• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제28권5호
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• pp.533-538
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• 1995

본 연구에서는 중국에서 수입되어 시중에서 판매되고 있는 삼채복을 시료로 하여 각 개체의 조직 부위별 독성을 조사하였고 Bio-Gel P-2 칼럼 크로마토크래피로 복어독을 부분정제하여 TLC, 전기영동 및 HPLC에 의하여 독성분을 검출하고 확인하였다. 삼채복 10개체의 경우 그 독력은 내장, 난소 및 답즙은 ND-10MU/g 및 ND-23MU/g이었으나, 간장, 껍질, 근육 및 정소는 무독하였으며, 유독개체 출현율은 난소$(100\%)$, 담즙$(20\%)$ 및 내장$(10\%)$순으로 나타났다. 간장부위는 성별에 따른 독력의 차이를 볼 수 없었으나, 생식소의 경우 성별에 따른 차이가 뚜렷하게 나타났다. 한편, 삼채복의 난소로부터 분리한 독소는 TLC와 전기영동상에서 각각 표준품 TTX와 anh-TTX의 상대이동도와 유사한 두 지점인 Rf 0.64, 0.86와 5.5, 7.2cm에서 나타내어 TTX 관련물질임이 확인되었다. 또한, HPLC분석 결과 TDA, TTX와 anh-TTX의 peak가 뚜렷하게 나타난 반면 4-epi TTX의 peak도 약간 나타났다.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제46권6호
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• pp.725-732
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• 2013

To identify the food component characteristics of seven edible pufferfishes (five wild pufferfishes including striped puffer Takifugu xanthopterus; eyespot puffer Takifugu chinensis; purple puffer Takifugu porphyreus; rough-backed puffer Lagocephalus wheeleri; and grass puffer Takifugu niphobles; and two cultured pufferfishes including yellow puffer Takifugu obscurus, and tiger puffer Takifugu rubripes) in Korea, the proximate, fatty/amino acid, chemical and taste compositions were investigated. The proximate compositions were not significantly different among the sampled pufferfishes, whereas grass puffer had lower moisture and crude lipid levels contents, and higher crude protein and ash contents than the other species. The total amino acid levels in wild and cultured pufferfishes were 14,941.6-16,427.9 mg/100 g, and the major amino acids were aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine, alanine, leucine, lysine and arginine. Regarding the fatty acid and mineral compositions, the major fatty acids included 22:6n-3, 16:0, 18:1n-9, 20:5n-3, 18:0, 20:4n-3, and 22:5n-3 in that order, and there was a little difference among the sampled pufferfishes. Grass puffer had a higher monoenes ratio, i.e., 16:1n-7 and 18:1n-9, and a lower polyenes ratio than the other pufferfishes. The main minerals detected K, P, Na, S and Ca. Regarding the taste-active compounds, the free amino acid contents of pufferfish extracts were 236.4-428.1 mg/100 g, consisting primarily of taurine, lysine, proline, glycine, alanine and arginine in that order. The amino nitrogen content of the pufferfishes was 84.5-156.4 mg/100 g, and there was a little difference among the species. As for taste intensity, the total taste value of the purple puffer was higher than that of the other pufferfishes.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.363-368
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• 1991

부산 시내 어시장에서 구입된 까치복어, Fugu xanthopterus의 조직부위별 독성과 특정부위의 독성간 상호관계를 mouse bioassay법에 의하여 비교 검토하였다. 즉, 개체당 전체 독량이 0-36,816 MU로써 개체에 따라 독성차이가 있으며, 간, 난소 그리고 내장의 평균독성은 각각 $110.0\pm25.0,\;115.0\pm33.0\;$ 및 $73.0\pm20.3\;MU/g$(평균치$\pm$표준편차)이었다 또한 각 부위별 독성의 빈도순서는 간$(88\%)$, 난소$(80\%)$ 내장$(75\%)$, 정소$(71\%)$, 담즙$(71\%)$, 껍질(54\%)$, 그리고 근육조직$(13\%)$의 순이었다. 한편 간과 내장, 껍질, 난소조직의 독성은 그 상관계수가 각각 r=0.93, r=0.79 및 r=0.83으로 뚜렷한 상관관계를 나타내었다.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.97-107
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• 2015

