• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제2권4호
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• pp.4-14
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• 1974

The total forest land area in Korea accounts for some 67 percent of the nation's land total. Its productivity, however, is very low. Consequently, forest production accounts for only about 2 percent of the gross national product and a minor proportion of no more than about 5 percent versus primary industry. In this case, however, only the direct income from forestry is taken into account, making no reference to the forestry output induced by other industrial sectors. The value added Or the induced forestry output in manufacturing the primary wood products into higher quality products, makes a larger contribution to the economy than direct contribution. So, this author has tried to analyze the structure of forestry and compute the repercussion effect and the induced output of primary forest products when utilized by other industries for their raw materials, Hsing the input-output table and attached tables for 1963 and 1966 issued by the Bank of Korea. 1. Analysis of forestry structure A. Changes in total output Durng the nine-year period, 1961-1969, the real gross national product in Korea increased 2.1 times, while that of primary industries went up about 1. 4 times. Forestry which was valued at 9,380 million won in 1961, was picked up about 2. 1 times to 20, 120 million won in 1969. The rate of the forestry income in the GNP, accordingly, was no more than 1.5 percent both in 1961 and 1962, whereas its rate in primary industries increased 3.5 to 5.4 percent. Such increase in forestry income is attributable to increased forest production and rise in timber prices. The rate of forestry income, nonetheless, was on the decrease on a gradual basis. B. Changes in input coefficient The input coefficient which indicates the inputs of the forest products into other sectors were up in general in 1966 over 1963. It is noted that the input coefficient indicating the amount of forest products supplied to such industries closely related with forestry as lumber and plywood, and wood products and furniture, showed a downward trend for the period 1963-1966. On the other hand, the forest input into other sectors was generally on the increase. Meanwhile, the input coefficient representing the yolume of the forest products supplied to the forestry sector itself showed an upward tendency, which meant more and more decrease in input from other sectors. Generally speaking, in direct proportion to the higher input coefficient in any industrial sector, the reinput coefficient which denotes the use of its products by the same sector becomes higher and higher. C. Changes in ratio of intermediate input The intermediate input ratio showing the dependency on raw materials went up to 15.43 percent m 1966 from 11. 37 percent in 1963. The dependency of forestry on raw materials was no more than 15.43 percent, accounting for a high 83.57 percent of value added. If the intermediate input ratio increases in any given sector, the input coefficient which represents the fe-use of its products by the same sector becomes large. D. Changes in the ratio of intermediate demand The ratio of the intermediate demand represents the characteristics of the intermediary production in each industry, the intermediate demand ratio in forestry which accunted for 69.7 percent in 1963 went up to 75.2 percent in 1966. In other words, forestry is a remarkable industry in that there is characteristics of the intermediary production. E. Changes in import coefficient The import coefficient which denotes the relation between the production activities and imports, recorded at 4.4 percent in 1963, decreased to 2.4 percent in 1966. The ratio of import to total output is not so high. F. Changes in market composition of imported goods One of the major imported goods in the forestry sector is lumber. The import value increased by 60 percent to 667 million won in 1966 from 407 million won in 1963. The sales of imported forest products to two major outlets-lumber and plywood, and wood products and furniture-increased to 343 million won and 31 million won in 1966 from 240million won and 30 million won in 1963 respectively. On the other hand, imported goods valued at 66 million won were sold to the paper products sector in 1963; however, no supply to this sector was recorded in 1963. Besides these major markets, primary industries such as the fishery, coal and agriculture sectors purchase materials from forestry. 2. Analysis of repercussion effect on production The repercussion effect of final demand in any given sector upon the expansion of the production of other sectors was analyzed, using the inverse matrix coefficient tables attached to the the I.O. Table. A. Changes in intra-sector transaction value of inverse matrix coefficient. The intra-sector transaction value of an inverse matrix coefficient represents the extent of an induced increase in the production of self-support products of the same sector, when it is generated directly and indirectly by one unit of final demand in any given sector. The intra-sector transaction value of the forestry sector rose from 1.04 in 1963 to 1, 11 in 1966. It may well be said, therefore, that forestry induces much more self-supporting products in the production of one unit of final demand for forest products. B. Changes in column total of inverse matrix coefficient It should be noted that the column total indicates the degree of effect of the output of the corresponding and related sectors generated by one unit of final demand in each sector. No changes in the column total of the forestry sector were recorded between the 1963 and 1966 figures, both being the same 1. 19. C. Changes in difference between column total and intra-sector transaction amount. The difference between the column total and intra-sector transaction amount by sector reveals the extent of effect of output of related industrial sector induced indirectly by one unit of final demand in corresponding sector. This change in forestry dropped remarkable to 0.08 in 1966 from 0.15 in 1963. Accordingly, the effect of inducement of indirect output of other forestry-related sectors has decreased; this is a really natural phenomenon, as compared with an increasing input coefficient generated by the re-use of forest products by the forestry sector. 3. Induced output of forestry A. Forest products, wood in particular, are supplied to other industries as their raw materials, increasng their value added. In this connection the primary dependency rate on forestry for 1963 and 1966 was compared, i. e., an increase or decrease in each sector, from 7.71 percent in 1963 to 11.91 percent in 1966 in agriculture, 10.32 to 6.11 in fishery, 16.24 to 19.90 in mining, 0.76 to 0.70 in the manufacturing sector and 2.79 to 4.77 percent in the construction sector. Generally speaking, on the average the dependency on forestry during the period 1963-1966 increased from 5.92 percent to 8.03 percent. Accordingly, it may easily be known that the primary forestry output induced by primary and secondary industries increased from 16, 109 million won in 1963 to 48, 842 million won in 1966. B. The forest products are supplied to other industries as their raw materials. The products are processed further into higher quality products. thus indirectly increasing the value of the forest products. The ratio of the increased value added or the secondary dependency on forestry for 1963 and 1966 showed an increase or decrease, from 5.98 percent to 7.87 percent in agriculture, 9.06 to 5.74 in fishery, 13.56 to 15.81 in mining, 0.68 to 0.61 in the manufacturing sector and 2.71 to 4.54 in the construction sector. The average ratio in this connection increased from 4.69 percent to 5.60 percent. In the meantime, the secondary forestry output induced by primary and secondary industries rose from 12,779 million Wall in 1963 to 34,084 million won in 1966. C. The dependency of tertiary industries on forestry showed very minor ratios of 0.46 percent and 0.04 percent in 1963 and 1966 respectively. The forestry output induced by tertiary industry also decreased from 685 million won to 123 million won during the same period. D. Generally speaking, the ratio of dependency on forestry increased from 17.68 percent in 1963 to 24.28 percent in 1966 in primary industries, from 4.69 percent to 5.70 percent in secondary industries, while, as mentioned above, the ratio in the case of tertiary industry decreased from 0.46 to 0.04 percent during the period 1963-66. The mining industry reveals the heaviest rate of dependency on forestry with 29.80 percent in 1963 and 35.71 percent in 1966. As it result, the direct forestry income, valued at 8,172 million won in 1963, shot up to 22,724 million won in 1966. Its composition ratio lo the national income rose from 1.9 percent in 1963 to 2.3 per cent in 1966. If the induced outcome is taken into account, the total forestry production which was estimated at 37,744 million won in 1963 picked up to 105,773 million won in 1966, about 4.5 times its direct income. It is further noted that the ratio of the gross forestry product to the gross national product. rose significantly from 8.8 percent in 1963 to 10.7 percent in 1966. E. In computing the above mentioned ratio not taken into consideration were such intangible, indirect effects as the drought and flood prevention, check of soil run-off, watershed and land conservation, improvement of the people's recreational and emotional living, and maintenance and increase in the national health and sanitation. F. In conclusion, I would like to emphasize that the forestry sector exercices an important effect upon the national economy and that the effect of induced forestry output is greater than its direct income.

