• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.68 no.2
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• pp.69-80
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• 2023

This study investigated the differences in barley growth at different growth stages (Dec, Feb, and Apr) and the yield at harvest in three groups (G1, G2, and G3) with different climates. Additionally, we measured meteorological differences between areas during the growing season to determine which factors were related to growth and yield differences. We evaluated the chemical composition of soil and the mineral content in leaves during the heading stages. We also recorded the main constituents, amino acids, and mineral compositions of barley seeds grown in different areas. Tiller number/m² in G1 areas was higher than in G2 and G3 when measured before and after overwintering. However, tiller number/m² and dry aboveground plant parts/m² in G2 and G3 areas were higher than in G1. Regrowth, panicle formation, and heading days in G2 areas occurred slightly later than in G1 and G3. However, there was no difference in chlorophyll content (SPAD value) between groups. The yield in G1 areas was 9~15% less than in G1 and G3. The decrease in yield in G2 areas could be due to lower panicle number, spikelet number, and ripening rate. In addition, the decrease in yield in G2 areas is likely because maximum, minimum, and average daily temperatures during the growing season were lower than those in G1 and G3. However, mineral nutrients in the soil were higher in the G2 area than in G1 and G3. The overall mineral content in plants tended to be higher in G1 areas than in G2 and G3. Mineral content such as Cu, K, Mg, and P in G3 areas and crude protein and most amino acids in G2 areas tended to be relatively low compared to other areas. Thus, the G1 area may be suitable for barley cultivation without adverse impacts on barley yield, main constituents, amino acids, and mineral contents compared to the main producing areas in G3.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.123-145
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• 2008

