• Title/Summary/Keyword: rafter

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The Implementation of an Roof Structure Generating Tool based on the Structural Analysis of Roof Curvature in Traditional Buildings (전통건축 지붕곡 구조분석을 통한 지붕가구부 설계도구의 구현)

  • Lee, Hyunmin;Ahn, Eunyoung
    • Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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    • v.17 no.3
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    • pp.393-404
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    • 2014
  • This research proposes a method to draw a number of components for roof frame in 3D datum. It is based on the analysis of the roof curvature and their geometric relationship in the traditional wooden buildings. Correlations between the components that generate a roof surface is defined with functional formula. The design system which automatically generates 3D datum for the components is implemented by reflecting the structural mechanics for them. The suggested system provides a control function to easily draw a traditional house. In this system, the components engaged in forming a roof surface are not only automatically generated but also simply modified according to the user's request. It would improves design efficiency and ensure a various roof surface design. Furthermore it makes possible systematic drawing and standardized industrial processing. Consequently, the proposed method is expected to contribute to the popularization of traditional house constructing.

Flame Retardant Treatment's Effects and Detection Method on Wooden Buildings' Pigment Layer (Dan-cheong) (국내 목조건축물 단청의 방염제 처리에 따른 영향 및 탐지방법 연구)

  • Kim, Dae Woon;Kim, Chul Woong;Han, Sung Hee;Chung, Yong Jae;Han, Gyu Seong
    • Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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    • v.42 no.4
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    • pp.393-406
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    • 2014
  • To figure out the problems of flame retardant treatment (FRT) on wooden buildings, field investigation and analysis of statistical data are performed. After FRT on historical wooden building, efflorescence and exfoliation showed most often. These problems appeared especially on column, rafter and Ga-gu (Ingredients for supporting structure of a roof) which are liberally spreaded. To compare before and after FRT, analyzed 20 elements using P-XRF. In this process, found sulfur which informs FRT. This helped set up nondestructive assay. Through this process, confirmed field application by analysis residue component of Songgwang-sa Temple.

A study on the Framed Structure with Triple Beam In the Korean Wooden Architecture (한국 목조건축의 삼중량(三重樑) 가구(架構)에 관한 연구)

  • Yang, Jae-Young
    • Journal of architectural history
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    • v.17 no.3
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    • pp.61-80
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    • 2008
  • The purpose of this study is to discover the characteristics and the change of the framed structure with triple beam. 61 existing buildings with the triple beam structure were selected and analyzed extensively. The result of this study could be described in detail like below. The triple beam structure is used in the highly graded and symbolized building like the Buddhist sanctum and the Confucian sanctum. And the triple beam structure was chiefly used in $1600{\sim}1800's$. Generally, 1 Koju-type with Toikan(退間) is applied to the triple beam structure. Despite of the sameness of framed structure, there is a tendency that the rear Toikan(後退間) is used in the Buddhist sanctum and the front Toikan(前退間) is used in the Confucian sanctum. This different application of the Toikan(退間) resulted from the different spatial characteristics which reflect function and grade of the building. The application of Sangjungdori(上中道里, upper purlin) and two Danyeon(短椽, short rafter) is a necessary consequence, because Jungbo(중보, middle beam) is located between Daebo(대보, beam) and Jongbo(종보, small and high located beam) as an additional member of frame. And these are essential characteristics of the framed structure with triple beam. The triple beam structure is formed in a transitional period, as the result from eliminating the inner high-column from the 2 Koju and double beam structure. Though the Daebo is longer, the structure is more stable. But the rate of application of the triple beam structure is low, because it does not exceed the double beam structure in merits. Some of buildings with the triple beam structure has the asymmetrical characteristic in design, which is appeared in the latter period of Joseon Dynasty.

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Investigation of Lead Isotope Ratios on Lead Artifacts Excavated from Mireuk Temple Site, Iksan (익산 미륵사지 출토 납제품의 납동위원소비 분석 고찰)