• 디자인학연구
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.63-97
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• 1989

There is nothing more important than the form and function in design, because every design product can be done on the basis of them. Form and Function are already existed before the word of design has been appeared and all the natural and man-made things' basic organization is based on their organic relations. The organic relations is the source of vitality which identifies the subsistance of all the objects and the evolution of living creatures has been changed their appearances by the natural law and order. Design is no exception. Design is a man-made organic thing which is developed its own way according to the purposed aim and given situations. If so, what is the ultimate goal of design. It is without saying that the goal is to make every effort to contribute to the -human beings most desirable life by the designer who is devoting himself to their convenience and well-being. Therefore, the designer can be called the man of rich life practitioner. This word implies a lot of meanings since the essence of design is improving the guality of life by the man-made things which are created by the designer. Also, the things are existed through the relations between form and function, and the things can keep their value when they are answered to the right purpose. In design, thus, it is to be a main concern how to create valuable things and to use them in the right way, and the subject of study is focused on the designer's outlook of value and uk relations between form and function. Christopher Alexander mentioned the importance of form as follows. The ultimate object of design is form. Every design problem begins with an effort to achieve fittness between the form and its context. The form is the solution to the problem: the context defmes the problem. In other words, when we speak of design, the real object of discussion is not form alone, but the ensemble comprising the form and its context. Good fit is a desirable property of this ensemble which relates to some particular division of the ensemble into form and context. Max Bill mainatined how important form is in design. Form represents a self-contained concept, and its embodiment in an object results in that object becoming a work of art. Futhermore, this explains why we use form so freguently in a comparative sense for determining whether one thing is less or more beautiful than another, and why the ideal of absolute beauty is always the standard by which we appraise form, and through form, art itself. Hence form has became synonymous with beauty. On the other hand, Laszlo Moholy-Nagy stated the importance of function as follows. Function means the task an object is designed to fulfill the task instrument is shaping the form. Unfortunately, this principle was not appreciated at the same time but through the endeavors of Frank Lloyd Wright and of the Bauhaus group and its many collegues in Europe, the idea of functionalism became the keynote of the twenites. Functionalism soon became a cheap slogan, however, and its original meaning blurred. It is neccessary to reexamine it in the light of present circumstances. Charles William Eliot expressed his idea on the relations between function and beauty. Beauty often results chiefly from fittness: indeed it is easy to manitain that nothing is fair except what is fit its uses or functions. If the function of the product of a machine be useful and valuable, an the machine be eminently fit for its function, it conspicuously has the beauty of fittness. A locomotive or a steamship has the same sort of beauty, derived from the supreme fittness for its function. As functions vary, so will those beauty..vary. However, it is impossible to study form and function in separate beings. Function can't be existed without form, and without function, form is nothing. In other words, form is a function's container, and function is content in form. It can be said that, therefore, the form and function are indispensable and commensal individuals which have coetemal relations. From the different point of view, sometimes, one is more emphasized than the other, but in this case, the logic is only accepted on the assumption of recognizing the importance of the other's entity. The fact can be proved what Frank Hoyd wright said that form and function are one. In spite of that, the form and function should be considered as independent indivisuals, because they are too important to be treated just as the simple single one. Form and function have flexible properties to the context. In other words, the context plays a role as the barometer to define the form and function, also which implies every meaning of surroun'||'&'||'not;dings. Thus, design is formed under the influence of situations. Situations are dynamic, like the design process itself, in which fixed focus can be cripping. Moreover, situations control over making the good design. Judging from the respect, I defined the good design in my thesis An Analytic Research on Desigh Ethic, "good design is to solve the problem by the most proper way in the situations." Situations are changeable, and so is design. There is no progress without change, but change is not neccessarily progress. It is highly desirable that there changes be beneficial to mankind. Our main problem is to be able to discriminate between that which should be discarded and that which should be kept, built upon, and improved. Form and Function are no exception. The practical function gives birth to the inevitable form and the $$\mu$ti-classified function is delivered to the varieties of form. All of these are depended upon changeable situations. That is precisely the situations of "situation de'||'&'||'not;sign", the concept of moving from the design of things to the design of the circumstances in which things are used. From this point of view, the core of form and function is depended upon how the designer can manage it efficiently in given situations. That is to say that the creativity designer plays an important role to fulfill the purpose. Generally speaking, creativity is the organization of a concept in response to a human need-a solution that is both satisfying and innovative. In order to meet human needs, creative design activities require a special intuitive insight which is set into motion by purposeful imagination. Therefore, creativity is the most essential quality of every designer. In addition, designers share with other creative people a compulsive ingenuity and a passion for imaginative solutions which will meet their criteria for excellence. Ultimately, it is said that the form and function is the matter which belongs to the desire of creative designers who constantly try to bring new thing into being to create new things. In accordance with that the main puppose of this thesis is to catch every meaning of the form and function and to close analyze their relations for the promotion of understanding and devising practical application to gradual progression in design. The thesis is composed of four parts: Introduction, Form, Function and Conclusion. Introduction, the purpose and background of the research are presented. In Chapter I, orgin of form, perception of form, and classification of form are studied. In Chapter II, generation of function, development of function, and diversification of function are considered. Conclusion, some concluding words are mentioned.ioned.

