• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.63-74
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• 2010

In this study, wetlands and forest vegetation surrounding rail, road of DMZ area and Civilian Control Line were studied as follows: Plant communities hierarchical system of forest vegetation classified according to the results of phytosociological methods of Braun-Blanquet (1964) as; Quercus mongolica community, Quercus mongolica-Quercus variabilis community and Quercus acutissima -Quercus mongolica community. Wetland vegetation major communities; Scirpus wichurae community, Scirpus fluviatilis community, Juncus effusus var. decipiens community, Typha orientalis community, Typha angustata community, Juncus alatus community, Miscanthus sacchariflorus community, Phragmites communis-Miscanthus sacchariflorus community, Hragmites communis community, Phragmites communis-Alnus japonica community, Alnus japonica community, Phragmites japonica community, Salix koreensis community, Prunus padus community, Alnus japonica community, Zizania latifolia community and Amorpha fruticosa community were surveyed. Coastal sand dune vegetation in a DMZ area and the Civilian Control Line was mainly characterized by; Carex pumila, Elymus mollis, Carex kobomugi, Rosa rugosa, Calystegia soldanella, Lathyrus japonica and Aster hispidus, species that are of typically sand dune vegetation.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.66-71
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• 2017

Background: The sprouts of oak species play an important role in maintaining the oak community in a disturbed environment. In this study, we cut 1-year-old oak in three times during the 3 years and measured the sprout responses to know sprouting ability of six deciduous oaks in Korea. Results: Oak sprouts have appeared in spring and fall, and some of the sprouts had lifespan as short as a month. As the number of cutting increases, sprout number of Quercus acutissima increased whereas the other oak species decreased or died. The average number of sprouts over the 3 years was from 1.4 (Quercus mongolica) to 2.2 (Q. acutissima) per individual. Quercus serrata died after the second cutting, and Quercus dentata died after the third cutting. So, the two species have the lowest sprouting ability among six oak species. The sprouts grew actively during fall and slowly in summer. The sprout length during the 3 years was in the following descending order: Q. acutissima, Quercus aliena, Q. dentata, and Q. mongolica. Sprout of Q. acutissima and Q. aliena generated steadily over the 3 years, and sprout of Quercus variabilis and Q. mongolica was changed by year. After the 3 years, the number of sprouts increased only in Q. acutissima but sprout number of the other five oak species decreased. The sprout length of Q. acutissima, Q. aliena, and Q. variabilis increased, but sprout length of the other three oak species decreased. The average survival rate of saplings over the 3 years was in the following descending order: Q. acutissima, Q. aliena, Q. variabilis, and Q. mongolica. Conclusions: As a result, the sprouting ability of Q. acutissima was the highest. Such level of sprouting ability may be the evidence of how Q. acutissima community exists as a dominant species in a disturbed environment in lowlands of Korea peninsula.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.83-89
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• 2005

To investigate the vegetation structure of mountain ridge from Bubong to Poamsan, 16plots$(400m^2)$ set up with random sampling method were surveyed. Two groups of Quercus mongolica-Pinus densiflora community, Quercus variabilis-Pinus densiflora-Quercus mongolica community were classified by cluster analysis. Quercus mongolica was a major woody plant species in the ridge area from Bubong to Poamsan, and Quercus variabilis and Pinus densiflora were partly occupied in lower elevations. High positive correlations were proved between Lespedeza maximowixcii and Pinus koraiensis, Fraxinus sieboldiana and Rhododendron mucronulatum, Acer mono and Weigela subsessilis, and relatively high negative correlations were proved between Symplocos chinensis for. pilosa and Fraxinus sieboldiana, Rhododendron mucronulatum. Species diversity(H') of investigated groups were ranged from $0.9066\~1.0821$, and it was relatively low value compared to that of mountain ridge area of other national parks.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.103 no.1
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• pp.12-22
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• 2014

This study was carried out to classify forest communities and to aggregate forest cover types for the complex and diversified natural forest areas of Hwangaksan, Bakseoksan, Deogyusan, and Jirisan in southern region of Baekdudaegan Mountains. The vegetation data were collected by point-centered quarter sampling method. Eight hundred fifty one sample points were subjected to cluster analysis to classify 18 forest communities, which were aggregated into 7 representative forest cover types on the basis of community similarity from composition of canopy species. They were mixed mesophytic forest cover type, the others deciduous forest cover type, Quercus variabilis-Quercus serrata cover type, Quercus mongolica cover type, Pinus densiflora cover type, Carpinus laxiflora cover type, and Abies koreana cover type. The Quercus mongolica cover type was most widely distributed in the study areas, and this cover type tended to occur in the place of higher altitude as latitude was getting lower. Mixed mesophytic forest and the others deciduous forest cover type were commonly distributed in the areas of valley, on the other hand, Quercus mongolica cover type and Pinus densiflora cover type tended to be distributed in the areas of ridge.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.95 no.3
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• pp.299-308
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• 2006