  • No, Ji-Hyun;Hirao, Yoshimitsu;Kim, Gyu-Ho;Noh, Gi-Hwan
    • 보존과학연구
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    • s.30
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    • pp.137-147
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    • 2009
  • Mireuk temple site is located in Iksan, on the North Jeolla province in Korea, and confirmed tiles, potteries, metals, glasses and other materials that are remaining between Baekje Kingdom and Joseon period after excavations. It is also detected that production and supply of the materials in this era were started inside the country(domestic) at that time. This is important information for the understanding of the production and circulation systems. In this study, lead isotope ratios of 18 samples includedlead glass, crucibles and glazed rafter tiles excavated from Mireuk Temple Site of Baekje era were analyzed for the provenance study of raw glass material supply and distribution of glass products. The results of lead isotope ratio analysis have shown that all raw materials were located in the distribution area of Baekje region and also confirmed to be accord with the previous research results. As comparing the lead isotope ratios of glass and glass materials excavated from Mireuk Temple Site with Miyajidake tomb from Fukuoka Prefecture in Japan, it is found that the same raw materials were used for glass production. It means that there is the active connection between Mireuk temple site and Miyajidake and that these areas are sharing the same materials at the same period. It also shown that artifacts excavated from Miyajidake were strongly influenced from Baekje culture. And it is estimated that there is a possibility of the use ofsame materials whether the supplies of them are from a specific place of Baekje or not

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Characteristics of Uplift Capacity of House Pipe Foundation according to Foundation Types and Soil Conditions (기초형식 및 지반조건에 따른 하우스파이프기초의 인발저항력 특성)

  • Song, ChangSeob;Jang, UngHee;Choi, DookHo;Kim, JungChul
    • Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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    • v.62 no.1
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    • pp.117-126
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    • 2020
  • The area of facility horticulture in Korea is increasing rapidly, the single-span pipe house which uses galvanized steel pipe as the main rafters occupies 78.7% of the facility area. Lightweight structures such as the single-span pipe house are vulnerable to meteorological disasters such as strong winds, economic losses of the state, local governments and farmers are continuing as construction does not meet the design standards. In order to minimize economic losses in the horticultural specialty facilities sector, the Rural Development Administration has been operating the horticultural disaster resilient standard for horticultural specialty facilities since April 2007. The only standard for the pipe connector is the disaster resilient standard, there is no standard for the uplift capacity of the house pipe foundation and the research on it is also insufficient. The purpose of this study is to investigate the characteristics of uplift capacity according to the foundation type, compaction ratio and embedded depth through soil box test. The results of the maximum uplift capacity according to the type, compaction ratio and embedded depth can be used as the basic data for the basic design of the pipe house conforming to the disaster resilient standard. Due to the limitation of soil box test, it may be different from the behavior of pipe house installed on site. In the future, the field test and the actual pipe house should be made and supplemented by comparing this result with the field test values.

A study on the examples and changes of wooden member terms in Yeonggeon-euigwe (영건의궤(營建儀軌)에 실린 목부재용어(木部材用語)의 용례(用例)와 변천(變遷)에 관(關)한 연구(硏究))

  • Kim, Jae-Ung;Lee, Bong-Soo
    • Journal of architectural history
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    • v.17 no.5
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    • pp.71-94
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    • 2008
  • This study examines the examples and changes of wooden member terms in Yeonggeon-euigwe(營建儀軌) in the era of Joseon Dynasty. As a result of examining examples, about 240 wood member terms were found on the basis of phonetic value and examples different from today's term use were also confirmed. Wood member terms were derived in variety and synonym and different style, that is, coexistence or transition of several notations as the term indicating the same member was found. Derivation of detail terms has the characteristic increasing on the basis of morpheme and formation of different notation followed Chinese notation or was caused by complex coinage features like a coined word of Korea by the meaning of a word and borrowed character notation borrowing sound and it is also related to the specificity of that time which had dual language system. The typical examples without different style for long were pillar, rafter, door and window. Examples with active generation and selection of different styles included beam, capital and bracket-system terms. Different styles were caused by the combination of several notations including borrowed character in the process of Chinese character notation borrowing sound, Korean unique character emphasizing and limiting combination of 木 (wood) with side of character and Chinese. Period showing remarkable change of example notation was the compilation of ${\ll}$the Hwa-Sung-Sung-Euk-Eui-Gue${\gg}$ 華城城役儀軌. ${\ll}$the Hwa-Sung-Sung-Euk-Eui-Gue${\gg}$ is the representative type uigwe made by printed type not by handicraft. Printing by type accompanies unification of the shape of a character necessarily and it was considered that it resulted in the unification of character of different style, the number of strokes and minute difference of strokes, and it was interpreted that common use of intentional notation with the unification of the shape of a character was achieved.