• Asia Marketing Journal
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.27-54
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• 2011

본 연구는 문화예술상품 소비자 연구를 위한 개념적 구조를 마련하고, 문화예술상품 생산기관 및 문화예술정책기관과 문화예술을 활용하는 기업의 문화마케팅의 효율성을 위하여 문화예술정책기관에 실무적 시사점을 제시하기 위하여 실시되었다. 현대소비문화 속에서 문화예술상품 소비자의 가치인식과 추구혜택을 사회적 맥락에서 심층적으로 파악하기 위해, 문화예술상품 소비자를 대표할 수 있는 10대부터 50대까지의 남녀 58명을 12개의 그룹으로 나누어 총 12회에 걸친 표적집단면접(FGI)를 실시하였다. 문화예술상품은 예술가의 정신적·관념적 창작행위나 그 결과물인 작품에 경제적 교환가치가 부여되어 소비되는 상품이다. 문화예술상품의 특성을 바탕으로 문화예술상품에 대한 소비자의 가치인식의 개념구조를 알아본 결과 '실제적·개인적 가치재', '사회적 공공재', '미학적·감각적 경험재'로 나타났으며, 경험적 소비재의 관점에서 문화예술상품 소비 추구혜택의 개념구조를 알아본 결과 '예술적 특성지향', '사회적 관계지향', '개인적 유익지향'의 방향성을 가지고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 문화예술상품 소비에 대한 이와 같은 소비자의 가치인식과 추구혜택의 개념구조는 합리적 소비, 기호 상징적 소비, 경험적 소비, 반성적 소비라는 복합적인 현대소비문화가 반영된 것으로 해석 할 수 있다. 문화예술상품에 대한 소비자 가치인식과 추구혜택의 관계를 개념적으로 분석한 결과 문화예술상품 소비자의 가치인식에 따라 추구혜택이 다르게 나타나는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 이러한 결과는 문화예술상품에 대한 소비자의 가치인식이 추구혜택의 특성을 형성하며, 소비를 결정하고 문화예술상품을 선택하는데 있어서 중요한 영향을 미칠 수 있다는 것을 시사하는 것이다. 본 연구 결과로 나타난 가치인식과 추구혜택의 개념구조는 문화예술상품 소비자 연구의 측정도구 개발에 사용될 수 있으며, 기업의 효율적인 문화예술마케팅 전략 및 소비자 중심의 문화예술상품 생산과 국민의 삶의 질을 향상시키고자 하는 국가기관의 정책 수립에 필요한 소비자 정보로 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

• 한국지리정보학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.174-189
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• 2015

본 연구는 낙동강 유역의 수생태계 건강성 조사지점에서 생물 및 서식환경, 수질에 대한 건강성을 조사 및 평가한 결과자료를 이용하여 공간정보로 재구축하고 공간분석기법을 활용하여 낙동강 유역의 수생태계 보전 및 복원 정책의 합리적인 의사결정을 지원하고 효율적인 관리방안을 제시하는데 목적이 있다. 낙동강 유역의 수생태계 건강성을 분석하기 위하여 250개 조사구간의 수생태계 건강성 조사 및 평가 결과자료를 각 지점별 위치정보를 기반으로 점형 자료로 구축하였다. 그리고 공간적인 분석기법의 적용을 위해 면형 자료로 재구축 할 필요성이 있으며, 이를 위해 Kriging 보간법(ArcGIS 10.1, Geostatistical Analysis)을 활용하여 공간적 영향력 및 트랜드를 분석하였고 면형 자료로 재구축 하였다. 이를 바탕으로 낙동강 유역 건강성의 공간분포 특성을 분석하기 위해 Hotspot(Getis-Ord Gi, $G^*_i$)과 LISA(Local Indicator of Spatial Association), 표준편차타원체(Standard deviational ellipse) 분석을 활용하였다. Hotspot 분석 결과 생물지수(TDI, BMI, FAI)의 Hotspot 유역은 안동댐 상류, 왕피천, 임하댐 유역으로 생물지수의 건강성 등급이 양호한 것으로 분석되었으며, Coldspot 유역은 낙동강 남해, 낙동강 하구, 수영강 등의 유역으로 나타났다. LISA 분석 결과 이례지역은 가화천, 합천댐 상류, 영강 상류 유역으로 분석되었으며 이 지역은 생물 건강성 지수가 높은 유역이지만 주변 유역의 건강성이 낮아 수생태계 건강성에 대한 관리가 필요한 유역으로 분석되었다. 이화학적 요인(BOD)의 Hotspot 유역은 낙동강하류 유역과 수영강, 회야강, 낙동강남해 유역으로 나타났으며, Coldspot 유역은 안동댐, 임하댐, 영강 등 낙동강 지류의 상류 유역으로 분석되었다. 서식 및 수변환경(HRI)요인의 Hotspot과 LISA 분석결과 요인별 Hotspot과 Coldspot이 다르게 분석되었으나 일반적으로 낙동강 상류, 안동댐, 임하댐, 합천댐 유역 등 낙동강 본류와 지류의 상류 유역 서식 및 수변환경 건강성이 좋은 것으로 분석되었다. 서식 및 수변환경 요인이 Coldspot으로 나타난 유역들은 생물지수와 이화학적 요인의 건강성 지수도 낮게 나타나 서식 및 수변환경의 관리가 필요한 유역으로 판단할 수 있다. 표준편차타원체로 분석한 시계열 분석결과 생물과 서식 및 수변환경에 의한 수생태계 건강성이 좋은 지역이 점점 북쪽으로 이동하는 경향을 나타내고 있으며 BOD 결과는 조사년도에 따라 방향과 집중도가 각각 다르게 나타나는 것으로 분석되었다. 이러한 수생태계 건강성 분석 결과는 조사지점별 건강성 관리정보뿐만 아니라 향후 공간정보 기술기반 수환경 연구와 실무연구진을 위한 집수구역 단위 수생태계를 관리할 수 있는 정보를 제공할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• 농촌의학ㆍ지역보건
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.15-41
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• 2001

연구는 전라북도지역의 보건기관 공무원을 대상으로 지역담당제 실시에 관한 인식과 태도에 대한 기초자료를 얻기 위한 목적으로 시도하였다. 보건기관 근무 공무원들은 지역담당제에 대한 이해도가 매우 높았으며, 지역담당제 실시에 있어 그 실시의 필요성을 높게 인식하고 있으나, 그 실시시기는 단계적 실시의 주장이 높았으며, 제공서비스로는 방문간호와 만성질환관리에 높은 의견을 보였다. 건강증진사업에 국한할 시 건강교실이, 노인보건사업에 국한할 시 방문간호와 거동불편자, 독거노인 등이 높게 나타났으며, 지역담당제 구축을 위한 선결과제로는 재원확보, 인력 및 조직이 재정비가 가장 시급한 것으로 인식하고 있다. 제도개선사항으로는 근무여건 개선이 우선이었고, 지역담당제 구축을 위한 정보체계 확립이 부족하다고 인식하고 있으며, 팀별 지역담당제를 통한 보건사업 전달체계 확립을 위해 적정 전문인력의 배치를 가장 높게 들었다. 지역담당제 실시에 관한 이점으로 대상자에 대한 관리가 잘될 수 있고, 전문성 향상으로 환자에 대한 간호의 질이 향상될 것으로 인식하고 있다. 지역보건사업에서의 지역사회 주민의 요구증대 및 다양화에 따른 대응이 부족하며, 보건소의 사업의 내용개발에 있어서 충분히 개발되고 있지 못하다고 인식하고 있다. 그리고 새로운 보건사업의 확장에 있어서 가장 큰 문제로서 획일적(형식적)사업을 들고 있다. 이러한 연구결과 등을 토대로 하여 지역담당제 정착을 위한 검토방안과 추진전략에 대하여 아래와 같이 제언하고자 한다. 첫째, 지역담당제 실시는 단계적으로 담당지역을 선정하여 실시하고, 지역적 특성을 고려한 사업의 추진이 있어야하며, 현행의 보건사업 업무중에서 이들 사업이 지역담당중심으로 수행하는 것이 좋을 것인지 사업중심으로 수행하는 것이 효율적인 것인지를 사업대상 및 범위, 지리적 여건, 현재의 보건소 업무 수행체계를 근거로 검토되는 등 다양한 측면이 재고려되어야 한다. 둘째, 지역사회의 현실적인 요구의 수준과 보건소의 현재 위상을 중심으로 자원과 예산 소요를 추정하고 타당성과 현실성을 검토할 필요가 있으며, 이와 더불어 지역주민의 요구와 수요에 부응할 수 있도록 단계적으로 보건소 방문간호사 인력의 확충방안을 강구하고, 방문간호사 교육 훈련비 및 방문차량 구입비 등을 재원확보 및 지원을 하여야 하며, 보건소 사업에서 지역담당제에 관한 연구개발 및 시범운영이 있어야 할 것으로 판단된다. 셋째, 대상자 관리의 내실화와 지역사회 주민의 서비스 욕구에 대한 만족도를 제고시키기 위하여 사업내용을 충분히 개발해야 하며, 지역담당자의 근무여건을 개선하는 등 전문인력의 배치가 요구된다. 마지막으로 과거와는 달리 환경과 보건에 대한 일반인의 관심이 급격하게 확산되고 있는 상황 속에서 소수 전문가들의 실험적 시범사업으로는 대중적인 지지기반을 확대할 수 없기 때문에 지역담당제가 일반주민의 생활속에서 대중화된 사업으로 정착시킬 수 있어야 하며, 그동안 지역담당제에 대한 논의나 연구가 소수의 연구자 및 한정된 시범지역에 의해서만 연구된 점을 지양하고 폭 넓은 연구가 지속되어야 함을 제언한다.

