• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
• /
• v.25 no.1
• /
• pp.237-259
• /
• 2010

This paper first gives a brief overview of the history of space law making in the international geopolitical context and recalls some of the main principles as elaborated in the framework of the United Nations. Next, several topics are discussed that will require the attention of space lawyers in the near future. They are the International Space Station, space debris, exploitation of space resources, space tourism, private property rights in space, and militarization and weaponization of space. The paper raises some questions in each of these areas that need to be addressed and concludes that the general legal framework for space activities under public international law as contained in the UN treaties is in place, and is sufficiently general and flexible to enable and encourage states to carry out space activities in an orderly manner. However, as demonstrated by the examples discussed in the paper, the time has come for the international community to agree on the further development of these general principles, starting perhaps with space debris, imminent 'new' uses of space such as space tourism, or some of the 'age old' issues such as the weaponisation of outer space that will continue to require our attention and vigilance. Whether such rules can be in the form of non binding guidelines, codes of conduct and the like, or should be embodied in solid legal instruments creating rights and obligations remains to be seen.

• Journal of The Korea Institute of Healthcare Architecture
• /
• v.23 no.3
• /
• pp.19-27
• /
• 2017

Purpose: The characteristics of site plan and space configuration of public dentistry through examining the public dental healthcare centers for the disabled in Korea and comparison between them are necessary for the development of planning of the dental healthcare system. This study has been started to provide basic informations such as nationwide distribution, site relationship, and space configuration for the planning of public dental hospital architecture. Methods: Literature review of publicness and public dental healthcare and investigation on current status of public dental healthcare center for the disabled in Korea have been conducted. The site plan and space configuration of eight public healthcare centers for the disabled have been analyzed. Results: The result of this study can be summarized in three points. The first one is that public dentistry in Korea are distributed public dental hospital for the disabled in Seoul and public dental healthcare centers for the disabled in eight provinces. The second one is that the types of the dental healthcare center for the disabled are divided with remodeling type which is diverted from existed dental or medical out patient clinic space or independent building type which is planned with a new and exclusive usage for the disabled. The third one is that the space configuration of dental healthcare center for the disabled is needed more required programs, larger treatment unit space, and more private clinic space than typical dental treatment plan. Implications: This study is the starting point for the research of public dentistry and it is necessary to analyze the dental prevention and dental public policy to develop the public dental healthcare system.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
• /
• v.13 no.3
• /
• pp.61-69
• /
• 2002

This research is to analyze the spatial organization of a traditional rural community and its characteristics, the case of Hanbam village located in the north of Daegu city. The conclusions of this study are as follows; 1. The difference between private space and public space in the residential area of Hanbam village is obvious, and these two spaces are organically related each other by means of road. These spaces have some spatial characteristics of organization, such as center, hierarchy and sequence. 2. The private space consists of a residence module and a farming area in the settlement, and it is clearly farmed by the firm fence of rocks and by surrounding roads. Fruit-bearing trees such as Pyrus pyrifolia, Cornus officinalis, Diospyros kaki, Juglans sinensis are planted at the boundary. And most of residences are composed of a building, a inner court and farming fields. 3. The public space for the community mainly functions as ‘a meeting place’for residents, and consists of recreational spaces, ceremonial spaces, community facilities, and social facilities. Among these, Jeong-ja(pavilion), Seong-an Soop(forest) and Dae-chong(building for common use) are of great cultural value as important traditional spaces. 4. Two kinds of road are commonly fecund in the village; spontaneously generated one and planned one. This is straight inner streets and access paths to the village, and that is curvilinear alleys which are connected to Dae-chong, the core of village. Also stone walls and climbing plants on them are major elements of village landscape.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Interior Design Conference
• /
• 2004.11a
• /
• pp.88-91
• /
• 2004

The aim of this study was to grasp demands of residents about floor plans. This study grasped needs of residents through small group workshop that is composed of housewives. The data from this was analyzed by the side of human behavior in residence space privacy, private space, territoriality, intimacy or social interaction, delightfulness. the major findings are as follows; floor plans of apartment separate of private and public space evidently. But each space has to have possible of extension and combination. It is supported by systematical storage and variable wall system.