Recently, as the information communication technology develops, the discussion regarding the ubiquitous environment is occurring in diverse perspectives. Ubiquitous environment is an environment that could transfer data through networks regardless of the physical space, virtual space, time or location. In order to realize the ubiquitous environment, the Pervasive Sensing technology that enables the recognition of users' data without the border between physical and virtual space is required. In addition, the latest and diversified technologies such as Context-Awareness technology are necessary to construct the context around the user by sharing the data accessed through the Pervasive Sensing technology and linkage technology that is to prevent information loss through the wired, wireless networking and database. Especially, Pervasive Sensing technology is taken as an essential technology that enables user oriented services by recognizing the needs of the users even before the users inquire. There are lots of characteristics of ubiquitous environment through the technologies mentioned above such as ubiquity, abundance of data, mutuality, high information density, individualization and customization. Among them, information density directs the accessible amount and quality of the information and it is stored in bulk with ensured quality through Pervasive Sensing technology. Using this, in the companies, the personalized contents(or information) providing became possible for a target customer. Most of all, there are an increasing number of researches with respect to recommender systems that provide what customers need even when the customers do not explicitly ask something for their needs. Recommender systems are well renowned for its affirmative effect that enlarges the selling opportunities and reduces the searching cost of customers since it finds and provides information according to the customers' traits and preference in advance, in a commerce environment. Recommender systems have proved its usability through several methodologies and experiments conducted upon many different fields from the mid-1990s. Most of the researches related with the recommender systems until now take the products or information of internet or mobile context as its object, but there is not enough research concerned with recommending adequate store to customers in a ubiquitous environment. It is possible to track customers' behaviors in a ubiquitous environment, the same way it is implemented in an online market space even when customers are purchasing in an offline marketplace. Unlike existing internet space, in ubiquitous environment, the interest toward the stores is increasing that provides information according to the traffic line of the customers. In other words, the same product can be purchased in several different stores and the preferred store can be different from the customers by personal preference such as traffic line between stores, location, atmosphere, quality, and price. Krulwich(1997) has developed Lifestyle Finder which recommends a product and a store by using the demographical information and purchasing information generated in the internet commerce. Also, Fano(1998) has created a Shopper's Eye which is an information proving system. The information regarding the closest store from the customers' present location is shown when the customer has sent a to-buy list, Sadeh(2003) developed MyCampus that recommends appropriate information and a store in accordance with the schedule saved in a customers' mobile. Moreover, Keegan and O'Hare(2004) came up with EasiShop that provides the suitable tore information including price, after service, and accessibility after analyzing the to-buy list and the current location of customers. However, Krulwich(1997) does not indicate the characteristics of physical space based on the online commerce context and Keegan and O'Hare(2004) only provides information about store related to a product, while Fano(1998) does not fully consider the relationship between the preference toward the stores and the store itself. The most recent research by Sedah(2003), experimented on campus by suggesting recommender systems that reflect situation and preference information besides the characteristics of the physical space. Yet, there is a potential problem since the researches are based on location and preference information of customers which is connected to the invasion of privacy. The primary beginning point of controversy is an invasion of privacy and individual information in a ubiquitous environment according to researches conducted by Al-Muhtadi(2002), Beresford and Stajano(2003), and Ren(2006). Additionally, individuals want to be left anonymous to protect their own personal information, mentioned in Srivastava(2000). Therefore, in this paper, we suggest a methodology to recommend stores in U-market on the basis of ubiquitous environment not using personal information in order to protect individual information and privacy. The main idea behind our suggested methodology is based on Feature Matrices model (FM model, Shahabi and Banaei-Kashani, 2003) that uses clusters of customers' similar transaction data, which is similar to the Collaborative Filtering. However unlike Collaborative Filtering, this methodology overcomes the problems of personal information and privacy since it is not aware of the customer, exactly who they are, The methodology is compared with single trait model(vector model) such as visitor logs, while looking at the actual improvements of the recommendation when the context information is used. It is not easy to find real U-market data, so we experimented with factual data from a real department store with context information. The recommendation procedure of U-market proposed in this paper is divided into four major phases. First phase is collecting and preprocessing data for analysis of shopping patterns of customers. The traits of shopping patterns are expressed as feature matrices of N dimension. On second phase, the similar shopping patterns are grouped into clusters and the representative pattern of each cluster is derived. The distance between shopping patterns is calculated by Projected Pure Euclidean Distance (Shahabi and Banaei-Kashani, 2003). Third phase finds a representative pattern that is similar to a target customer, and at the same time, the shopping information of the customer is traced and saved dynamically. Fourth, the next store is recommended based on the physical distance between stores of representative patterns and the present location of target customer. In this research, we have evaluated the accuracy of recommendation method based on a factual data derived from a department store. There are technological difficulties of tracking on a real-time basis so we extracted purchasing related information and we added on context information on each transaction. As a result, recommendation based on FM model that applies purchasing and context information is more stable and accurate compared to that of vector model. Additionally, we could find more precise recommendation result as more shopping information is accumulated. Realistically, because of the limitation of ubiquitous environment realization, we were not able to reflect on all different kinds of context but more explicit analysis is expected to be attainable in the future after practical system is embodied.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.52 no.4
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• pp.305-312
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• 2010

Seventy two Hanwoo steers in final fattening period ($585.87{\pm}41.02kg$) were randomly assigned to 3 groups, LPLT (relatively low protein and low energy; CP 12%, TDN 73%), LPHT (relatively low protein and high energy; CP 12%, TDN 75%) and HPHT (relatively high protein and high energy; CP 14%, TDN 75%) in concentrate feed for 163 days in order to investigate the effects on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and longissimus dorsi muscle's chemical compositions. Rice straw was also fed as a roughage. Because ADGs were higher in LPLT and HPHT than LPHT, feed efficiencies were improved in LPLT and HPHT group (P<0.05). Feeding concentrates with different CP and TDN levels had affected to improve back fat thickness and rib eye area in HPHT group but had no effect on carcass weight and meat yield index. Carcass weight for LPLT, LPHT and HPHT were $420.75{\pm}30.56$, $417.05{\pm}32.03$ and $418.32{\pm}32.03kg$, respectively. Meat quality grade was improved in HPHT (P<0.001), because the marbling score was highest in HPHT group. Auction prices (carcass/kg) of LPLT, LPHT and HPHT group were 17,904 won, 18,094 won and 18,899 won, respectively. The percentage of animals over grade 1 appeared in LPLT, LPHT and HPHT were 79.2, 72.7 and 90.8%, respectively. The results of chemical analysis of longissimus dorsi muscle showed no difference between groups but crude fat composition tended to be higher in HPHT group (P=0.088) than the other groups. Stearic acid contents in the muscle was significantly increased in HPHT group than LPLT group (P<0.05). Myristoleic acid and oleic acid composition in HPHT group was higher than LPLT and LPHT group. These results supported the hypothesis that supplementation of higher levels of crude protein and energy in concentrates to Hanwoo steers' during final fattening period improved the growth performance and the carcass quality grade.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.30
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• pp.201-219
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• 2013