• 공연문화연구
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• 제25호
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• pp.253-289
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• 2012

다시래기는 전라남도 진도 지방에서 전승되는 상장례놀이로서, 죽음의 현장에서 새생명이 탄생한다는 생사불이(生死不二)의 메시지를 담고 있다. 더불어 많은 춤과 노래, 재담을 포함한 독특한 양식적 구조로 인해 현장 연희판에서 새로운 콘텐츠에 목말라 있던 공연문화 담당층의 주목을 끌기에 충분했다. 다시래기에 관한 많은 선행연구물들이 이들의 다시래기 재창조 작업에 커다란 도움을 주었다는 것은 불문가지의 사실이다. 그러나 이전의 연구들이 진도다시래기를 다각도로 다루어 적지 않은 성과를 이루어 내었지만 주로 학술적 접근을 통해 연행의 상징적 의미를 구명하는 데 치중한 것이 사실이다. 또한 공연요소들에 대한 접근도 대본, 노래가사, 재담, 행색, 소도구, 장단, 춤사위 등의 소개에 그쳐 정작 중요한 공연요소인 소리(창(唱))의 구체적 모습에 대한 연구가 없어 아쉬움으로 남아 있었다. 이에 본고는 다시래기 음악을 분석하고 그 음악의 성격과 특징을 악보와 함께 제시하여 공연현장의 연희실기자들에게 실질적인 도움을 주고자 하였다. 본고에서 음악분석 대상으로 삼은 소리는 가상제놀이와 거사 사당놀이에 나오는 모든 소리, 그리고 연희패의 입장 시에 부르는 상여소리로 한정하였다. 다시래기 다섯 절차 중 가상제놀이와 거사 사당놀이, 상여소리가 가장 많이 공연되기 때문이다. 수많은 공연 자료가 있지만 분석의 텍스트로는 E&E미디어에서 출반된 음반인 "진도다시래기"를 택하였다. 이는 이 음원의 녹음상태가 우수하며 무엇보다 본고에서 제시된 악보를 학습 자료로 삼아 다시래기 소리를 익히고자 하는 연희실기자들이 음원 구득과 그 활용을 용이하게 할 수 있다는 판단에서이다. 음악분석 결과, 진도다시래기에서 불리는 소리들은 대부분 꺾는 음이 있는 '미'음계를 사용한 전형적인 육자배기토리로 짜여 있었다. 그리고 '솔'음계의 남부경토리는 극히 일부분에 짧게 나타나며, 음악적 완결성은 갖추지 못하고 있는 것도 알 수 있었다. 또한 같은 상장례음악임에도 씻김굿과의 음악적 친연성은 거의 발견되지 않는데, 이는 망자를 달래서 천도하는 씻김굿과 산 자의 삶을 북돋우는 다시래기의 성격과 기능이 다른 데서 비롯된 음악적 특징이라고 생각된다. 한편 다시래기 소리 전반에 판소리 음악어법적 특징들이 보이는데, 이는 다시래기의 복원과 전승에 있어서 주도적 역할을 한 예능보유자의 과거 창극단 활동이력과 무관하지 않다고 여겨진다. 다시래기 예능 담당자의 이러한 활동이력은 다시래기 원형의 변질을 초래한 원인이 되기도 하였지만, 한편으로는 다시래기의 공연요소를 더욱 풍부하게 하여 공연현장에서 콘텐츠로 활용될 수 있는 연희적 기반을 확장시킨 결과로도 나타났다. 본고의 작업이 다시래기를 원형 삼아 죽음의 상실을 극복하고 삶의 활력을 지켜낼 미래의 진지한 현장예술가들에게 의미 있게 활용되기를 기대한다.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.380-391
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• 2015

Objectives: The objective of this study is to assess airborne particulate matter pollution and its effect on health of residents living near Ansim Briquette Fuel Complex and its vicinities. Also, this study measured and analyzed the concentration of TSP, $PM_{10}$, $PM_{2.5}$, and heavy metals which influences on the environmental and respiratory disease in Ansim Briquette Fuel Complex, Daegu, Korea. Methods: In this study, we analyzed various environmental pollutants such as particulate matter and heavy metals from Ansim Briquette Fuel Complex that adversely affected local residents's health. In particular, we verified the concentration distribution and characteristics of exposure for TSP, $PM_{10}$, and $PM_{2.5}$ among particulate matters, and heavy metals(Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Fe, Zn, and Mg). In that regard, the official test method on air pollution in Korea for analysis of particulate matter and heavy metal in atmosphere were conducted. The large capacity air sampling method by the official test method on air pollution in Korea were applied for sampling of heavy metals in atmosphere. In addition, we evaluated the concentration of seasonal environmental pollutants for each point of residence in Ansim Briquette Fuel Complex and surrounding area. The sampling measured periods for air pollutants were from August 11, 2013 to February 21, 2014. Furthermore, we measured and analyzed the seasonal concentrations(summer, autumn and winter). Results: The average concentration for TSP, $PM_{10}$, and $PM_{2.5}$ by direct influence area at Ansim Briquette Fuel Complex were 1.7, 1.4 and 1.9 times higher than reference region. In analysis results of seasonal concentrations for particulate matter in four direct influence and reference area, concentration levels for winter were generally somewhat higher than concentrations for summer and autumn. The average concentrations for Cd, Cr, Mn, Ni, Pb, Fe, and Zn in direct influence area at Ansim Briquette Fuel Complex were $0.0008{\pm}0.0004{\mu}g/Sm^3$, $0.0141{\pm}0.0163{\mu}g/Sm^3$, $0.0248{\pm}0.0059{\mu}g/Sm^3$, $0.0026{\pm}0.0011{\mu}g/Sm^3$, $0.0272{\pm}0.0084{\mu}g/Sm^3$, $0.4855{\pm}0.1862{\mu}g/Sm^3$, and $0.3068{\pm}0.0631{\mu}g/Sm^3$, respectively. In particularly, the average concentrations for Cd, Cr, Mn, Ni, Pb, Fe, and Zn in direct influence area at Ansim Briquette Fuel Complex were 1.9, 3.6, 2.1, 1.9, 1.4, 2.6, and 1.2 times higher than reference