• BMB Reports
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• 제36권6호
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• pp.533-537
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• 2003

The nonsyndromic cleft lip and palate (NSCL/P) is a congenital deformity of multifactorial origin with a relatively high incidence in the oriental population. Various etiologic candidate genes have been reported with conflicting results, according to race and analysis methods. Recently, the ablation of the TGF-${\beta}3$ gene function induced cleft palates in experimental animals. Also, polymorphisms in the TGF-${\beta}3$ gene have been studied in different races; however, they have not been studied in Koreans. A novel A $\rightarrow$ G single nucleotide polymorphism (defined by the endonuclease SfaN1) was identified in intron 5 of TGF-${\beta}3$ (IVS5+104 A > G). It resulted in different genotypes, AA, AG, and GG. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between the SfaN1 polymorphism in TGF-${\beta}3$ and the risk of NSCL/P in the Korean population. The population of this study consisted of 28 NSCL/P patients and 41 healthy controls. The distribution of the SfaN1 genotypes was different between the cases and controls. The frequency of the G allele was significantly associated with the increased risk of NSCL/P [odds ratio (OR) = 15.92, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 6.3-41.0]. The risk for the disease increased as the G allele numbers increased (GA genotype: OR = 2.11, 95% CI = 0.38-11.68; GG genotype: OR = 110.2, 95% CI = 10.67 - 2783.29) in NSCL/P. A stratified study in patients revealed that the SfaN1 site IVS5+104A > G substitution was strongly associated with an increased risk of NSCL/P in males (p < 0.001), but not in females. In conclusion, the polymorphism of the SfaN1 site in TGF-${\beta}3$ was significantly different between the NSCL/P patients and the control. This may be a good screening marker for NSCL/P patients among Koreans.

• 한국영양학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국영양학회 2004년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.22-33
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• 2004

It has been more than three decades since the first assay assessing circulating 25(OH)D in human subjects was performed. That publication as well as several that followed it defined 'normal' nutritional vitamin D status in human populations. Recently, the wisdom by which 'normal' circulating 25(OH)D levels in human subjects were assigned in the past has come under question. It appears that sampling human subjects, who appear to be free from disease, and assessing 'normal' circulating 25(OH)D levels by plotting a Gaussian distribution is grossly inaccurate. There are many reasons why this method is inaccurate, including race, lifestyle habits, sunscreen usage, age, latitude, and inappropriately low dietary recommendations for vitamin D. For instance, a 400IU/day. AI for vitamin D is insignificant when one considers that a 10-15 minute whole body exposure to peak summer sun will generate and release up to 20,000 IU vitamin $D_3$ into the circulation. Recent studies, which orally administered up to 10,000 IU/day vitamin $D_3$ to human subjects for several months, have successfully elevated circulating 25(OH)D levels to those observed in individuals from sun-rich environments. Further, we are now able to accurately assess sufficient circulating 25(OH)D levels utilizing specific biomarkers instead of guessing what an adequate level is. These biomarkers include intact parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcium absorption, bone mineral density (BMD), insulin resistance and pancreatic beta cell function. Using the data from these biomarkers, vitamin D deficiency should be defined as circulating levels of $25(OH)D{\leq}30ng/mL$. In certain cases, such as pregnancy and lactation, significantly higher circulating 25(OH)D levels would almost certainly be beneficial to both the mother and recipient fetus/infant.

• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전기학회 2001년도 춘계학술대회 논문집 전기기기 및 에너지변환시스템부문
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• pp.3-5
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• 2001

Racetrack coils are used in many areas of superconductivity applications such as generators, motors, maglev, wiggler magnets and so on. The fabrication and characteristics of race-track type High Tc Superconducting (HTS) magnets were carried out. The Magnet is composed of 3 pancake coils wound by 37-filamental Bi-2223/ Ag-alloy tapes. Quench current ($I_q$) of both whole magnet and 3 pancake coils were measured. At 77K under the self-field, $I_q$ of magnet was 12A, while in the case of middle pancake coil, $I_q$ was 15A. The upper pancake coils of racetrack magnet with iron plates, magnet having optimized current distribution and initial magnet are compared with each other through 3D FEA, manufacturing and testing these magnets. The measured performance of the upper pancake coil #3 with iron plates improved by 50% on the basis of initial pancake coil #3. Quench current ($I_q$) of field winding was 12A. In addition, the fabrication processes and the characteristics of HTS magnet are described.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.276-284
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• 2018