• Journal of Information Technology Applications and Management
• /
• v.20 no.4
• /
• pp.165-189
• /
• 2013

The advance of the smart working environment came the expectation that it would innovate and revolutionize the way people work, particularly in a society where smart work is readily available for creating a collaborative and 'connected' business. One of the core infrastructure elements for making smart work a viable option is the smart work center, the promotion of which requires a new form of 'smart work center business model' that can satisfy the purposes of both public services and private businesses. This calls for collaboration between the public and private sectors. Recently a number of businesses have been making significant headway in the creation of a new environment for business support and collaboration by adopting a sharing economy business model in their offices. The so-called 'Coworking Space' is an advanced form of business environment in the emerging 'smart work' era, and comes with the benefits of reduced costs as a result of sharing office space and knowledge sharing through the use of human networks. This paper describes the framework of a 'smart work center business model based on the sharing economy' using a BMC (Business Model Canvas), with an understanding of the characteristics inherent to the smart work center and the sharing economy. It was on the basis of this framework that a smart work center model for business incubation and startup, a private smart work center model for childcare services, and a community marketplace model with a global network were developed.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
• /
• no.4
• /
• pp.45-52
• /
• 1995

This study is on investigation of sizes, functions and positions of storage space in the house, which is basically necessary for effective using of limit house space. The Storage spaces in Korean vernacular housings are intensively investigated to evaluate their usage and to ex-tend their utility for modern life. Data and materials on the storage spaces in typical houses were taken from the "NamSa Village" and Urban Single-Detached House provided by K.N.H.C. In order to get the fundamental materials, related references are widely investigated and interview and direct visiting have also been made. The results are obtained as follows. 1. There are many kinds of storage space in the rural detached house, however this space could approximately classified as five kinds. 2. The number of "BYUKJANG" and "BANCHIM" are more equipped in apartment houses rader than rural detached houses. 3. There are more kinds of storage space in the public detached houses rather than the public apartment houses. 4. In the apartment houses constructed by private companies, more storage space are generally equipped rather than public apartment houses. than public apartment houses.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
• /
• v.23 no.3
• /
• pp.173-180
• /
• 2014

Dwelling connotes characteristics like social and cultural and technical climatic conditions, lifestyles and demands of regions, and especially, apartment, as one of dwelling types, shows various aspects of modern society. With the economic development centering on large cities, apartments have been established as universal housing forms in Seoul and Shanghai. The deepening of economic development in cities has increased small households consisting of one or two persons by affecting the population and household structure, and they've become information consumer groups. This has also influenced the size of apartment and increased the demand for small-sized housing. If the floor area is small, it is possible to use space widely according to the plan composition, so there is a need for floor planning to understand natural environment, physical environment and residents.This study compared and analyzed plan compositions of small-sized apartments which have been parceled out for the recent three years in Seoul and Shanghai. This study aims to understand housing cultures and users in the two countries depending on natural environments, living habits and spatial functions by analyzing common points and differences of public spaces like living room, dining room and kitchen, and private spaces like bedroom which have absolute effects on room arrangement and traffic line. The study results are as follows. From the perspective of natural environments, in Seoul, two-sided open cross-ventilation structure where is favorable to lighting and ventilation, occupied the biggest proportion of public space, while in Shanghai, most public spaces had lighting and ventilation structures through windows in each room. In Seoul, 3R type occupied the largest proportion of private space(87.7%), and privacy was maintained and space scale was adjusted using spaces with diverse functions such as bathroom in the couple bedroom, dress room and powder room and variable walls. But 2R type occupied the largest proportion of private space(60.2%) in Shanghai, and they emphasized private space and privacy of each room depending on major living habits. In conclusion, this study for comparing and analyzing common points and differences of small-sized apartment plan compositions in Seoul and Shanghai will provide proper guidelines for small-sized apartments to be built in Seoul and Shanghai in the future, if strong points and weak points of plan compositions in the two countries will be additionally analyzed and remedied.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.23 no.1
• /
• pp.95-109
• /
• 1995