area, respectively. The continuous monitoring and management were required for some heavy metals such as Cr and Ni. Moreover, the average concentration in winter for particulate matter in direct influence area at Ansim Briquette Fuel Complex were generally higher than concentrations in summer and autumn. Also, average concentrations for TSP, $PM_{10}$, and $PM_{2.5}$ were from 1.5 to 2.0 times, 1.2 to 1.8 times, and 1.1 to 2.3 times higher than reference area, respectively. In results for seasonal atmospheric environment, TSP, $PM_{10}$, $PM_{2.5}$, and heavy metal concentrations in direct influence area were higher than reference area. Especially, the concentrations in C station were a high level in comparison with other area. Conclusions: In the results, some particulate matters and heavy metals were relatively high concentration, in order to understand the environmental pollution level and health effect in surrounding area at Ansim Briquette Fuel Complex. The concentration of some heavy metals emitted from direct influence area at Ansim Briquette Fuel Complex were relatively higher than reference area. In particular, average concentration for heavy metals in this study were higher than average concentrations in air quality monitoring station for heavy metal for 7 years in Deagu metropolitan region. Especially, the residents near Ansim Briquette Fuel Complex may be exposed to the pollutants(TSP, $PM_{10}$, $PM_{2.5}$, and heavy metals, etc) emitted from the factories in Ansim Briquette Fuel Complex.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.488-495
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• 2009

돈가스의 튀김과정에서 증가되는 지방량을 감소시키고자 튀김반죽에 셀룰로오스 유도체인 MC 및 HPMC를 각 0.5, 1, 1.5%의 비율로 첨가하여 점도, 튀긴 후 색도, 수분보유량 및 흡유량, 관능특성 등을 측정하여 품질특성을 비교한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 셀룰로오스 유도체를 첨가한 튀김반죽의 점도는 속도에 반비례하여 감소하였고 첨가량에 비례하여 증가되었다. 동일 첨가수준에서 HPMC에 비하여 MC의 점도 증가가 매우 컸으며 HPMC 0.5%의 첨가군이 대조군과 거의 유사한 점도양상을 보였다. 반죽의 점도는 돈가스를 제조할 때 재료(원육)에 대한 튀김반죽의 coating성에 영향을 주어서 HPMC 0.5% 첨가군의 coating성이 가장 좋았다. 2. 튀김옷의 수분보유량과 흡유량을 측정한 결과, 수분보유량은 대조군(45.69%) < MC 0.5%(47.36%) < MC 1%(48.55%) < MC 1.5%(49.59%) < HPMC 0.5%(51.49%) < HPMC 1%(53.72%) < HPMC1.5%(56.45%)의 순으로 증가하였으며, 흡유량은 대조군(15.49%)> MC 0.5%(15.44%) > MC 1%(15.25%) > MC 1.5%(15.05%) > HPMC 0.5%(14.69%) > HPMC 1%(12.62%) > HPMC 1.5%(10.03)의 순으로 감소하여 HPMC 1.5% 첨가 batter가 수분보유량이 가장 높으면서 흡유량은 가장 적었다. 3. 튀긴 돈가스의 명도는 셀룰로오스 유도체를 첨가함에 따라 대조군에 비해 증가하였으며 HPMC 보다 MC첨가에 의한 변화가 커서 1.5% MC 첨가군에서 가장 높은 명도값을 나타냈다(p<0.001). 적색도는 HPMC를 첨가한 경우 대조군과 비슷한 수준을 나타냈으나 MC의 경우 1.5%에서 가장 낮은 수준을 나타냈다(p<0.05). 황색도는 유의적인 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 4. 관능검사 결과 튀긴 돈가스의 색은 HPMC 0.5% 및 1% 첨가 시 가장 대조군과 유사하였으며 그 외에는 색상이 진해지는 경향을 보였다. 짠맛은 대체적으로 셀룰로오스유도체의 첨가에 따른 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 구수한 맛은 셀룰로오스유도체의 첨가량이 증가하면 감소하였으며 HPMC 0.5%와 MC 0.5% 첨가 시에는 대조군과 유의한 차이가 없었다. 불쾌취의 정도는 대조군과 HPMC 0.5% 첨가군 사이에는 유의적인 차이가 없었으며 다른 셀룰로오스유도체의 첨가군에서는 약간 불쾌취가 느껴지는 것으로 평가되었다. 기름진 정도는 대조군보다 HPMC 0.5%와 1% 첨가군에서 덜 기름진 것으로 평가된 반면 HPMC 1.5%와 MC 첨가 시에는 대조군보다 더 기름지게 느껴지는 것으로 나타났다. 촉촉한 정도는 대조군과 HPMC 0.5% 및 1%는 같은 경향으로 평가되었고 HPMC 1.5%와 MC의 경우는 대조군보다 촉촉한 정도가 더 강해 반죽이 덜 익었다는 느낌을 주기도 하였다. 단단한 정도는 대조군과 MC 0.5%, HPMC 0.5% 및 1%가 같은 수준으로 평가되었으나 첨가량이 증가할수록 감소하였으며 MC 1.5%에서 가장 낮은 수준을 나타냈다. 바삭거리는 정도는 셀룰로오스유도체 첨가량이 증가하면 감소하는 경향이었으며, 전체적인 기호도는 HPMC 0.5% 첨가군이 오히려 대조군보다 더 우수한 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 돈가스의 흡유량을 개선시키기 위한 튀김반죽의 첨가제로 셀룰로오스 유도체인 MC 및 HPMC의 첨가가 효과적이나, MC의 경우는 대조군에 비해 점도의 증가가 매우 커서 동일 온도에서 coating이 두껍게 되었다. 또한 색도 및 관능평가의 결과 HPMC 0.5% 및 1%를 제외한 모든 셀룰로오스 첨가군은 첨가율에 비례하 여 대조군에 비해 명도가 감소하고 수분보유력이 증가하 여 흡유량이 적은 데도 느끼하고 덜 익은 것처럼 느끼 는 것으로 평가되었다. 위의 결과를 종합해보면 돈가스와 같이 튀김반죽을 재 료에 코팅하는 조리과정을 거치는 음식에서는 튀김반죽 에 셀룰로오스유도체인 HPMC를 적정량 첨가하면 코팅 하기가 쉽고 흡유량은 감소하는 반면 수분보유량은 증가 하여 매우 효과적이었다. HPMC의 최적 첨가량은 약 0.5% 수준이었을 때 점도가 적당하였고 색감, 바삭한 정도 및 단단한 정도 등의 관능적인 면에서도 우수하였다.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.87-102
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• 1980