Purpose: Traditionally, three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3D-CRT) is used for neoadjuvant chemoradiation in locally advanced rectal cancer. Intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) was later developed for more conformal dose distribution, with the potential for reduced toxicity across many disease sites. We sought to use the National Cancer Database (NCDB) to examine trends and predictors for IMRT use in rectal cancer. Materials and Methods: We queried the NCDB from 2004 to 2015 for patients with rectal adenocarcinoma treated with neoadjuvant concurrent chemoradiation to standard doses followed by surgical resection. Odds ratios were used to determine predictors of IMRT use. Univariable and multivariable Cox regressions were used to determine potential predictors of overall survival (OS). Propensity matching was used to account for any indication bias. Results: Among 21,490 eligible patients, 3,131 were treated with IMRT. IMRT use increased from 1% in 2004 to 22% in 2014. Predictors for IMRT use included increased N stage, higher comorbidity score, more recent year, treatment at an academic facility, increased income, and higher educational level. On propensity-adjusted, multivariable analysis, male gender, increased distance to facility, higher comorbidity score, IMRT technique, government insurance, African-American race, and non-metro location were predictive of worse OS. Of note, the complete response rate at time of surgery was 28% with non-IMRT and 21% with IMRT. Conclusion: IMRT use has steadily increased in the treatment of rectal cancer, but still remains only a fraction of overall treatment technique, more often reserved for higher disease burden.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.19-25
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• 2007

This study carried out to investigate the genital tract bacterial flora of Thoroughbred mare in Jeju province during March and July, 2006. The specimens were collected from vaginal ucosa and clitorial fossa using a culture swab (BBL, USA) from 100 Thoroughbred mares. Colonies were selected blood and MacConkey agar plate, and identified as standard biochemical properties using Biolog system (Thermo, USA). In this study, 470 gram-negative strains were isolated more frequently than 249 gram-positive strains. We were Isolated Escherichia coli (19.8%), Proteus mirabillis (14.9%), Enterobacter nimipressuralis (7.4%), Enterobacter mobilis (4.7%), Aeromonas encheleia (4.3%), Pseudomonas aeroginosa (3.0%), Staphylococcus aureus (14.9%), Staphylococcus epidermidis (11.2%), Coagulasenegative Staphylococcus spp. (10.0%), Enterococcus faecalis (9.2%), Enterococcus faecium (8.0%), Actinomyces viscosus (7.2%), Micoroccus diversus(6.8%), Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis(5.2%), Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus (3.2%), Other non-beta hemolytic Streptococcus spp. (2.0%) and many others from vaginal mucosa and clitorial fossa in Thoroughbred mares. No significant bacteria (Taylorella equigenitalis and Klebsiella pneumonia) were isolated from the mare genital tract. In antimicrobial agents susceptibility test, it shows a high sensibility in the antibiotics of the most which excepts the streptomycin and neomycinm, kanamycin, spectinomycin, compound sulfonamides. Especially, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus spp. and Streptococcus spp. were visible a high sensibility in the all antibiotics. However, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus spp. and E. coli were showed a high antibiotic resistance patterns. These results may provide the basic information to establish strategies for the treatment and prevention of reproductive disease in Thoroughbred mares in Korea.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.440-455
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• 2002

The final goal for an orthognathic surgery is a functional and esthetic achievement based on occlusion theory. All the dental treatment should be done with the occlusion in mind, though, they tend to be ignored with no good reason. We cannot think of occlusion without temporomandibular joint because it is the first clue to define an occlusion. As normal occlusion comes from the central tendency of distribution of population, we can get it by examining the population that closely meet the criteria of ideal occlusion. To perform proper occlusal function and to maintain the stability after treatment, the case must be finished in normal occlusion closer to ideal one. Our aim is to achieve the ideal occlusal scheme like the mutually protected occlusion with the best masticatory efficiency and the stability. The facial esthetics are influened by culture, race and the time in which human live. While the occlusal function rarely changes as time goes by, esthetics tend to do from one country to another. Orthodontists and maxillofacial surgeons should have solid sets of treatment goals to achieve the best facial esthetics and the ideal occlusion dictated by the joint. Doing orthognathic surgery, two factors aforementioned should be taken into account to establish the Surgical Treatment Objectives(STO). The doctors who are planning orthognathic surgery need to have a very logical and systematic thought process to make STO. The author examined 28 selected beautiful Korean female adults with normal skeleton with normal occlusion and analyzed the hard and the soft tissue relationship into five parts : dentomaxillary relationship, intermaxillary relationship, posture to hard tissue relationship, facial balance, and posture to soft tissue relationship. This study presents a sequential flow of diagnosis and treatment planning especially for surgical patients and it also can be applied to the nonsurgical patients.

• 대한전자공학회논문지SP
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• 제45권6호
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• pp.38-43
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• 2008

피부색 정보는 컬러영상에 포함된 얼굴영역을 검출하는 중요한 요소이다. 피부색 정보로 부터 생성된 통계 피부색 모델을 이용하여 얼굴영역을 검출할 수 있다. 하지만 다른 피부색 부분이 포함되어 있는 컬러영상에서는 일반적인 통계 피부색 모델만으로 정확한 얼굴영역 검출을 할 수 없는 단점을 가진다. 본 논문에서는 다른 피부색 부분이 포함되어 있는 다양한 컬러 영상에서 얼굴영역만을 정확히 검출하기 위한 방법을 제안한다. 제안된 방법은 YCbCr 피부 컬러 모델기반의 피부색 가우시안 분포를 적용하여 얼굴 후보영역 설정 하였고, 영상내의 잡음 부분과 얼굴 영역이외의 부분을 제거하기 위해 수학적 형태학을 적용하였다. 그리고 Haar-like 특성을 이용하여 정확한 얼굴 검출을 수행하였다. 모의실험 결과 제안된 방법이 목이나 팔과 같이 유사한 피부색을 포함한 영상과 다양한 크기의 영상에서도 효과적인 얼굴영역 검출하는 우수함을 보였다.