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to explore the antitumor mechanism and effects of tetrodotoxin through a literature review of experimental and clinical studies. Methods : Medical databases, including The Cochrane Library, Pubmed, NDSL, RISS4u and National Assembly Library, were searched for relevant articles published from January 1, 2000 to October 31, 2014 using the keywords 'tetrodotoxin', 'cancer' and 'tumor'. The results were classified into experimental studies(in vitro and in vivo) and clinical studies. Analysis of the results was conducted on several research areas including the mechanism, antitumor effect and adverse effects of tetrodotoxin(TTX). Results : A total of 34 experimental studies(32 in vitro and 2 in vivo) and 3 clinical studies were found in the search. Most of the experimental studies suggested blocking of voltage-gated sodium channels in metastasis of tumor cells as the main antitumor mechanism of TTX. The most common type of cancers mentioned in the experimental studies were prostate and breast cancer. All of the clinical studies were on the application of TTX on moderate to severe cancer-related pain. No adverse effects of TTX were reported in in vivo studies but mild to moderate adverse events were reported in clinical studies. Conclusions : The results show that tetrodotoxin, which is the main component of Tetraodontidae(commonly known as pufferfish) poison, could be clinically used for antitumor therapy. However, further studies should be conducted on its safety.

• Genes and Genomics
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• 제40권11호
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• pp.1225-1235
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• 2018

Hypoxia seriously affects the innate immune system of fish. However, the roles of suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS), pivotal anti-inflammatory genes, in response to hypoxia/reoxygenation remain largely unexplored. The primary objective of this study was to elucidate the function of SOCS genes under acute hypoxia and reoxygenation in pufferfish (Takifugu fasciatus). In the present study, SOCS1, 2 and 3 were identified in T. fasciatus referred to as TfSOCS1, 2 and 3. Then, qRT-PCR and western blot analysis were employed to assess their expressions at both the mRNA and protein levels. Tissue distribution demonstrated that the three SOCS genes were predominantly distributed in gill, brain and liver. Under hypoxia challenge ($1.63{\pm}0.2mg/L$ DO for 2, 4, 6 and 8 h), the expressions of TfSOCS1 and 3 in brain and liver at the mRNA and protein levels were significantly decreased, while their expressions showed an opposite trend in gill. Different from the expressions of TfSOCS1 and 3, the expression of TfSOCS2 was inhibited in gill, along with its increased expression in brain and liver. After normoxic recovery ($7.0{\pm}0.3mg/L$ of DO for 4 and 12 h), most of TfSOCS genes were significantly altered at R4 (reoxygenation for 4 h) and returned to the normal level at R12 (reoxygenation for 12 h). SOCS genes played vital roles in response to hypoxia/reoxygenation challenge. Our findings greatly strengthened the relation between innate immune and hypoxia stress in T. fasciatus.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.502-508
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• 1994

부산 공동어시장에서 구입된 까치복어, Fugu xanthopterus의 조직부위별 독력을 mouse bioassay법에 의하여 비교 검사하였다. 또한 bio gel P-2 column chromatography으로 복어독을 부분 정제하여, 박층 chromatography, 전기영동, GC-MS 및 HPLC에 의하여 독의 조성을 분석하였다. 즉, 까치복의 개체당 전체 독력은 1,099~167,694 M로서 개체에 따라 뚜렷한 독력 차이가 있었다. 간, 난소 그리고 내장의 평균독력은 각각 $231.0{\pm}51.0,\;175.0{\pm}38.0\;및\;78.8{\pm}16.8MU/g(평균값{\pm}표준오차)$으로 나타난 반면에 근육과 껍질조직의 평균독력은 각각 $3.3{\pm}1.4와\;19.3{\pm}4.3MU/g$으로 개체에 따라 약독 내지 무독인 것으로 나타났다. 또한 각부위별 최고독력의 순서는 간(917MU/g), 난소(459MU/g), 내장(312MU/g), 담즙(101MU/g), 껍질(79MU/g), 정소(72MU/g), 그리고 근육조직 (27MU/g)의 순이었다. 한편, TLC, 전기영동, HPLC로 분석한 결과 복어 개체에 따라 독의 조성이 다름을 알 수 있었고, TTX를 알칼리분해 시켜 생성된 ${C_9}-base$를 TMS화 시켜 GC-MS에 주입시킨 결과 ${C_9}-base$ TMS 유도체의 특성인 406(molecular ion peak), 392(base), 380 및 376 m/z에서 fragment ions에 의해 TTX의 peak는 동일한 mass spectra로 나타났다. 따라서, 이들의 독성에 관한 구체적인 연구자료는 최근들어 수입 복어류의 증가, 양식어업의 발달, 식생활의 다양화 등에 따른 수산 식품의 위생적 안정성을 확보하는데 절실히 필요한 것이라 생각된다.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.31-34
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• 1995