노폐계(老廢鷄)의 이용성(利用性) 증대방안(增大方案)의 하나로 White Leghorn(WL)종(種)과 Rhode Island Red(RIR)종(種) 노폐계(老廢鷄)의 도체성적(屠體成績)을 조사(調査)하고 아울러 노폐계육(老廢鷄肉)을 이용(利用)하여 건조육제품(乾燥肉製品)을 제조(製造)하여 개발(開發) 가능성(可能性)을 검토(檢討)한 결과(結果) 다음과 같은 결론(結論)을 얻었다. 1. 노폐계(老廢鷄)의 생체중(生體重)은 WL종(種)이 1,635.40g, RIR종(種)이 2,289.29g이었고 도체율(屠體率)과 정육율(精肉率)은 WL종(種)에서 각각(各各) 58.73%와 43.95%였으며, RIR종(種)에서는 각각(各各) 60.34%와 41.98%였다. 2. WL종(種)과 RIR종(種)의 도체(屠體) 각(各) 부위(部位)의 구성비율(構成比率)은 경부(頸部) 4.13%와 3.94%, 익부(翼部) 9.97%와 8.62%, 흉부(胸部) 32.54%와 29.04%, 배부(背部) 11.35%와 9.75%, 대퇴부(大腿部) 30.75%와 31.34%, 피부(皮膚) 및 피하지방(皮下脂肪) 11.37%와 17.34%였다. 3. 정육(精肉)의 각(各) 부위별(部位別) 구성비율(構成比率)은 WL종(種)과 RIR종(種)에서 각각(各各) 경부(頸部) 4.03%와 3.95%, 익부(翼部) 9.47%와 9.79%, 흉부(胸部) 39.37%와 38.14%, 배부(背部) 11.24%와 9.40%, 대퇴부(大腿部) 36.16%와 38.74%였다. 4. 노폐계육(老廢鷄肉)의 화학적(化學的) 조성(組成)은 WL종(種)에서 수분(水分) 68.18%, 조단백질(粗蛋白質) 22.80%, 조지방(粗脂肪) 2.70%, 추출물(抽出物) 5.15%, 조회분(粗灰分) 1.18%였고, RIR종(種)에서는 수분(水分) 68.04%, 조단백질(粗蛋白質) 22.18%, 조지방(粗脂肪) 3.13%, 추출물(抽出物) 5.45%, 조회분(粗灰分) 1.21%였다. 5. 노폐계육(老廢鷄肉)을 $121^{\circ}C(1kg/cm^2)$에서 30분(分), 60분(分) 및 90분간(分間)을 증자(蒸煮)했을 때의 감율(減率)은 WL종(種)에서 각각(各各) 54.91%, 56.43% 및 58.42%였으며 RIR종(種)에서는 각각(各各) 45.23%, 47.68% 및 49.68%였다. 6. 노폐계(老廢鷄) 마리당(當) 건조계육제품(乾燥鷄肉製品)의 수량(收量)은 WL(種)에서 253.01g, RIR종(種)에서는 368.64g이었으며, 정육중(精肉重)과 도체중(屠體重)에 대(對)한 비율(比率)은 WL중종(種)에서 각각(各各) 35.47%와 26.34%였고, RIR종(種)에서는 각각(各各) 38.25%와 26.83%였다. 7. 건조육제품(乾燥肉製品)의 화학적(化學的) 조성(組成)은 WL종(種)에서 수분(水分) 16.69%, 조단백질(粗蛋白質) 66.16%, 조지방(粗脂肪) 12.81%, 조회분(粗灰分) 4.35%였고, RIR종(種)에서는 수분(水分) 16.11%, 조단백질(粗蛋白質) 65.95%, 조지방(粗脂肪) 13.78%, 조회분(粗灰分) 4.57%였다. 8. 제품(製品)의 품질(品質)을 결정(決定)하는 중요(重要)한 인자(因子)중의 하나인 물리적(物理的) 성질(性質)을 검토하기 위하여 인장강도(引張强度), 인열강도(引裂强度) 및 신장율(伸張率)을 측정(測定)하여 본 결과(結果) 압착(壓搾)조건을 $70kg/cm^2$로 하였을 때는 표준구(標準區)인 쥐포의 결착력(結着力)과 비교(比較)하여 노폐계육제품(老廢鷄肉製品)도 이와 유사(類似)하게 나타났다. 9. 각(各) 부위별(部位別) 제품(製品)의 색택측정(色澤測定)에서 명도(明度)는 압착(壓搾)조건이 $70kg/cm^2$인 제품(製品)이 $35kg/cm^2$인 제품(製品)보다 더 좋았으며 쥐포가 16.4%인 경우 가슴살의 $70kg/cm^2$ 조건에서의 제품(製品)은 16.7%로 유사(類似)하였고, Dominant wavelength도 이와 같은 경향이었으며 따라서 쥐포의 색택(色澤)과 아주 근사(近似)한 황갈색이었다. 10. 노폐계육(老廢鷄肉)의 부위(部位)에 따라 제조(製造)된 제품(製品)과 표준구(標準區)인 쥐포와의 맛, 색깔, 조직(組織) 및 냄새를 비교(比較)한 식미시험(食味試驗) 결과(結果)는 쥐포가 지수(指數) 100일 때 가슴살제품이 118.4로 쥐포보다 높았고 다음이 이보다 낮은 기타살 제품(製品)이 99.7, 다리살이 96.2 였다. 11. 이상(以上)의 결과(結果)를 종합적(綜合的)으로 검토(檢討)하여 볼 때 노폐계(老廢鷄)를 이용(利用)하여 제조(製造)된 육제품(肉製品)은 영양면(營養面)에서나 물성면(物性面)에서 이와 유사(類似)한 기존식품(旣存食品)에 결코 손색이 없는 고단백질식품(高蛋白質食品)으로서의 가치(價値)가 인정되었으며 따라서 공업화(工業化)의 타당성이 높다고 사료(思料)된다.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.29-94
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• 1974

Today most developed countries provide modern medical care for most of the population. The rural area is the more neglected area in the medical and health field. In public health, the philosophy is that medical care for in maintenance of health is a basic right of man; it should not be discriminated against racial, environmental or financial situations. The deficiency of the medical care system, cultural bias, economic development, and ignorance of the residents about health care brought about the shortage of medical personnel and facilities on the rural areas. Moreover, medical students and physicians have been taught less about rural health care than about urban health care. Medical care, therefore, is insufficient in terms of health care personnel/and facilities in rural areas. Under such a situation, there is growing concern about the health problems among the rural population. The findings presented in this report are useful measures of the major health problems and even more important, as a guide to planning for improved medical care systems. It is hoped that findings from this study will be useful to those responsible for improving the delivery of health service for the rural population. Objectives: -to determine the health status of the residents in the rural areas. -to assess the rural population's needs in terms of health and medical care. -to make recommendations concerning improvement in the delivery of health and medical care for the rural population. Procedures: For the sampling design, the ideal would be to sample according to the proportion of the composition age-groups. As the health problems would be different by group, the sample was divided into 10 different age-groups. If the sample were allocated by proportion of composition of each age group, some age groups would be too small to estimate the health problem. The sample size of each age-group population was 100 people/age-groups. Personal interviews were conducted by specially trained medical students. The interviews dealt at length with current health status, medical care problems, utilization of medical services, medical cost paid for medical care and attitudes toward health. In