• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.109 no.4
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• pp.492-503
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• 2020

This study was conducted to analyze stem decay in Quercus mongolica and Quercus variabilis in Korea. To ensure even allocation, a total of 5,005 sample trees (2,504 Q. mongolica and 2,501 Q. variabilis) were cut and collected in five regions and 27 subregions. The trees were then examined for stump decay and assigned to four classes based on the degree of scar, tissue decay and decolorization, splitting, and tree hollowing. The results show that the decay rate of Q. mongolica was 66.1%, at least twice as high as that of Q. variabilis, which was rated at 35% (χ2 = 631.15, p < 0.001). The comparison among regions indicated that the highest ratio of Q. mongolica occurs in the Central Regional Forest Service zone (76.5%), followed by the Northern zone (74.8%) and Eastern zone (65.7%). In contrast, the greatest proportion of Q. variabilis is found in the Northern Regional Forest Service zone (38.6%), followed by the Southern (32.9%) and Eastern (37.8%) zones. A statistically significant difference was seen among the five zones (p < 0.05, p < 0.001). There was also a clear tendency for the proportions for the two species to increase with a rise in the DBH. With respect to age, however, a statistically significant difference was found (p < 0.01, p < 0.05) only in Q. mongolica, whose rate increased with the increase in age. Our results show that as the DBH and age increases, the conditions of tissue decay and decolorization are manifested in Q. mongolica, whereas scars are common in Q. variabilis.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.356-365
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• 2007

This study was conducted to evaluate the changed vegetational community structure according to vegetational succession in Chiaksan National Park of Korea by applying ordination and classification method of floristic composition along with the actual vegetation by correlation. As for the ratio of actual vegetation, Mongolian oak forest(33.1%) was the highest, followed by mixed forest(16.2%), Japanese larch forest(15.6%), deciduous broad-leaved forest(14.7%), red pine forest(11.1%), Korean pine forest(2.3%) and Pitch pine forest(0.1%), respectively. The vegetation was classified into Acer pseudosieboidianum-Quercus mongolica community, Cornus controversa-Carpinus cordata community, Quercus sonata community, Pinus densiflora community and afforestation. The Acer pseudosieboldianum-Quercus mongolica community-a subordinately ranked community-was divided into Carpinus laxiflora-Sassa borealis community, Fraxinus rhynchophylla community and Symplocos chinensis for. pilosa-Carex siderosticta community. The results of community classification using by ordination and classification method of floristic composition were similar to each other. The vegetational succession, with the combination of Quercus mongolica, Acer pseudosieboldianum and Rhododendron schlippenbachii, was predicted to form a climax forest from above the hillside.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.11-27
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• 2004

The study was carried out to investigate the flora and community classification of forest vegetation in Mt. Godae from March to October, 2003. As a result of that, the vascular plants were 94 families, 299 genera, 481 species, 1 subspecies, 66 varieties, 4 formae, 1 hybrid, 553 taxa in alL korean endemic plants were 8 families, 11 genera, 13 species, 13 taxa in all: rare or endangered plants were 12 families, 15 genera, 15 species, 15 taxa in all: naturalized plants were 9 families, 15 genera, 17 species, 17 taxa in all. The forest vegetation was classified into 1 order, 1 alliance, 3 communities; Rhododendro - Quercetalia mongolicae (Kim 1990) Lindero - Quercion mongolicae (Kim 1990) A. Fraxinus rhynchophylla - Quercus mongolica Community B. Quercus variabilis - Quercus mongolica Community C. Acer pseudo-sieboldianum - Quercus mongolica Community.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.630-637
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• 2010

This study was carried out to classify forest vegetation structure of Sobaeksan National Park from May to October in 2008 using the methodology of the ZM school's phytosociological analysis. The forest vegetation was classified into 1 community groups such as Quercus mongolica community group. Quercus mongolica community group was subdivided into 3 community such as Pinus densiflora community, Acer barbinerve community and Cornus controversa community. Pinus densiflora community was subdivided into Quercus variabilis group and Tilia amurensis group. Acer barbinerve community was also subdivided into Salix hallaisanensis group and Betula ermani group(subdivided into Taxus cuspidata subgroup and Betula ermani typical subgroup). Artificial forest type indicated 2 communities such as Larix leptolepis community and Pinus koraiensis community. Accordingly, the vegetation pattern of the surveyed areas were classified into 1 community groups, 5 communities, 4 groups, and 2 subgroups and the forest vegetation was classified into 8 units in total. The vegetation unit distributions was strongly correlated with sea level and topography in this research area.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.40-47
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• 2002

