiessen polygon method, Inverse distance weighting method, and Kriging method were used for calculating areal rainfall, and the calculated data was compared with adjusted areal RADAR rainfall measured using the Kalman-filter method. The result showed that RADAR rainfall adjusted with Kalman-filter method well-reproduced the distribution of raw RADAR rainfall which has a similar spatial distribution as the actual rainfall distribution. The adjusted RADAR rainfall also showed a similar rainfall volume as the volume shown in rain gauge data. Anseong-Cheon basin was used as a study area and the RADAR rainfall adjusted with Kalman-filter method was applied in $Vflo^{TM}$ model, a physical-based distributed model, and ModClark model, a semi-distributed model. As a result, $Vflo^{TM}$ model simulated peak time and peak value similar to that of observed hydrograph. ModClark model showed good results for total runoff volume. However, for verifying the parameter, $Vflo^{TM}$ model showed better reproduction of observed hydrograph than ModClark model. These results confirmed that flood runoff simulation is applicable in domestic settings(in South Korea) if highly accurate areal rainfall is calculated by combining gauge rainfall and RADAR rainfall data and the simulation is performed in link to the distributed hydrological model.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
• /
• 2009.05a
• /
• pp.1021-1026
• /
• 2009

본 연구에서는 물리적 기반의 완전분포 모형인 $Vflo^{TM}$ 모형을 이용하여 강원도 인제군에 위치한 내린천 유역을 대상으로 광덕산 레이더 자료와 지상강우 자료를 이용하여 분포형 홍수유출모의를 실시하였다. $Vflo^{TM}$모형을 구성하기 위해서 GIS 지형공간 자료가 사용하였다. 유역의 하천 배수망과 각 격자에서의 경사를 구하기 위하여 250m 격자 크기의 DEM을 사용하였다. 본 연구에서는 2006년 7월 14일부터 2006년 7월 17일까지의 관측 레이더 강우자료(Quantitative Precipitation Estimation, QPE), 보정된 레이더 강우자료, 지상 강우량자료를 동일한 조건의 $Vflo^{TM}$모형에 입력하여 관측 유출량과 비교함으로써 기상청레이더 자료와 조건부합성기법으로 보정된 레이더 자료의 수문모형의 입력 자료로써의 타당성을 비교하고자 하였다. 광덕산 레이더 강우의 경우 관측치보다 상당히 과소 추정되는 모습을 보여주었고, 지상강우와 조건부합성기법으로 보정된 레이더 강우의 경우 실제 관측치와 비슷한 유출을 나타내었지만, 조건부 합성기법(Kim, 2008)을 이용하여 레이더강우와 지상강우를 합성한 보정 레이더 강우자료가 가장 좋은 결과를 보여주었다. 이를 통해 기상레이더 강우자료와 지상강우자료를 합성할 경우 충분히 레이더 강우를 이용하여 홍수모형의 입력자료로써 수문학적 활용성이 있음을 확인하였다.

• KCID journal
• /
• v.18 no.2
• /
• pp.87-100
• /
• 2011

This study is to delineate the watershed hydrological parameters such as area, slope, rain gauge weight, NRCS-CN and time of concentration (Tc) by using the Geographic Information Sytem (GIS) technique, and estimation of design flood for an ungauged watershed. Especially, we attempted to determine the Tc of ungauged watershed and develop simple program using the cell-based algorithm to calculates upstream or downstream flow time along a flow path for each cell. For a $19km^2$ watershed of tributary of Nakdong river (Seupmoon), the parameters including flow direction, flow accumulation, watershed boundary, stream network and Tc map were extracted from 30m Agreeburn DEM (Digital Elevation Model) and landcover map. And NRCS-CN was extracted from 30m landcover map and soil map. Design rainfall estimation for two rainfall gauge which are Sunsan and Jangcheon using FARD2006 that developed by National Institute for Disaster Prevention (NIDP). Using the parameters as input data of HEC-l model, the design flood was estimated by applying Clark unit hydrograph method. The results showed that the design flood of 50 year frequency of this study was $8m^3/sec$ less than that of the previous fundamental plan in 1994. The value difference came from the different application of watershed parameter, different rainfall distribution (Huff quartile vs. Mononobe) and critical durations. We could infer that the GIS-based parameter preparation is more reasonable than the previous hand-made extraction of watershed parameters.