This study was conducted to investigate differences in energy content of Quercus mongolica stands in the Republic of Korea with respect to latitude and altitude. Study sites were located in Mt. Joongwang, Pyeongchang-gun, Gangwon-do (altitude 1,300 m, 1,000 m, 800 m), Mt. Taehwa, Gwangju-gun, Gyeonggi-do (altitude 350 m), Mt. Wolak, Jecheon-si, Chungcheongbuk-do (altitude 300 m), Mt. Baekwoon, Gwangyang-gun, Jeollanam-do (altitude 800 m), and Mt. Halla, Jeju-do (altitude 1,000 m) by northern and southern aspect. Total energy content and annual energy fixation of Q. mongolica stands were 2,916-6,550 GJ/ha and 250-440 GJ/ha, respectively during the study period, Lower latitude (NE) stands of Q. mongolica showed more energy contents and annual energy fixation than higher latitude stands. Energy content and annual energy fixation of Q. mongolica stands were increased in low altitude. Energy content of Q. mongolica stands were higher in northern aspect than southern aspect. However, there were no significant differences in annual energy fixation between the aspects. Annual energy fixation of Q. mongolica stands was highly correlated with warm index and followed by descending orders: altitude, stand age, aspect, annual solar radiation and latitude.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.357-368
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• 2013

This study was carried out to classify and describe the vegetation of algific talus in Korea by methods of the ZM school of Phytosociology. A part of slope or a hollow at the foot of talus in which cool air exhausts from underground through gaps of accumulated rock debris is called algific talus. From the sixty three stands obtained, the following two community and their four subcommunity were recognized: A. Quercus variabilis - Cystopteris fragilis com. B. Quercus mongolica - Betula schmidtii com. B-1. Quercus serrata - Urtica angustifolia subcom. B-2. Sorbus commixta - Spiraea chamaedryfolia subcom. B-3. Zabelia biflora - Astilboides tabularis subcom. B-4. Typical subcom. A. Quercus variabilis - Cystopteris fragilis com.. As a result of DCCA ordination, Quercus variabilis - Cystopteris fragilis com. has Quercus variabilis, Ligustrum var. obtusifolium, Zelkova serrata, Viburnum carlesii etc. as differential species, which showed the higher correlation with area of high Warmth index (WI) and precipitation than Quercus mongolica - Betula schmidtii com. has Quercus mongolica, Sorbaria var. sorbifolia, Magnolia sieboldii, Acer pseudosieboldianum, Rosa acicularis etc. as differential species. Sorbus commixta - Spiraea chamaedryfolia subcom. has Spiraea chamaedryfolia, Sorbus commixta, Rosa koreana, Vaccinium var. hirtum, Acer tegmentosum, Dryopteris expansa, Abies holophylla etc. as differential species. and Typical subcom in Quercus mongolica - Betula schmidtii com. were distributed in higher altitude and precipitation area than others. Zabelia biflora - Astilboides tabularis subcom. has Spiraea chinensis, Zabelia biflora, Astilboides tabularis, Gymnocarpium jessoense, Saussurea mongolica, Larix kaempferi etc. as differential species, which was distributed in area with high amounts of sunlight exposure by human activities.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.135-142
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• 2009

To investigate the vegetation structure of mountain ridges ranging from Sebong to Gwaneumbong 23 plots($400m^2$) set up with random sampling method were surveyed. Two groups of Pinus densiflora community, Pinus densiflora-Quercus variabilis-Quercus serrata community were classified by cluster analysis. Pinus densiflora, Quercus variabilis, Quercus serrata, Carpinus laxiflora, and Quecus mongolica were found as a mostly dominant woody plant species in the ridge area from Sebong to Gwaneumbong. In the future, the importance percentage of Pinus densiflora might be decreased, but those of Quercus variabilis, Quercus serrata, Carpinus laxiflora, and Quecus mongolica might be increased. High positive correlations were proved between Quercus variabilis and Fraxinus sieboldiana, Acer palmatum and Ilex macropoda, Cornus kousa and Platycarya strobilacea, Sorbus alnifolia and Carpinus laxiflora, and relatively weak negative correlations were proved between Pinus densiflora and Carpinus laxiflora, Fraxinus sieboldiana and Carpinus laxiflor, Quecus mongolica and Sorbus alnifolia, Ilex macropoda and Sorbus alnifolia. Species diversity index(H') of investigated groups was ranged $0.665{\sim}1.169$.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.318-333
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• 2020