This study was carried out to investigate the dimensional stability of three softwoods (Pinus densiflora S. et Z., Pinus koraiensis S. et Z., Larix kaempferi C_ARR.) and two hardwoods(Quercus mongolica F., Quercus variabilis B_L.) treated with polyethylene glycol(PEG). Existence of PEG in wood was examined by an X-ray diffraction method. Shrinkage of the sample woods decreased with increasing concentration of PEG. The dimensional stability of five species had improved highly in thirty percent solutions of PEG with molecular weight 1000~4000, and the dimension of PEG-treated softwoods was more stable than that of PEG-treated hardwoods. Weight gain and bulking effect of the woods treated with PEG increased with increasing concentration of PEG. X-ray diffractograms of Pinus koraiensis wood treated with PEG showed two peaks derived from PEG crystal at 2𝜃 = 19° and 2𝜃 = 23°. However, the diffractograms of Quercus mongolica wood did not present any peaks caused by PEG crystal. From the result of X-ray diffraction, it was revealed that the content of PEG in Pinus koraiensis wood was higher than that in Quercus mongolica wood.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.229-238
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• 2022

Q. mongolica and Q. dentata are representative species of deciduous forest communities in Korea and are known to be relatively resistant to soil drying condition among Korean oaks. This study attempted to elucidate the degree of competition and ecological niche characteristics of the two species by comparing the ecological responses of the two species according to soil moisture. Competition between Q. mongolica and Q. dentata was shown to be more intense under the conditions where moisture content was low than under the conditions where moisture content was high. As for the ecological niche overlaps of the two species for soil moisture, the structural traits of plant such as stem diameter overlapped the most, the traits of biomass such as petiole weight overlapped the least, and photosynthetic organ-related traits such as leaf width and length overlapped intermediately. When looking at the competition for soil moisture between the two species, it can be seen that Q. mongolica won in nine traits (leaf width length, leaf lamina length, leaf lamina weight, leaf petiole weight, leaf area, leaves weight, shoot weight, root weight, and plant weight) and Q. dentata won in the remaining seven traits (leaf petiole length, leaves number, stem length, stem diameter, stem weight, shoot length, and root length). Competition between the two species for the moisture environment of the soil was shown to be intense under the conditions where moisture content was low. The degree of competition between Q. dentata and Q. mongolica for soil moisture is high under the conditions where soil moisture content is low, and it is judged that Q. mongolica is more competitive for soil moisture than Q. dentata.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.137-148
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• 1991

The forest vegation and their structural characteristics in mt. chokang were investgated by phytosociological survey and ordination. It was classified five forests such as quercus tschonoskii community and fraxinus mandshurica community and this result has confirmed to coincide with community ciassification by polar ordination. Chang of diversity index was shown to decase, whereas dominance index, to increase according to chang high altitude. By soil moisture gradient, distribution pattern of fraxinus mandshurica, acer mono, carpinus cordata was in moist, but quercus serrata,˘quercus variabilis and mongolica, dry habitats.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.221-227
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• 1993

Browse from Quercus aliena Blume, Quercus mongolica Fisch.. Quercus serrata Thunb., Quercus acutissima Carruth., Quercus variabilies Blume, and Quercus dentata Thunb. were analyzed for crude protein (CP). crude fiber(CF). neutral detergent fiber(NDF). acid detergent fiber(ADF). cellulose. lignin, in vitro dry matter digestibility(DMD), and tannin acid equivalents(TAE). According to the chemical composition and DMD. the total digestible nutrients(TDN). digestible energy(DE), and metabolizable energy(ME) were estimated. Oak browse samples were collected from May through October from 1990 to 1992 in Mt. Kyeryong. Browse from Quercus aliena, Quercus acutissima, and Quercus serrata contained higher levels of CP, DMD. TDN, DE. and ME. but lower levels of CF, NDF. ADF, and TAE as compared with other oak browse. Differences among seasons and years in the concentration of CP. NDF, and organic matter digestibility(0MD) were significantly appeared in all oak browse(P<0.05). The order of preference ratings of oak browse were Quercus aliena ) Quercus acutissima ) Quercus serrata ) Quercus mongollca ) Quercus variabilies ) Quercus dentata. As the results of this study, it could be considered that Quercus aliena and Quercus acutisslma were more valuable browse source than others.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.459-467
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• 2015

