• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2009.05a
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• pp.548-551
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• 2009

The report of the intergovernment panel on climate change(IPCC) concluded that the global warning due to Green-house Gas(GHGs) will be accelerated in the 21th century. The railroad construction sector consumes a great deal of natural resources and energy in construction. maintenance, and demolition stage. In order to establish and perform reducing plan of GHGs of railway track system for effective corresponding the Climate Change Agreement, the evaluation method of the lifecycle CO2 emission if needed. In this research, it was investigates that the research trend for the LCCO2 and the method to estimate the lifecycle carbon dioxide emission amount of the railway track system as quantitative.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.35-42
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• 2006

This study is to investigate the possibility of a quantitative analysis on sunshine right in apartment houses with a new evaluation index of shading area ratio(SAR) which represents seasonal average value of shaded portion of a window during definite period. SAR values of each apartment houses in a prototype building was calculated depending on apartment building arrangement types and orientations. Since the new method proposed in this research is able to measure the sunshine possibility of the each house in detail, which is more precise and descriptive than the existing method of sunshine judgment standard based on the sunshine hours only at winter solstice, it can be appropriately utilized as a highly qualified sunshine right judgment measures in apartment buildings.

• Proceedings of the IEEK Conference
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• 2002.06a
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• pp.319-322
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• 2002

In this paper, we consider a generalized rule of retransmission request, identified as (Μ, $\sigma$) rule for multicopy transmission ARQ. Following a revised rule to conform with a strict criterion for requesting a retransmission, we can reduce the probability that a packet accepted by the receiving node is still being infected with errors. In turn, such amendment invokes a degradation of delay and throughput performance. For a quantitative evaluation of (Μ, $\sigma$) rule, we develop an analytical method to calculate probability of error remains, maximum throughput, average and peak delays, and delay variation. From the numerical examples made by use of the analytical method, we observe a performance trade-off between probability of error remains and delay/throughput. We also confirm the adaptability of (Μ, $\sigma$) rule to meet various QoS requirements.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Educational Facilities
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.35-42
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• 2011

This study examined emergency exit location with the most representing school floor type with a mathematical model that applied optimized algorithm in the field of engineering. Recent school buildings became much more diverse in floor planning than the old days. Nevertheless, architect's approach to building prevention against fire related emergency planning still relies on an personal experience and knowledge. Therefore, since school buildings are much more likely to be exposed to any fire related events, emergency exit planning has to be seriously evaluated with a scientific method. The algorithm, which acquires the number of persons in each spatial type(node) and the minimum physical distance between spatial types(arc), can propose the most optimized emergency exit locations. Consequently, this study compared an architect's fire exit planning with the scientific outcome of this study and suggested the most reliable emergency exit locations.

• International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.60-66
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• 2005

In this paper, we propose the basic measurement method of a 3D digitizer using a CCD camera in detail. In the localization measurement with a CCD camera, the effect of the background light and the sensitivity consideration are always problems in realizing a high precision. In this research, a new measurement principle is proposed in which the pulse compression technique known in radar is used to eliminate the effect of background light even under a low intensity light source, and the coordinate values on the CCD camera image plane are determined accurately. From the quantitative evaluation of the S/N ratio improvement and the fundamental experiment, it is verified that a substantial improvement in the S/N ratio is realized for both the background noise and the pixel noise and that a resolution of less than the pixel is sufficiently possible.

• The Journal of Information Systems
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.57-78
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• 2021

Purpose In this study, first, we try to make embedding results that reflect the characteristics of both professional and general documents. In addition, when disparate documents are put together as learning materials for natural language processing, we try to propose a method that can measure the degree of reflection of the characteristics of individual domains in a quantitative way. Approach For this study, the Korean Supreme Court Precedent documents and Korean Wikipedia are selected as specialized documents and general documents respectively. After extracting the most similar word pairs and similarities of unique words observed only in the specialized documents, we observed how those values were changed in the process of embedding with general documents. Findings According to the measurement methods proposed in this study, it was confirmed that the degree of specificity of specialized documents was relaxed in the process of combining with general documents, and that the degree of dissolution could have a positive correlation with the size of general documents.