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Development of Rain Shelter for Chinese Cabbage Rainproof Cultivation (배추재배용 비가림하우스 개발)

  • Yu, In Ho;Lee, Eung Ho;Cho, Myeong Whan;Ryu, Hee Ryong;Moon, Doo Gyung
    • Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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    • v.23 no.4
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    • pp.293-302
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    • 2014
  • This study was carried out to develop rain shelter which can make an appropriate size and environment for Chinese cabbage rainproof cultivation. Fifty three farms with chinese cabbage rainproof cultivation system have been investigated to set up width and height of rain shelter. Mostly the width of 6m was desired for rain shelter and the height of 1.6m for their eaves, so these values were chosen as the dimensions for rain shelter. After an analysis of their structural safety and installation costs by the specifications of the rafter pipe, Ø$25.4{\times}1.5t$ and 90cm have been set as the size of rafter that such size costs the least. This size is stable with $27m{\cdot}s^{-1}$ of wind velocity and 17cm of snow depth. Therefore it is difficult to apply this dimension to area with higher climate load. In order to sort out such problem, the rain shelter has been designed to avoid damage on frame by opening plastic film to the ridge. Once greenhouse band is loosen by turning the manual switch at the both sides of rain shelter and open button of controller is pushed then switch motor rises up along the guide pipe and plastic film is opened to the ridge. Chinese cabbage can be damaged by insects if rain shelter is opened completely as revealed a field. To prevent this, farmers can install an insect-proof net. Further, the greenhouse can be damaged by typhoon while growing Chinese cabbage therefore the effect of an insect-proof net on structural safety has been analyzed. And then structural safety has been analyzed through using flow-structure interaction method at the wind condition of $40m{\cdot}s^{-1}$. And it assumed that wind applied perpendicular to side of the rain shelter which was covered by insect-proof net. The results indicated that plastic film was directly affected by wind therefore high pressure occurred on the surface. But wind load on insect-proof net was smaller than on plastic film and pressure distribution was also uniform. The results of structural analysis by applying pressure data extracted from flow analysis indicated that the maximum stress occurred at the end of pipe which is the ground part and the value has been 54.6MPa. The allowable stress of pipe in the standard of structural safety must be 215 MPa or more therefore structural safety of this rain shelter is satisfied.

Analysis on the Displacement Constraints of Frames for Plastic Film Greenhouse (플라스틱 필름 온실용 구조재의 변위제한 검토)

  • Yun, Sung-Wook;Choi, Man-Kwon;Lee, Siyoung;Kang, Donghyeon;Kim, Hyeon-Tae;Yoon, Yong-Cheol
    • Journal of agriculture & life science
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    • v.50 no.1
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    • pp.273-281
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    • 2016
  • In this study, after carrying out a bending test that targeted the frames of plastic film greenhouse, the load-displacement relationship was analyzed to be used as basic data to develop greenhouse construction and maintenance guidelines. As a result, regardless of the shapes of the specimen, the yield and the maximum load increased as the size of the specimen increased. The displacement also showed the same pattern. A steel pipe showed lower yield and maximum load than a square pipe, and the displacement was large. In the steel pipe case, the displacement under the yield and maximum load was in the range of approximately 1.42-4.20mm and 5.80-24.13mm, respectively. In the square pipe case, the displacement under the yield and maximum load was in the range of approximately 1.62-3.00mm and 3.13-8.01mm, respectively. Further, a large difference was observed between the result of this test and the values calculated by a conventionally provided standard. In particular, not much difference was found from the result of this test in the case of a purlin member from the values provided by previous researches. However, a large difference was observed in the column or main rafter members. Furthermore, when a wide-span and venlo type, which is a glasshouse, was used as a target(h/100 and h/80), the displacement under the yield and maximum load was approximately 28.0mm and 35.0mm, respectively, which showed a large difference compared with the Netherlands standard(14.0mm) of a glasshouse. Further, in the main rafter case, a large difference was observed in the displacement limit according to the width(i.e., span) of the greenhouse where members are used. Therefore, because the displacement limit can vary depending on various factors such as type, form, and size of a greenhouse, we determined that studies or tests that consider these factors should be carried out to reflect them in the construction and maintenance of greenhouses.