Understanding of a carbon storage in a regional scale ecosystem is a very important data for predicting change of global carbon cycle. Therefore, the real data collected in the various ecosystems are a very useful for enhancing accuracy of model prediction. We tried to estimate total accumulated ecosystem carbon in Deogyusan National Park (DNP) with naturally well preserved ecosystem. In DNP, vegetations were classified to four main communities with Quercus mongolica community (12,636.9 ha, 54.8%), Quercus variabilis community (2,987.0 ha, 13.0%), Pinus densiflora community (5,758.0 ha, 25.0%), and Quercus serrata community (402.9 ha,1.7%). Biomass and soil carbons were estimated by the biomass allometric equations based on the DBH and carbon contents of litter and soil (0~30 cm) layers collected in 3 plots ($30cm{\times}30cm$) in each community. The biomass and soil carbons were shown as high value as 1,759,000 tC and 7,776,000 tC, respectively, in Quercus mongolia community in DNP area. In Quercus mongolica, Quercus variabilis, Quercus serrata, Pinus densiflora communities, the accumulated ecosystem carbon were shown 9,536,000 tC, 1,405,000 tC, 147,000 tC, 346,000 tC, respectively. Also, the total ecosystem carbon was estimated with 11,434,000 tC in DNP.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.52 no.3
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• pp.210-220
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• 2019

Population growth and the increase of energy consumption due to civilization caused global warming. Temperature on the Earth rose about $0.7^{\circ}C$ for the last 100 years, the rate is accelerated since 2000. Temperature is a factor, which determines physiological action, growth and development, survival, etc. of the plant together with light intensity and precipitation. Therefore, it is expected that global warming would affect broadly geographic distribution of the plant as well as structure and function ecosystem. In order to understand the effect of global warming on the ecosystem, a study about the effect of temperature rise on germination and growth in the plant is required necessarily. This study was carried out to investigate the effects of experimental warming on the germination and growth of two oak species(Quercus mongolica and Q. serrata) in temperature gradient chamber(TGC). This study was conducted in control, medium warming treatment($+1.7^{\circ}C$; Tm), and high warming treatment ($+3.2^{\circ}C$; Th) conditions. The final germination percentage, mean germination time and germination rate of two oak species increased by the warming treatment, and the increase in Q. serrata was higher than that in Q. mongolica. Root collar diameter, seedling height, leaf dry weight, stem dry weight, root dry weight, and total biomass were the highest in Tm treatment. Butthey were not significantly different in the Th treatment. In the Th treatment, Q. serrata had significantly higher H/D ratio, S/R ratio, and low root mass ratio (RMR) compared with control plot. Q. mongolica had lower RMR and higher S/R ratio in the Tm and Th treatments compared with control plot. Therefore, growth of Q. mongolica are expected to be more vulnerable to warming than that of Q. serrata. The main findings of this study, species-specific responses to experimental warming, could be applied to predict ecosystem changes from global warming. From the result of this study, we could deduce that temperature rise would increase germination of Q. serrata and Q. mongolica and consequently contribute to increase establishment rate in the early growth stage of the plants. But we have to consider diverse variables to understand properly the effects that global warming influences germination in natural condition. Treatment of global warming in the medium level increased the growth and the biomass of both Q. serrata and Q. mongolica. But the result of treatment in the high level showed different aspects. In particular, Q. mongolica, which grows in cooler zones of higher elevation on mountains or northward in latitude, responded more sensitively. Synthesized the results mentioned above, continuous global warming would function in stable establishment of both plants unfavorably. Compared the responses of both sample plants on temperature rise, Q. serrata increased germination rate more than Q. mongolica and Q. mongolica responded more sensitively than Q. serrata in biomass allocation with the increase of temperature. It was estimated that these results would due to a difference of microclimate originated from the spatial distribution of both plants.