addition, more information was gained from the public health field, including environmental sanitation, maternal and child health, family planning, tuberculosis control, and dental health. The sample Sample size was one fourth of total population: 1,438 The aged 10-14 years showed the largest number of 254 and the aged under one year was the smallest number of 81. Participation in examination Examination sessions usually were held in the morning every Tuesday, Wenesday, and Thursday for 3 hours at each session at the Namchun Health station. In general, the rate of participation in medical examination was low especially in ages between 10-19 years old. The highest rate of participation among are groups was the under one year age-group by 100 percent. The lowest use rate as low as 3% of those in the age-groups 10-19 years who are attending junior and senior high school in Taegu city so the time was not convenient for them to recieve examinations. Among the over 20 years old group, the rate of participation of female was higher than that of males. The results are as follows: A. Publie health problems Population: The number of pre-school age group who required child health was 724, among them infants numbered 96. Number of eligible women aged 15-44 years was 1,279, and women with husband who need maternal health numbered 700. The age-group of 65 years or older was 201 needed more health care and 65 of them had disabilities. (Table 2). Environmental sanitation: Seventy-nine percent of the residents relied upon well water as a primary source of dringking water. Ninety-three percent of the drinking water supply was rated as unfited quality for drinking. More than 90% of latrines were unhygienic, in structure design and sanitation (Table 15). Maternal and child health: Maternal health Average number of pregnancies of eligible women was 4 times. There was almost no pre- and post-natal care. Pregnancy wastage Still births was 33 per 1,000 live births. Spontaneous abortion was 156 per 1,000 live births. Induced abortion was 137 per 1,000 live births. Delivery condition More than 90 percent of deliveries were conducted at home. Attendants at last delivery were laymen by 76% and delivery without attendants was 14%. The rate of non-sterilized scissors as an instrument used to cut the umbilical cord was as high as 54% and of sickles was 14%. The rate of difficult delivery counted for 3%. Maternal death rate estimates about 35 per 10,000 live births. Child health Consultation rate for child health was almost non existant. In general, vaccination rate of children was low; vaccination rates for children aged 0-5 years with BCG and small pox were 34 and 28 percent respectively. The rate of vaccination with DPT and Polio were 23 and 25% respectively but the rate of the complete three injections were as low as 5 and 3% respectively. The number of dead children was 280 per 1,000 living children. Infants death rate was 45 per 1,000 live births (Table 16), Family planning: Approval rate of married women for family planning was as high as 86%. The rate of experiences of contraception in the past was 51%. The current rate of contraception was 37%. Willingness to use contraception in the future was as high as 86% (Table 17). Tuberculosis control: Number of registration patients at the health center currently was 25. The number indicates one eighth of estimate number of tuberculosis in the area. Number of discharged cases in the past accounted for 79 which showed 50% of active cases when discharged time. Rate of complete treatment among reasons of discharge in the past as low as 28%. There needs to be a follow up observation of the discharged cases (Table 18). Dental problems: More than 50% of the total population have at least one or more dental problems. (Table 19) B. Medical care problems Incidence rate: 1. In one month Incidence rate of medical care problems during one month was 19.6 percent. Among these health problems which required rest at home were 11.8 percent. The estimated number of patients in the total population is 1,206. The health problems reported most frequently in interviews during one month are: GI trouble, respiratory disease, neuralgia, skin disease, and communicable disease-in that order, The rate of health problems by age groups was highest in the 1-4 age group and in the 60 years