• Journal of Information Technology Applications and Management
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.63-80
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• 2022

In this paper, we study structural changes and performance gains in condition-based maintenance process redesign when mobile IoT technology is embedded into urban railway rolling stock. We first develop condition-based maintenance To-Be process model in accordance with the IoT deployment scheme. Secondly, we draw upon theoretical framework of redesign process analysis to develop performance evaluation method suitable to predictive maintenance shift from As-Is ordinary maintenance practice. Subsequently, To-Be process performance evaluations are conducted adopting both the quantitative and qualitative method for time, cost, and dependability dimensions. The results ascertain the considerable benefits captured through detection abnormality prior to actual rolling stock failure occurrence, and details of performance improvements and enhancement of standardization level is revealed. The procedures and results presented in this paper offers useful insights in the fields of IoT economic analysis, condition based maintenance, and business process redesign.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.89 no.3
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• pp.301-308
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• 2024

Concrete carbonation is a continuous and slow process from the outside to the inside, in which its penetration slows down with the increased depth of carbonation. In this paper, the results of the evaluation of the measurement of concrete carbonation depth using a non-destructive ultrasonic testing method are presented. According to the results, the relative nonlinear parameter caused more sensitivity in carbonation changes compared to Rayleigh's fuzzy velocity. Thus, the acoustic nonlinear parameter is expected to be applied as a quantitative index to recognize carbonation effects. In this research, combo diagrams were developed based on the results of ultrasonic testing and the experiment to determine carbonation depth using a phenolphthalein solution, which could be considered as instructions in the projects involving non-destructive ultrasonic test methods. The minimum and maximum accuracy of this method were 89% and 97%, respectively, which is a reasonable range for operational projects. From the analysis performed, some useful expressions are found by applying the regression analysis for the nonlinearity index and the carbonation penetration depth values as a guideline.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Library and Information Science
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• v.8
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• pp.183-207
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• 1981

Library standards have been the source of considerable controversy, whereas many problems are involved in developing stardard for university library collections. For evaluation purposes, standards should be precise, quantifiable and measurable. In the United States, however, standards for academic libraries are limited to qualitative statements and principles. Quantitative standards, when given, are ususally related to the number of population in the institution being served, or the prescribed quantitative objectives are often arbitrarily formulated by value judgements. The study in this paper attempts to explain the problems involved in developing quantitative standard for academic library collections. Two problems facing in the formulation of the optimal size of collection are identified. One is the theoretically faulty concept of adequacy of collection to meet the situations of diversity of university libraies, and the other is the difficulties in quantification and measurement, along with the lack of concept of adequacy of collection. However, quantification of adequate size of collection is proved to be useful on the pratical level, even though not valid theoretically. ACRL, Clapp/Jordan and Voigt developed formulas or models for setting the optimal size of a library collection for any particular university library. The main purpose of this study is the analysis of the above formulas. ACRL standard was drawn from obervation and analysis of statistcs in leading library collections. In academic field, this judgement appears to have been based on the assumption that a high-grade institution would be apt to have a good library collection. This study criticizes ACRL standard for its failure to include some determinants of measurements, and points out the limitations of the standard. In contrast. Clapp/Jordan developed a formula rather scientifically based upon bibliographical sources. This is similarly empirical but has the advantage of bringing into play the elements which make universities diverse in nature. Both ACRL and Clapp/Jordan formulas share two major defects. (1) the specific subject needs of the collection are not indiacted directly, and (2) percentage rate of growth is an indicator in measuring the potential utility of a collection. Thus both formulas failed to provide a basis for meaningful evaluation. Voigt further developed a model for determining acquisition rates for currently published materials based on bibliographic technique. Voigt model encourages experimentation with different programs and different allocations of input resources, designed to meet the needs of the library's particular population. Standard for university library collections can be formulated in terms of input(traditional indicator), or additionally, in terms of output(cost-effectiveness). Cost effectiveness is expressed as user satisfaction, ability to provide wanted materials within a reasonable time period. Thus simple quantitative method does not cover all the situations of diversity of university library collections, nor measures the effectiveness of collections. Valid standard could not be established without further research.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.143-150
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• 2007

Purpose : This study was conducted to validate enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for the quantitative measurement of human IgG antibodies specific for Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) capsular polysaccharide. Method : We evaluated specificity, repeatability, intermediate precision, accuracy, lower limit of quantification (LLOQ), and stability to validate standardized EIA for the quantitative measurement of human anti-polyribosylribitol phosphate (PRP) IgG antibodies. Results : The results indicated that this EIA showed specificity to HbO-HA antigen and repeatability and intermediate precision were within acceptance criteria (repeatability: $CV{\leq}15%$, intermediate precision: $CV{\leq}20%$). The EIA-derived results from this laboratory were equivalent to those obtained by the standard radioactive antigen binding assay (RABA) for quantitation of anti-PRP antibodies in the 28 sera. Spiking recovery result was within acceptance criteria ($100{\pm}20%$). The precision and accuracy of samples in LLOQ were from -14.7 to -4.7% in nominal values, which were within acceptance criteria (precision: $CV{\leq}25%$, accuracy: ${\pm}25%$). Freeze-thaw stability and short term temperature stability were within ${\pm}20%$ of acceptance criteria. Conclusions : The EIA which is performed at the Center for Vaccine Evaluation and Study Ewha Medical Research Institute, is an appropriate serologic assay which can be used for quantitation of anti-PRP IgG antibodies in human sera.