• East Asian mathematical journal
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.545-555
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• 2011

Based on the A-maximal(m)-relaxed monotonicity frameworks, the approximation solvability of a general class of variational inclusion problems using the relaxed proximal point algorithm is explored, while generalizing most of the investigations, especially of Xu (2002) on strong convergence of modified version of the relaxed proximal point algorithm, Eckstein and Bertsekas (1992) on weak convergence using the relaxed proximal point algorithm to the context of the Douglas-Rachford splitting method, and Rockafellar (1976) on weak as well as strong convergence results on proximal point algorithms in real Hilbert space settings. Furthermore, the main result has been applied to the context of the H-maximal monotonicity frameworks for solving a general class of variational inclusion problems. It seems the obtained results can be used to generalize the Yosida approximation that, in turn, can be applied to first- order evolution inclusions, and can also be applied to Douglas-Rachford splitting methods for finding the zero of the sum of two A-maximal (m)-relaxed monotone mappings.

• Journal of Bone Metabolism
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.17-21
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• 2015

Background: There has been lack of epidemiology of proximal humerus fracture using nationwide database in Asia. The purpose of this study was to investigate the incidence of proximal humerus fracture and its mortality following proximal humerus fracture in Korean over 50 years of age. Methods: The Korean National Health Insurance data were evaluated to determine the incidence and mortality of proximal humerus fracture aged 50 years or older from 2008 through 2012. Results: Proximal humerus fracture increased by 40.5% over 5 year of study. The incidence of fracture increased from 104.7/100,000 in 2008 to 124.7/100,000 in 2012 in women and from 45.3/100,000 in 2008 to 52.0/100,000 in 2012 in men, respectively. One year mortality rate after proximal humerus fracture was 8.0% in 2008 and 7.0% in 2012. One year mortality rate were 10.8% for men and 7.0% for women in 2008 and 8.5% for men and 6.4% for women in 2012. Conclusions: Our study showed that the proximal humerus fracture in elderly was recently increasing and associated with high mortality in Korea. Considering proximal humerus fracture was associated with an increased risk of associated fractures and an increased mortality risk, public health strategy to prevent the proximal humerus fracture in elderly will be mandatory.

• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.149-155
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• 2001

Purpose: To evaluate the clinical results of Mitchell osteotomy and proximal metatarsal dome osteotomy in hallux valgus deformity. Materials and Methods: From January 1993 to June 2000, 28 cases (17 patients) with hallux valgus deformity who underwent Mitchell osteotomy were categorized as group I, 26 cases (16 patients) who underwent proximal metatarsal dome osteotomy were categorized as group II. We analyzed clinical results according to preoperative and postoperative clinical functional analysis and objective comparison of correction angle between two groups. Results: The average hallux valgus correction in the Mitchell osteotomy group went from $36^{\circ}$ to $11^{\circ}$, and in the proximal metatarsal dome osteotomy group, the hallux valgus angle was reduced from $32^{\circ}$ to $6^{\circ}$. The intermetatarsal angle in the Mitchell osteotomy group was corrected from $13^{\circ}$ to $9^{\circ}$, and in the proximal metatarsal dome osteotomy group the intermetatarsal angle was reduced from $14^{\circ}$ to $7^{\circ}$. Although, proximal metatarsal dome osteotomy group have shown better correction angle and radiographic results in the correction of hallux valgus angle and intermetatarsal angle but, all patients in the Mitchell osteotomy and proximal metatarsal dome osteotomy groups had no statistically significant differences of clinical functional results between two groups. Conclusion: In our studies, the proximal metatarsal dome osteotomy applied to. hallux valgus deformity was found as a good radiographic results than Mitchell osteotomy, but there were no differences between the two operations in terms of functional satisfaction.

• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.141-144
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• 2021

More than 120 surgical methods for the correction of hallux valgus deformities have been reported. For the correction of moderate to severe hallux valgus deformities with aesthetic demands, minimally invasive surgery at the proximal area can be considered. This paper reports a case of moderate hallux valgus deformity treated by a minimally invasive proximal transverse metatarsal osteotomy followed by intramedullary plate fixation.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.185-189
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• 2009