All human spatial behavior and psychological stress are affected by the 'Privacy'of each space. This Paper deals with the theoretical review of 'privacy'concept and establishment of 'Privacy Model' that can be a useful design tool. 'Privacy Index(Pl)' model of 10 point scale, which is based on 'Hierarchic system of Privacy' in urban spaces by Chermeyeff and Alexander(1963), was established as a hypothetical model in this study. And'Activity Suitability', based on each hierarchy of primacy level, was investigated at each site to construct the validity of 'Privacy Model'. Total 67 sites were investigated by on.-site questionnaire in 3 types of outdoor spaces, (Park), (Campus), and (Garden) respectively. The major results are as follows; 1. The P7rivacy level of earth spaces, distributed from to in and . and (Groun Private> spaces are dominant In , spaces are dondnant 2, Privacy level, based on , showed higher privacy level than that of . This means the criteria of each privacy level should be modified for more specific space. The . could be derived from the (Activity Suitability) of each space. 3.The cognition of privacy level. by user group, showed no significant difference in dach group by sex, age, education, and job, respectively.

• Journal of the Regional Association of Architectural Institute of Korea
• /
• v.21 no.5
• /
• pp.141-152
• /
• 2019

A gradual increase in the number of people with disabilities and the elderly in our everyday life has changed our perceptions toward them. The concept of barrier free space has been gradually incorporated into the social system and into our everyday life, and has further developed into the universal design concept so that creating an environment where all inhabitants of a city are able to enjoy the space of everyday life. Against this backdrop, this study has conducted research on how to improve the accessibility of major public spaces in Wonju, Chuncheon, and Gangneung, or major metropolitan cities of Gangwon Province. The research has been conducted under the assumption that the conditions of utilizing public spaces in those cities will not meet public expectations compared to private spaced despite being iconic cities of Gangwon Province. The field survey results show that the concept of barrier free space is reflected, to some extent, in planning and development although its role in terms of using such space is not up to expectations. In particular, the buildings and facilities built prior to the enforcement of relevant policies are found to leave much to be desired due to unsatisfactory development plans between architecture and urban public space, which necessitates improvement on relevant policies, sincere efforts of local governments, and practical guidelines that can be useful in the implementation stage. Above all, building owners and public administrations are advised to raise their awareness on the concept of universal design so that it is firmly rooted in our everyday life as one of the universal values. It should lead to the efforts of the members of local cities in providing the environment where people are able to enjoy these utilities from the perspective of promoting public welfare.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
• /
• v.23 no.1
• /
• pp.83-109
• /
• 2008

According to 1944 Chicago Convention aircraft are classified into public aircraft(or state aircraft) and private aircraft(or civil aircraft). However even if public aircraft owned by government are used as commercial flights, those are classified into private aircraft. But as far as space activities are concerned in the 1967 Outer Space Treaty, those are related to all activities and all space objects, thus there being no differentiation between the public spacecraft and private spacecraft. As for the institutions of air law there are ICAO, IATA, ECAC, AFCAC, ACAC, LACAC in the world. However in the field of space law there is no International Civil Space Organization like ICAO. There is only COPUOS in the United Nations. The particular institutions such as INTELSAT, INMARSAT, ITU, WIPO, ESA, ARABSAT would be helpful to space law field. In the near future there is a need to establish International Civil Space Organization to cover problems rising from all space activities. According to article 1 of the 1944 Chicago Convention the contracting States recognize that every State has complete and exclusive sovereignty over the airspace above its territory. It means that absolute airspace sovereignty is recognized by not only the treaty law and but also customary law which regulates non-contracting States to the treaty. However as for the space law in the article n of the 1967 Space Treaty outer space, including the moon and other celestial bodies, is not subject to national appropriation by claim of sovereignty, by means of use or occupation, or by any other means. It creates res extra commercium like the legal status of high seas in the law of the sea. However the 1979 Moon Agreement proclaimed Common Heritage of Mankind as far as the legal status of the outer space is concerned which is like the legal status of deep sea-bed in the 1982 United Nations Law of the Sea. As far as the liabilities of air transport system are concerned there are two kinds. One is the liabilities to passenger on board aircraft and the other is the liabilities to the third person or thing on the ground by the aircraft. The former is regulated by the Warsaw System, the latter by the Rome Convention. As for the liabilities of space law the 1972 Liability Convention applies. The Rome Convention and 1972 Liability Convention stipulate absolute liability. In the field of space transportation there would be new liability system to regulate the space passengers on board spacecraft like Warsaw System in the air transportation.