• Atmosphere
• /
• v.24 no.2
• /
• pp.173-188
• /
• 2014

The KMA has cooperated with the Oklahoma University in USA to develop a Polarimetric Radar Data (PRD) simulator to improve the microphysical processes in Korea Local Analysis and Prediction System (KLAPS), which is critical for the utilization of PRD into Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) field. The simulator is like a tool to convert NWP data into PRD, so it enables us to compare NWP data with PRD directly. The simulator can simulate polarimetric radar variables such as reflectivity (Z), differential reflectivity ($Z_{DR}$), specific differential phase ($K_{DP}$), and cross-correlation coefficient (${\rho}_{hv}$) with input of the Drop Size Distribution (DSD) and scattering calculation of the hydrometeors. However, the simulator is being developed based on the foreign observation data, therefore the PRD simulator development reflecting rainfall characteristics of Korea is needed. This study analyzed a potential application of the 2-Dimension Video Disdrometer (2DVD) data by calculating the raindrop axis ratio according to the rain-types to reflect Korea's rainfall characteristics into scattering module in the simulator. The 2DVD instrument measures the precipitation DSD including the fall velocity and the shape of individual raindrops. We calculated raindrop axis ratio for stratiform, convective and mixed rainfall cases after checking the accuracy of 2DVD data, which usually represent the scattering characteristics of precipitation. The raindrop axis ratio obtained from 2DVD data are compared with those from foreign database in the simulator. The calculated the dual-polarimetric radar variables from the simulator using the obtained raindrop axis ratio are also compared with in situ dual-polarimetric observation data at Bislsan (BSL). 2DVD observation data show high accuracies in the range of 0.7~4.8% compared with in situ rain gauge data which represents 2DVD data are sufficient for the use to simulator. There are small differences of axis ratio in the diameter below 1~2 mm and above 4~5 mm, which are more obvious for bigger raindrops especially for a strong convective rainfall case. These differences of raindrop axis ratio between domestic and foreign rainfall data base suggest that the potential use of disdrometer observation can develop of a PRD simulated suitable to the Korea precipitation system.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
• /
• v.47 no.12
• /
• pp.1227-1237
• /
• 2014

Dual-polarization can distinguish precipitation type and dual-polarization is provide not only meteorological phenomena in the atmosphere but also non-precipitation echoes. Therefore dual-polarization radar can improve radar estimates of rainfall. However polarimetric measurements by transmitting vertically vibration waves and horizontally vibrating waves simultaneously is contain systematic bias of the radar itself. Thus the calibration bias is necessary to improve quantitative precipitation estimation. In this study, the calibration bias of reflectivity (Z) and differential reflectivity ($Z_{DR}$) from the Bislsan dual-polarization radar is calculated using the 2-Dimensional Video Disdrometer (2DVD) data. And an improvement in rainfall estimation is investigated by applying derived calibration bias. A total of 33 rainfall cases occurring in Daegu from 2011 to 2012 were selected. As a results, the calibration bias of Z is about -0.3 to 5.5 dB, and $Z_{DR}$ is about -0.1 dB to 0.6 dB. In most cases, the Bislsan radar generally observes Z and $Z_{DR}$ variables lower than the simulated variables. Before and after calibration bias, compared estimated rainfall from the dual-polarization radar with AWS rain gauge in Daegu found that the mean bias has fallen by 1.69 to 1.54 mm/hr, and the RMSE has decreased by 2.54 to 1.73 mm/hr. And estimated rainfall comparing to the surface rain gauge as ground truth, rainfall estimation is improved about 7-61%.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
• /
• v.40 no.12
• /
• pp.943-956
• /
• 2007

Among various statistics, the spatial correlation function, that is "correlogram", is frequently used to evaluate or design the rain gauge network and to model the rainfall field. The spatial correlation structure of rainfall has the significant variation due to many factors. Thus, the variation of spatial correlation structure of rainfall causes serious problems when deciding the spatial correlation function of rainfall within the basin. In this study, the spatial rainfall structure was modeled using bivariate mixed distributions to derive monthly spatial correlograms, based on Gaussian and lognormal distributions. This study derived the correlograms using hourly data of 28 rain gauge stations in the Keum river basin. From the results, we concluded as following; (1) Among three cases (Case A, Case B, Case C) considered, the Case A(+,+) seems to be the most relevant as it is not distorted much by zero measurements. (2) The spatial correlograms based on the lognormal distribution, which is theoretically as well as practically adequate, is better than that based on the Gaussian distribution. (3) The spatial correlation in July exponentially decrease more obviously than those in other months. (4) The spatial correlograms should be derived considering the temporal resolution(hourly, daily, etc) of interest.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
• /
• v.39 no.9 s.170
• /
• pp.745-754
• /
• 2006