or over age group, the lowest rate was the 10-14 year age group. In general, 0-29 year age group except the 1-4 year age group was low incidence rate. After 30 years old the rate of health problems increases gradually with aging. Eighty-three percent of health problems that occured during one month were solved by primary medical care procedures. Seventeen percent of health problems needed secondary care. Days rested at home because of illness during one month were 0.7 days per interviewee and 8days per patient and it accounts for 2,161 days for the total productive population in the area. (Table 20) 2. In a year The incidence rate of medical care problems during a year was 74.8%, among them health problems which required rest at home was 37 percent. Estimated number of patients in the total population during a year was 4,600. The health problems that occured most frequently among the interviewees during a year were: Cold (30%), GI trouble (18), respiratory disease (11), anemia (10), diarrhea (10), neuralgia (10), parasite disease (9), ENT (7), skin (7), headache (7), trauma (4), communicable disease (3), and circulatory disease (3) -in that order. The rate of health problems by age groups was highest in the infants group, thereafter the rate decreased gradually until the age 15-19 year age group which showed the lowest, and then the rate increased gradually with aging. Eighty-seven percent of health problems during a year were solved by primary medical care. Thirteen percent of them needed secondary medical care procedures. Days rested at home because of illness during a year were 16 days per interviewee and 44 days per patient and it accounted for 57,335 days lost among productive age group in the area (Table 21). Among those given medical examination, the conditions observed most frequently were respiratory disease, GI trouble, parasite disease, neuralgia, skin disease, trauma, tuberculosis, anemia, chronic obstructive lung disease, eye disorders-in that order (Table 22). The main health problems required secondary medical care are as fellows: (previous page). Utilization of medical care (treatment) The rate of treatment by various medical facilities for all health problems during one month was 73 percent. The rate of receiving of medical care of those who have health problems which required rest at home was 52% while the rate of those who have health problems which did not required rest was 61 percent (Table 23). The rate of receiving of medical care for all health problems during a year was 67 percent. The rate of receiving of medical care of those who have health problems which required rest at home was 82 percent while the rate of those who have health problems which did not required rest was as low as 53 percent (Table 24). Types of medical facilitied used were as follows: Hospital and clinics: 32-35% Herb clinics: 9-10% Drugstore: 53-58% Hospitalization Rate of hospitalization was 1.7% and the estimate number of hospitalizations among the total population during a year will be 107 persons (Table 25). Medical cost: Average medical cost per person during one month and a year were 171 and 2,800 won respectively. Average medical cost per patient during one month and a year were 1,109 and 3,740 won respectively. Average cost per household during a year was 15,800 won (Table 26, 27). Solution measures for health and medical care problems in rural area: A. Health problems which could be solved by paramedical workers such as nurses, midwives and aid nurses etc. are as follows: 1. Improvement of environmental sanitation 2. MCH except medical care problems 3. Family planning except surgical intervention 4. Tuberculosis control except diagnosis and prescription 5. Dental care except operational intervention 6. Health education for residents for improvement of utilization of medical facilities and early diagnosis etc. B. Medical care problems 1. Eighty-five percent of health problems could be solved by primary care procedures by general practitioners. 2. Fifteen percent of health problems need secondary medical procedures by a specialist. C. Medical cost Concidering the economic situation in rural area the amount of 2,062 won per residents during a year will be burdensome, so financial assistance is needed gorvernment to solve health and medical care problems for rural people.