Development of digital media in education field at America, UK, Japan etc bring big progress on digital device if education. Japan bring huge progress on digital education by nationally. UK use huge a national budget at digital education development and Sweden which is advanced country of education and a welfare state. Especially UK and Sweden's digital education markets are full now aspect more high quality design. Korea which is advanced country of IT adopted digital text book 2007 with mathematics, through science and English digital text book through the state. Korea's digital text book is in a transition period. that needs case study of advanced country of education for setting design guide and educational effect to digital education media and device plan. All researches are based on LG europe design center at London. Analysis by using KJ method, survey of questionnaire, heuristic method at 4 schools in UK and Sweden. Through analytical researches want to more reality simulation at digital education, and high quality contents with digital socialization. co-work with analog, can get any where, anytime user want without any difficulty. Also interactive GUI design of digital education device to easy to access for user. When plan Digital text book content and design needs methodical design guide for target who students and environment an in-depth study of the appraisal and method. The results of the research are introduce the design plan as a basic research and giving useful design plan to make digital educational media in Korea industrial aspect.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.676-687
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• 2014

This study investigated the quality changes in cabbage brined with deep sea water salt and in a commercial brined cabbage product. The subject cabbages were separated into two groups: those manufactured in the Lab (ML) and the commercial brined cabbage product (CP). Each group had three brining treatments: with sun-dried salt (S, CS), refined salt (R, CR), and deep sea water salt (D, CD). The salinity level of the ML group was 2.1~2.3%, higher than that of the CP group (1.1~1.5%). The total plate count (TPC) was detected as 5.0 log CFU/g with the S, R, and D treatments at Day 7, but the growth rate of the TPC with the CS, CR, and CD treatments was faster than that with the S, R, and D treatments (6.9~7.7 log CFU/g). A lactic acid bacteria (LAB) level of 5.0~6.6 log CFU/g was also detected in the S, R, and D samples, but only 7.0~7.6 log CFU/g was detected in the CP groups at Day 14. The instrumental hardness levels of the cabbage brined with the deep sea water salts (D and CD) were 3,971 g and 3,932.4 g, respectively, which were significantly higher than those of the samples that were salted with sun-dried salt and refined salt (p<0.05). As for the sensory attributes, S, D, and CD maintained their marketability scores until the end of the storage period for all the properties. CD presented the highest total free amino acid (478.9 mg%), glutamic acid (107.0 mg%), citric acid (428 mg%), and sodium (189 ppm) contents.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.138-145
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• 2008

This study was carried out to compare the meat quality of beef from Hanwoo supplemented with dietary Rhus verniciflua Stokes (RVS) meal, silicate (Si), and chromium-methionine (Cr-Met) during refrigerated storage. The 26 mon-aged Hanwoo steers were fed basal diets containing 4% RVS, 4% RVS+400 ppm Cr-Met, 1.4% $SiO_2$, or 0.14% $SiO_2+400 ppm$ Cr-Met for 4 mon prior to slaughter. The M. longissimus from carcasses were then stored at $4{\pm}0.2^{\circ}C$ for 7 d. The crude fat content was higher in the Si and Si+Cr-Met groups (p<0.05). The water-holding capacity (WHC) and tenderness were highest in the Si+Cr-Met group (p<0.05). With regard to fatty acids, the polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content was lower in the Si and Si+Cr-Met groups (p<0.05), and the monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) content was lowest in the Si+Cr-Met group (p<0.05). The TBARS and MetMb contents were decreased in the Si, Si+Cr-Met, and RVS+Cr-Met groups. Regarding meat color during storage, the Si+Cr-Met group showed the highest L, a, b, C values and total color, and those of the Si and RVS+Cr-Met groups were higher than the RVS group (p<0.05). Consequently, beef from Si-fed Hanwoo had higher fat content, color and oxidation stability, and lower PUFA content than RVS-fed beef. And beef from Si+Cr-Met-fed Hanwoo had higher WHC, tenderness and color stability, and lower MUFA content than Si-fed beef.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.397-406
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• 2011