• 비교교육연구
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.149-178
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• 2012

미국의 초창기 소수집단우대정책(Affirmative Action)의 목적은 과거의 인종 차별로 인한 피해를 바로 잡고자 하는 차원에서 고용 및 교육에 대한 기회와 공평한 분배를 보장하고자 소수 인종을 우대하자는 데 있었다. 인종차별로 인한 과거를 보상하자는 취지에서 마련된 이 정책은 대학 입학 정책 실행에 있어 소수인종에 수혜를 주는 정원할당이라는 역차별과 공정성을 둘러싼 법적 논쟁이 끊이지 않았으며, 매 소송마다 연방법원 및 대법원 판결을 중심으로 그에 대한 법적 논리와 원칙, 준거를 마련하며 제도는 발전되어 왔다. 최근 들어 미국의 명문 주립대 중 하나인 텍사스주립대(University of Texas at Austin)에서는 소수집단우대정책의 시행이 백인 지원자들에 대한 역차별인지 여부를 결정할 대법원 판결(Fisher v. University of Texas at Austin)을 기다리면서 이 정책은 또다시 주목 받고 있다. 본 연구는 대학 입학정책에 있어 제도적 프레임의 결과로서 대법원 판례에 투영된 소수집단우대정책이 어떤 변화를 겪어 발전되어 왔는지, 이에 영향을 미친 역사적 맥락, 정치적 역학 구도와 관련 행위자들의 행동 전략을 역사적 신제도주의를 바탕으로 세 가지 차원을 통합하여 통합적 접근으로서의 정책의 변화 과정을 엿볼 수 있도록 분석하였다.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.177-181
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• 2021

Allergy is an immune response that appears in certain people, and reactions such as coughing, shortness of breath, and hives occur. The immune system plays an important role in homeostasis and host defense, and allergies cause hypersensitivity reactions when an imbalance of immunity occurs. Mutations in the TLR genes are associated with autoimmune conditions such as allergies and asthma. It has been reported that a locus in the TLR1-TLR6-TLR10 region may be associated with atopic sensitization or allergy. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to select an allergy patient group and a healthy control group to determine how the genetic mutation of TLR1 affects the onset of disease. This study was conducted in 709 patients and 5,025 control groups out of 10,956 patients with data from KARE and HEXA cohorts. As a result of logistic regression analysis of 6 SNPs selected from the TLR1 gene, only rs117033348 showed a statistically significant correlation (P = 0.002356). The influence of rs117033348 was examined using PolyPhen-2, and a significant result was shown. Therefore, it can be predicted that the G base in rs117033348 will have an influence on the human body. In addition, Geography of Genetic Variants browser was used to confirm the geographical distribution of allele frequencies for the TLR1 gene. Although it was found that there was a large racial difference in the prevalence of TLR1 SNP, it could be confirmed that the polymorphism of rs117033348 conducted in this study was only specific in East Asia when compared with each race.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제37권6호
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• pp.652-661
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• 2021

Xanthomonas citri pv. glycines (Xcg) is a major pathogen of soybean (Glycine max) in South Korea, despite the availability of soybean varieties with some resistance. We conducted a nationwide survey of the incidence and severity of bacterial pustule caused by Xcg. The percentage of infected fields was 7% to 17% between 2015 and 2017. We characterized the diversity of a nationwide collection of 106 Xcg isolates based on avrBs3 banding patterns. The isolates fell into 11 groups, each represented by a type strain; only two of these were similar to isolates collected from 1999 to 2002. The diversity of Xcg strains increased and the dominant strains changed between 1999 and 2017, with three new type strains comprising 44% of the isolates examined in 2012 to 2017. Pathogenicity tests did not show evidence for a shift in the races or aggressiveness of Xcg strains. Korean soybean cultivars, including the widely-grown Daewon cultivar, were susceptible to the 11 new type strains. The cultivar CNS, which carries the rxp resistance gene, was susceptible to most type strains, including two representing 83% of the Korean Xcg strains. In contrast, Williams 82, which also carries rxp, showed resistance to at least five type strains. Collectively, these results suggest that Williams 82 has resistance loci in addition to rxp. The widespread distribution of Xcg, the high virulence of the current endemic strains, and the low resistance of most Korean soybean cultivars collectively favor widespread disease in Korea in years that are favorable to pustule development.