본 연구에서는 시판되고 있는 까칠복을 시료로 하여 개체별 부위별에 따른 독성을 조사하고, 북구주산 및 삼릉산 까칠복과의 지역차 및 개체차를 비교 검토하였다. 간장의 경우에 있어서는 수컷은 전 개체가 무독하였으나, 암컷은 유독 개체 출현율이 $40\%$ (2/5), 최고 독성치는 107MU/g이었다. 난소의 경우는 유독 개체 출현율이 $60\%$ (3/5), 최고독성치는 109MU/g이었다. 근육과 정소의 경우는 전 개체가 무독하였다. 껍질의 경우는 수컷의 전 개체가 무독하였으나, 암컷의 경우는 유독 개체 출현율이 $40\%$ (2/5), 최고독성치가 29MU/g이었다. 담즙의 경우는 수컷은 무독하였으나, 암컷의 경우는 유독 개체 출현율이 $60\%$ (3/5), 최고 독성치는 93MU/g이었다. 이러한 결과들은 북구주산의 까칠복보다는 독성차가 다소 높게 나타났으나, 삼릉산의 것에 비하여는 독성치가 다소 낮게 검출되어, 동일 종일지라도 지역차, 개체차 및 성별차가 현저함을 알 수 있었다.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제24권11호
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• pp.360-369
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• 2021

Paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) and tetrodotoxin (TTX) are neurotoxins that display pharmacological activity that is similar to that of specific sodium channel blockers; they are the principle toxins involved in shellfish and puffer fish poisoning. In Korea, puffer fish is a very popular seafood, and several cases of accidental poisoning by TTX have been reported. Therefore, it is necessary to determine whether puffer fish poisoning incidents are caused by PSTs or by TTX. In this study, we used mouse bioassay (MBA) and liquid chromatograph-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to determine the presence of PSTs and TTX in puffer fish from an area near Mireuk-do, Tong-Yeong on the southern coast of Korea from January through March, 2014. The toxicity of PSTs and TTX extracts prepared from three organs of each specimen was analyzed by MBA. Most of the extracts killed mice with typical signs of TTX and PSTs. The LC-MS/MS analysis of seven specimens of Takifugu pardalis and Takifugu niphobles, each divided into muscles, intestines, and liver, were examined for TTX. In T. pardalis, the TTX levels were within the range of 1.3-1.6 ㎍/g in the muscles, 18.8-49.8 ㎍/g in the intestines, and 23.3-96.8 ㎍/g in the liver. In T. niphobles, the TTX levels were within the range of 2.0-4.5 ㎍/g in the muscles, 23.9-71.5 ㎍/g in the intestines, and 28.1-114.8 ㎍/g in the liver. Additionally, the toxicity profile of the detected PSTs revealed that dcGTX3 was the major component in T. pardalis and T. niphobles. When PSTs were calculated as saxitoxin equivalents the levels were all less than 0.5 ㎍/g, which is below the permitted maximum standard of 0.8 ㎍/g. These findings indicate that the toxicity of T. pardalis and T. niphobles from the southern coast of Korea is due mainly to TTX and that PSTs do not exert an effect.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제50권1호
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• pp.77-84
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• 2017

Three species of pufferfishes (family Tetraodontidae) were examined to determine their morphological characteristics based on meristics, morphometrics, olfactory organs, and lateral line systems of specimens collected from the Chennai Fish Market in Tamil Nadu, India, in December 2016. The three species, which are all previously unreported in Korea, are Chelonodon patoca (Hamilton, 1822), Lagocephalus spadiceus (Richardson, 1845), and Arothron immaculatus (Bloch and Schneider, 1801). For nostril shape, fishes of the genus Lagocephalus have two nostrils, while Arothron and Chelonodon have none. Fishes of the genera Lagocephalus and Arothron have a single well-developed lateral line on the body, while Chelonodon fishes have two lateral lines that merge on the caudal peduncle.

• 한국어병학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.343-352
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• 2009

Natural-killer-cell-enhancing factor (NKEF) belongs to the newly defined peroxiredoxin (Prx) family. It was originally isolated from human erythroid cells. The black rockfish NKEF cDNA was identified through the expressed sequence tag (EST) analysis of PBLs libraries. The full-length NKEF cDNA was 1433 bp long and contained an open reading frame (ORF) of 594 bp that encoded 198 amino-acid residues. The 5' UTR had a length of 39 bp, and the 3’UTR 800 bp. The deduced amino-acid sequence of the black rockfish had a density 93.4, 92.9, 87.8, 85.8, 84.8, 83.8, 80.3, 79.7, 77.2, and 75.2% that of the pufferfish, olive flounder, channel catfish, zebrafish, chicken, common carp, Myotis lucifugus, cattle, human PrxI, rat PrxI, human NKEF-A, and Xenopus tropicalis, respectively. The NKEF gene was expressed in all the tissues of the black rockfish. The RT-PCR indicated that the NKEF transcripts were predominantly in the spleen and gill, less dominantly in the PBLs, head kidney, trunk kidney, and liver, and least in the intestine and muscles. This is the first report on the existence of the NKEF-A gene in black rockfish.