Variation of Species and Nutrient Composition of Benthic Diatoms on Plate during Culture Periods I. Wando area (배양기간에 따른 파판 부착규조류 종조성과 영양성분 변화 I. 완도지역)

  • 김해영;허성범
    • Proceedings of the Korean Aquaculture Society Conference
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    • 2003.10a
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    • pp.141-142
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    • 2003
  • 본 연구는 전복의 유생사육을 목적으로 먹이생물인 부착미세조류의 파판 배양시 배양기간에 따른 종조성과 영양성분의 변화를 파악하기 위하여 수행되었다. 실험은 완도지역에서 봄철인 2~4월에 8주 동안 실시되었다. 배양을 위한 기초 조사로 배양지역 연안해수의 수온, 염분, pH, 총질소, 총인, Chlorophyll-a를 측정 하였다. 실험에 사용된 파판은 전복 종묘생산에 이용되는 규조배양용 파판과 틀을 이용하여 2주마다 파판을 수거한 뒤 부착된 미세조류를 부드러운 솔로 분리하여 원심분리한 후 지방산과 아미노산을 측정하였다. 각각의 시료는 광학현미경(Nikon)으로 동정한 후 Sedwick-rafter counting chamber를 이용하여 종별로 계수하고 이를 단위면적당 개체수 (cells/$\textrm{cm}^2$)로 환산하여 정량분석을 하였다. 실험 결과 봄철 완도지역의 평균 수온과 염분은 각각 15.4$^{\circ}C$와 33.88$\textperthousand$이었고 pH는 8.21이었다. 총질소와 총인은 각각 0.078mg/$\ell$, 0.018mg/$\ell$였고 chlorophyll-$\alpha$는 1.47$\mu$g/$\ell$ 였다. 부착미세조류의 아미노산 분석 결과는 배양 2주째의 총아미노산 양이 5.63%로 가장 낮았고, 4주는 6.50%, 6주 7.82% 8주 7.87%로, 6주까지 증가하다가 정체하는 경향을 보였다. 필수아미노산의 경우 총아미노산의 경향과 비슷하였고 2, 4, 6, 8주째의 양은 각각 2.75%, 3.16%, 4.01%, 3.96%였다. 필수 아미노산과 비필수아미노산의 비는 2, 4, 6, 8주 각각 0.95, .095, 1.05, 1.01의 결과를 보였다. 지방산의 경우 palmitic acid( $C_{16:0}$)와 palmitoleic acid( $C_{16:1}$)가 43.10~67.66%의 함량을 보였으나 4주째에는 검출되지 않았으며 EPA는 6주에서 10.97%를 보였고 나머지 구간에서는 검출되지 않았다. 부착미세조류의 biomass는 기간별로 2.4$\times$$10^3$ cells/$\textrm{cm}^2$, 7.8$\times$$10^3$ cells/$\textrm{cm}^2$ 25.1$\times$$10^3$ cells/$\textrm{cm}^2$, 44.3$\times$$10^3$ cells/$\textrm{cm}^2$ 이었다. 출현량은 총 64종으로 대부분이 부착규조류였으며 2주, 4주, 6주, 8주 각각 43종, 25종, 19종, 24종의 부착 규조류가 출현하였다. 그리고 우점종은 2주째 Nitzschia petitiana, Fragilia psedonana, 4주 Navicula mollis, Flagilia cylindrus, 6주 Flagilia capucaina, Achnanthes haukiana, 8주 Flagilia islandica, Flagilia cylindrus였다.s였다.

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Effect of a Supplementary Pole on the Structural Stability in the Single-span Plastic Greenhouses (단동하우스에서의 보강지주 설치 효과)

  • Yum, Sung-Hyun;Kim, Seoung-Hee;Lee, Sang-Bong;Kim, Min-Young;Kim, Chul-Soo
    • Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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    • v.19 no.2
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    • pp.63-69
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    • 2010
  • This study was implemented to clarify the effect of a supplementary pole on the increment of safety snow-depth for the single-span plastic greenhouses which had been run as standardized facilities for 10 to 15 years till April, 2007. In the previous work, some of the basic ideas of the use of a temporary pole were discussed, but application was restricted to both 2-D and the cases which took rafter's specifications into no consideration, and there was also much less experimental information available. So, by modeling the house as the 3-D frame structure, the present study attempted to provide a comprehensive review of the pole's effect through structural analyses as well as measurements. Structural analyses abnormally revealed that the pole regardless of its interval had a negative effect on the structural stability. The results was certainly inconsistent with practical experience and hence implied a necessity of reinforcing the roof purlin. Accordingly, with the purlin being sufficiently reinforced, the plastic greenhouse with the pole's interval of 3~4 m had two times safety snow-depth more than that of the plastic greenhouse without the pole. And the safety snow-depth of five types of the single-span plastic greenhouses according to the pole's intervals was presented.