To industrialize meju, four kinds of meju (Korean-style soybean koji) were made with humidity-controlled fermentation for 12 days at $28^{\circ}C$ after they were inoculated with selected strains such as Aspergillus otyzae (AO meju), Aspergillus sojae (AS meju), combined Aspergillus sojae and Bacillus subtilis (ASBS meju), and combined Aspergillus oryzae and Bacillus subtilis (AOBS meju) as starter microorganisms. The changes in the quality characteristics in the four kinds of meju were investigated during fermentation. Their enzyme activities were compared with those of the traditional meju that is made in Sunchang Folk Village according to the traditional method. In the meju that were inoculated with selective strains, the aerobic bacteria counts and mold counts exceeded 8 log cfu/g and 6 log cfu/g respectively, which were the highest fermentation values after 2 days. The aerobic bacteria counts were maintained from 2-day to the 12-day fermentation. The mold counts tended to decreased gradually after the 2-day fermentation. The amino-type nitrogen contents reached 430.5-577.5 mg%, which were the highest values after 2-day fermentation. The neutral protease activities of these mejus had the highest levels in the following order: traditional meju, $1,258.0{\pm}38.8$; AS meju, $1,238.3{\pm}38.6$; AO meju. $1,204.1{\pm}24.1$; ASBS meju, $1,040.6{\pm}10.6$; and AOBS meju, $1,033.5{\pm}11.2$ unit/g. The acidic protease activities of these meju had the highest levels in the following order: AO meju, $1,030.1{\pm}19.1$, traditional meju, $1,007.7{\pm}30.5$; AS meju, $990.9{\pm}25.0$; AOBS meju, $910.9{\pm}15.3$; and ASBS meju, $888.2{\pm}15.7$ unit/g.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.225-237
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• 1990

Various chemical constituents were measured from April to August 1988 at the down-ward 20 stations of Keum River, which is located in the Midwest of Korea, to understand the characteristics of water quality with respect to spatio-temporal variations of each constituent. The 24-hrs continuous measurements with 2-hrs interval were made simultaneously at station 2 near the estuary weir and station 9(Ganggyeong) of 35 km upstream from the weir in April. By the results observed for one day in April at station 2, salinity has a range of $7.88\~22.14\%_{\circ}$ and its temporal variability is identical to the pattern of tidal cycle in the neigh-bouring Kunsan Harbor. However, turbidity shows relatively high values only at an interval of 4~5 hours after the lowest salinity time, though hourly fluctuation of pH is very small. Silicate and dissolved inorganic nitrogen have inversively linear correlationships with salinity, implying the concentration of the two nutrients strongly regulated by estuarine mixing of sea and river waters. In contrast, phosphate sustains roughly a constant level over a wide salinity range and distinctly lower values than those corresponding to nitrate in the oceans. Such distributions of phosphate have been observed in some estuaries, and interpreted as driven by removal of dissolved phosphate into bottom sediments and the bufforing of phosphate by particulate matter. COD values at station 2 are relatively high in day-time(particularly afternoon) and in high-salinity periods. At station 9, saltwater intrusion was never found but water level changed to the extent of 2.5 m for one day. Although each parameter at this station exhibits very slight variations in their abundance for 24 hours compared with station 2, the contents of COD, silicate and ammonia are significantly higher than at station 2. Concentration of suspended matter is relatively high in the brackish water region up to $\~20$ km above the river mouth, probably due to strong tidal stirring of the bottom de-posits. Also, relatively high pH, COD and $O_2$ saturation at the upward stations of $40\~50$ km from the weir are presumably attributable to active photosynthesis of plants in the region. In general, COD and nutrients except phosphate are higher values at the upper stations than in the estuary zone, and show the highest abundances in July nearly at all stations. Finally, in the estuarine region tidal mixing of sea-river waters seems to be an important factor controlling the distributions of turbidity, COD, silicate and nitrate as well as salinity. However, water quality in the upward fresh-water zone is remarkably variable according to months or seasons.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.327-340
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• 2002