The Nakdong-Jeongmaek extends north and south from Taebaek-si of Gangwon-do to Busan metropolitan city and includes a wide range of forest zone from temperate to the warm-temperature forest. The purpose of this study was to analyze the vegetation structural characteristics of the Quercus mongolica-dominant community, which was distributed in the largest area in Baekdudaegan and Jeongmaek, by region and communities in the Nakdong-Jeongmaek. For the study, a representative 6 sites were selected: Baekbyeongsan, Chilbosan, Baegamsan, Unjusan, Goheonsan, and Gudeoksan. The survey of the 6 sites showed that the canopy had over 85% the importance percentage of Quercus mongolica. In the understory, Rhododendron schlippenbachii, Fraxinus sieboldiana, etc. were located and Fraxinus sieboldiana, Lespedeza maximowiczii, Tripterygium regelii and so on were found in the shrub. The importance percentage of 4 communities of Quercus mongolica, which were separated by TWINSPAN, in the canopy was more than 80%, and the dominant species in the understory and shrub were the same. Currently, Quercus mongolica has been identified as the understory following the canopy, and the Quercus mongolica-dominant community is expected to continue unless there are external factors. In the temperate forest regions in Korea, Quercus spp.and Carpinus laxiflora form the major forest physiognomy in the natural forest state. Based on these characteristics, the Quercus mongolica-dominant community on the ridge of the Nakdong-Jeongmaek is considered to have characteristics of temperate forests in Korea. The Quercus mongolica community is a representative cool-temperate deciduous forest and known as a climatic climax in the upper section of the mountains in the Korean Peninsula. Trees of the same species should be distributed at each layer to maintain the dominant species' status in the canopy's climax forest. Therefore, the Quercus mongolica community is considered the climax forest in the ridge of the Nakdong-Jeongmaek.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.109-122
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• 1988

The foret vegetations of Daedunsan provincial park area in Korea were classified into eight communities of Acer mono-Zelkova serrata, Lindera erythrocarpa-Cornus controversa, Carpinus tschonoskii, Quercus variabilis, Quercus serrata, Carpinus laxiflora, Rhododendron schlippenbachii-Quercus mongolica and Rhododendron mucronu-latum-Pinus densiflora by the Z-M method. By two dimensional analysis of temperature, moisture gradients, the eight communities were grouped into four vegetation types: cove forest dominated with Zelkova serrata and Cornus controversa, hornbeam forest with Carpinus tschonoskii and Carpinus laxiflora, oak forest with Quercus variabilis, Quercus mongolica, Carpinus laxiflora, Carpinus tschonoskii, Zelkova serrta and Pinus densiflora community was made from the analysis of actual vegetation map by the phytosociological classification, environmental conditions and human interferences.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.27-43
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• 2019

This study applied the LANDIS-II model to the forest vegetation of the study area in Yeongdong-gun, Korea to identify climate effects on ecosystems of forest vegetation. The main purpose of the study is to examine the long-term changes in forest aboveground biomass(AGB) under three different climate change scenarios; The baseline climate scenario is to maintain the current climate condition; the RCP 4.5 scenario is a stabilization scenario to employ of technologies and strategies for reducing greenhouse gas emissions; the RCP 8.5 scenario is increasing greenhouse gas emissions over time representative with 936ppm of $CO_2$ concentration by 2100. The vegetation survey and tree-ring analysis were conducted to work out the initial vegetation maps and data for operation of the LANDIS model. Six types of forest vegetation communities were found including Quercus mongolica - Pinus densiflora community, Quercus mongolica community, Pinus densiflora community, Quercus variabilis-Quercus acutissima community, Larix leptolepis afforestation and Pinus koraiensis afforestation. As for changes in total AGB under three climate change scenarios, it was found that RCP 4.5 scenario featured the highest rate of increase in AGB whereas RCP 8.5 scenario yielded the lowest rate of increase. These results suggest that moderately elevated temperatures and $CO_2$ concentrations helped the biomass flourish as photosynthesis and water use efficiency increased, but huge increase in temperature ($above+4.0^{\circ}C$) has resulted in the increased respiration with increasing temperature. Consequently, Species productivity(Biomass) of trees decrease as the temperature is elevated drastically. It has been confirmed that the dominant species in all scenarios was Quercus mongolica. Like the trends shown in the changes of total AGB, it revealed the biggest increase in the AGB of Quercus mongolica under the RCP 4.5 scenario. AGB of Quercus mongolica and Quercus variabilis decreased in the RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 scenarios after 2050 but have much higher growth rates of the AGB starting from 2050 under the baseline scenario. Under all scenarios, the AGB of coniferous species was eventually perished in 2100. In particular they were extinguished in early stages of the RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 scenarios. This is because of natural selection of communities by successions and the failure to adapt to climate change. The results of the study could be expected to be effectively utilized to predict changes of the forest ecosystems due to climate change and to be used as basic data for establishing strategies for adaptation climate changes and the management plans for forest vegetation restoration in ecological restoration fields.