This study adopted the Rectangular Pulses Poisson Process Model for the drought severity-duration-frequency analysis to characterize the spatial pattern of drought over the Korean peninsula using the rainfall data of the 59 rain gauge stations. First of all, the drought severity in the southern part of the Korean peninsula was found to be generally high for any return period. This result is consistent for both cases with and without considering the overlap probability of rectangular pulses, which is also valid for longer durations. Comparison with those of observed drought frequency and maximum severity also showed that the result in this study has enough reliability.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
• /
• 2019.05a
• /
• pp.151-151
• /
• 2019

Because drought is a complex and stochastic phenomenon in nature, statistical approaches for drought assessment receive great attention for water resource planning and management. Generally drought characteristics such as severity, duration and intensity are modelled separately. This study aims to develop a relationship between drought characteristics using a bivariate copula model. To achieve the objective, we calculated the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) using rainfall data at 6 rain gauge stations for the period of 1961-1999 in Jehlum River Basin, Pakistan, and investigated the drought characteristics. Since there is a significant correlation between drought severity and duration, they are usually modeled using different marginal distributions and joint distribution function. Using exponential distribution for drought severity and log-logistic distribution for drought duration, the Galambos copula was recognized as best copula to model joint distribution of drought severity and duration based on the KS-statistic. Various return periods of drought were calculated to identify time interval of repeated drought events. The result of this study can provide useful information for effective water resource management and shows superiority against univariate drought analysis.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
• /
• 2021.06a
• /
• pp.9-9
• /
• 2021

기후변화의 영향으로 과거에 경험하지 못한 이상강우 발생 증가로 댐 및 수자원 관리에 어려움이 증대되고 있다. 특히, 강우의 시·공간적 변동성 심화로 기존 지상강우계만으로는 정확한 유역 단위의 강우량 추정이 어려우며 관측강우자료의 불확실성은 댐 운영의 부정확성을 야기할 수 있다. 최근 지상강우계의 대안으로 시·공간 해상도가 우수한 강우레이더의 활용 및 현업적용이 증대되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 안정적인 수력댐 운영 및 수재해 예방을 위해 고해상도 강우레이더와 지상관측 강우자료를 활용하여 수력댐 유역의 강우추정 정확도를 개선하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 환경부 합성레이더 강우자료와 지상강우관측자료를 이용하여 조건부 합성기법으로 격자강우자료의 정확도를 개선하였다. 대상 유역은 한국수력원자력(주)의 수력발전용댐(팔당, 의암, 춘천, 화천, 청평, 도암, 괴산, 섬진강, 보성강댐) 이다. 특히, 레이더 오차 분석을 통해 지형효과의 고려가 필요한 수력댐 유역을 선정하여 고도영향 조건부합성기법을 적용하도록 하였다. 이를 통해 수력댐 유역의 지형 및 기상 특성을 차별화한 보정이 가능하였다. 또한, 소유역별 레이더 유역평균강우의 오차를 실시간으로 저감하기 위해 화음탐색법과 칼만필터 기법을 적용하여 수력댐 수계 내 172개 소유역의 유역평균강우량을 실시간으로 최적화 할 수 있도록 하였다. 본 연구를 통해 개발된 수력댐 유역의 고해상도 강우 정보를 기반으로 GIS 웹 표출 시스템에 개발하여 수력댐 운영 업무활용 할 수 있도록 지원하고자 한다.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
• /
• 2022.05a
• /
• pp.126-126
• /
• 2022

Climate change has continued to impact meteorological factors like rainfall in many countries including Nigeria. Thus, altering the rainfall patterns which subsequently affect the crop yield. Maize is an important cereal grown in northern Nigeria, along with sorghum, rice, and millet. Due to the challenge of water scarcity during the dry season, it has become critical to design appropriate strategies for planning, developing, and management of the limited available water resources to increase the maize yield. This study, therefore, determines the quantity of water required to produce maize from planting to harvesting and the impact of drought on maize during different growth stages in the region. Rainfall data from six rain gauge stations for a period of 36 years (1979-2014) was considered for the analysis. The standardized precipitation and evapotranspiration index (SPEI) is used to evaluate the severity of drought. Using the CROPWAT model, the evapotranspiration was calculated using the Penman-Monteith method, while the crop water requirements (CWRs) and irrigation scheduling for the maize crop was also determined. Irrigation was considered for 100% of critical soil moisture loss. At different phases of maize crop growth, the model predicted daily and monthly crop water requirements. The crop water requirement was found to be 319.0 mm and the irrigation requirement was 15.5 mm. The CROPWAT 8.0 model adequately estimated the yield reduction caused by water stress and climatic impacts, which makes this model appropriate for determining the crop water requirements, irrigation planning, and management.