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of domestic clay minerals on feed efficiency, meat quantity, meat quality and economic traits in 24 head of Hanwoo steers(166.1kg in body weight) for 540 days from six to 24 months in age. Feeding trial was conducted with 4 treatment(six heads/treatment) which were T1(Control), T2(Control+Kaolinite), T3(Control+Bentonite), T4(Control+Illite). The results obtained are summarized as follows; The range of average daily gains were 0.682 to 0.713, 0.669 to 0.714, 0.690 to 0.840 and 0.699 to 0.756kg in growing, fattening, finishing and over-all period, respectively, and the gains were high in T1 for growing and fattening period but in clay mineral groups for finishing and over-all period, especially it was high in Illite and Bentonite groups. Concentrates and TDN intakes per unit of kg gains were lower in clay mineral groups than in control and was lower especially in Bentonite groups. In carcass characteristics, dressed carcass and fresh meat and retailed cut percent were not apparently difference by treatments, and yield index was 69.3, 68.9, 68.8 and 68.6 in T3, T2, T4 and T1, respectively. Marbling scores were 5.1, 4.6, 4.4 and 3.3 in T3, T2, T4 and T1, respectively, and the range of shear force by treatment was from 3.51 to 6.02kg/cm2. and were improved with significant difference(P<0.05) in clay mineral groups than in control. Also in palatability traits, panel test scores of juiciness, tenderness and flavor were improved in clay mineral feeding groups, especially the flavor was improved with highly significant difference(P<0.01) in clay mineral groups than in control. In total fatty acid contents, the rate of SFA(saturated fatty acid) in longissimus muscle of beef was higher in the order of T2, T3, T1 and T4 while the rate of MUFA(monounsaturated fatty acid) was high in the order of T4, T3, T1 and T2. The content of oleic acid which is major influential factor at the flavor of beef was higher in Illite groups than in any other groups. In composition of amino acids in longissimus muscles of beef, the rate of essential amino acids was high in the order of T1, T2, T3 and T4. and the rate of amino acids in clay mineral groups was smaller than in control.In chemical component in Gom-Tang(soup of bone) made by Hanwoo steer’s leg-bone, the ranges of crude protein, ether extract, and crude ash was 0.81 to 1.24, 0.17 to 0.35 and 0.07 to 0.09%, respectively. In mineral composition, the ranges of Ca, P, Na and Mg was 14.01 to 15.77, 11.45 to 16.40, 37.92 to 49.99 and 0.26 to 0.46ppm, respectively. Chemical composition were not apparently different but mineral composition was increased in clay mineral groups than in control. Income by treatments was 967,096 to 1,524,055 Won per head for 540 days and income of clay mineral groups in comparison with control’s increased by 23.7 to 57.6 percent, and especially it was higher in bentonite and(or) Illite groups than others. According to the above results it may be concluded that clay mineral to growing-fattening Hanwoo steers can be improved the meat quantity, meat quality and income. Especially the effect of bentonite and illite is large and can be recommended for usage to improve animal performance as feed additives of growing-fattening Hanwoo steers.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.18-28
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• 2001

This study was carried out to investigate the characteristics of water quality variations by stand water balance in YangPyong-Gun Gejung-Lee small forest watershed. Water quantity. pH, $Cl^-$, $NO_3{^-}$, $SO_4{^{2-}}$, $Na^+$, $NH_4{^+}$, $K^+$, $Mg^{2+}$, $Ca^{2+}$ were monitored in open rainfall for one unit storm and long-term stream water in small forest watershed from January. 1998 to December. 1999. The results were summarized as follows: The runoff rate was 46.4% in 1998 and 52.2% in 1999. The average pH values of rainfall were 4.8 to 6.2 and those of stream water were 6.4 to 7.1 in small forest watershed. Total amount of input anion and cation values (kg/ha) in rainfall were $SO_4{^{2-}}>NO_3{^-}>Ca^{2+}>NH_4{^+}>Cl^->Na^+>K^+>Mg^{2+}$ and in stream water were $NO_3{^-}>Ca^{2+}>SO_4{^{2-}}>Na^+>Cl^->K^+>Mg^{2+}>NH_4{^+}$ in the order, respectively. The dissolved $NH_4{^+}$ was stored 5.29kg/ha and output of the other contents were more flow than input in small forest watershed.