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to investigate how to detect proximal caries using line profile and validate linear measurements of proximal caries lesions by basic digital manipulation of radiographic images. Materials and Methods : The X-ray images of control group (15) and caries teeth (15) from patients were used. For each image, the line profile at the proximal caries-susceptible zone was calculated. To evaluate the contrast as a function of line profile to detect proximal caries, a difference coefficient (D) that indicates the relative difference between caries and sound dentin or intact enamel was measured. Results : Mean values of D were $0.0354{\pm}0.0155$ in non-caries and $0.2632{\pm}0.0982$ in caries (p<0.001). Conclusion : The mean values of caries group were higher than non-caries group and there was correlation between proximal dental caries and D. It is demonstrated that the mean value of D from caries group was higher than that of control group. From the result, values of D possess great potentiality as a new detection parameter for proximal dental caries.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.635-640
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• 2021

Background Injuries to the proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint are common and complex. However, the treatment of osteochondral defects of the head of the proximal phalanx has rarely been described. Herein, we propose a new technique for the management of unicondylar defects of the proximal phalanx that can restore joint amplitudes and provide PIP stability. Methods In this cadaveric feasibility study, unicondylar defects were generated using striking wedges and chisels. First, a transverse tunnel measuring 2 mm in diameter passing through the head of the proximal phalanx was made. A second tunnel at the base of the middle phalanx with the same diameter was then created. The hemitendon of the flexor carpi radialis graft was passed through each of these tunnels. The proximal end of the graft was interposed in the area with a loss of bone substance. The ligamentoplasty was then tensed and fixed by two anchors on the proximal phalanx. Joint amplitudes and frontal stability were measured preoperatively and postoperatively. Results There was no significant change in the joint's range of motion: preoperatively, the mean mobility arcs were -2° to 113.80°, and they were -2° to 110° after the procedure (P=0.999). There was no significant difference in joint stability (P>0.05). Conclusions Ligamentoplasty with PIP interposition appears to be a possible solution for the management of unicondylar defects of the proximal phalanx. An evaluation of clinical results is planned in order to definitively confirm the validity of this procedure.

• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.163-170
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• 2022

Purpose: The proximal fifth metatarsal fracture is one of the most common foot fractures. However, few studies have evaluated the associated injuries in patients with a proximal fifth metatarsal fracture. The purpose of this study was to investigate the incidence of foot and ankle joint injuries associated with proximal fifth metatarsal fractures and compare the incidence of these injuries based on the injury mechanisms and location of the fracture. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study included 157 patients with a proximal fifth metatarsal fracture who underwent surgery from January 2014 to August 2021. Their medical records and radiology images were reviewed to classify and analyze the associated injuries. The proximal fifth metatarsal fractures were classified using Lawrence and Botte's classification. Injury mechanisms were divided into direct and indirect injuries. The incidence of injuries was statistically analyzed according to the injury mechanism and classification. Results: Of the 157 patients with proximal fifth metatarsal fractures, 81 (51.6%) were diagnosed with foot and ankle joint injuries. The incidence of foot injuries was 65.4%, that of ankle joint injuries was 19.8%, and of both foot and ankle joint injuries was 14.8%. In patients with direct injuries, the incidence of foot and ankle joint injuries was 82.5% and that of indirect injuries was 41.0%. Statistical differences were observed between the incidence of direct and indirect injuries (p<0.001). The incidence of injuries, according to Lawrence and Botte's classification, was 54.9% (Zone I), 41.2% (Zone II), and 50.0% (Zone III) respectively. However, there were no statistically significant variations in the locations of the proximal fifth metatarsal fractures (p=0.051). Conclusion: In this study, the incidence of foot and ankle joint injuries associated with proximal fifth metatarsal fractures was found to be high. Therefore, a careful physical examination and appropriate radiological evaluation are recommended for patients with such fractures.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.145-150
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• 2002

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the shortterm outcome of a pylorus-preserving proximal gastrectomy by comparing it with a jejunal interposition after a total gastrectomy in proximal gastric adenocarcinoma. Materials and Methods: For 22 patients (12 men and 10 women) who underwent a pylorus-preserving proximal gastrectomy, several clinical parameters were obtained from the medical records retrospectively. In this study, the data were collected between September 1993 and December 1999 at Chungnam National University Hospital, and the results were compared with those of 25 patients (17 men and 8 women) who underwent an isoperistaltic simple jejunal interposition. Results: The average operative time in the pylorus-preserving proximal gastrectomy group (220 minutes) was shorter than that in the jejunal interposition group (243 minutes) (P<0.05). The hemoglobin and hematocrit levels were significantly higher in the pylorus-preserving proximal gastrectomy group at 2 years after the operation. The body weight ratio (postoperative body weight/preoparative body weight) in patients who had a pylorus-preserving proximal gastrectomy was significantly higher than that in patients with a jejunal interposition at 2 years after the operation. The jejunal interposition procedure had better outcomes in anastomotic site stricture, duration of hospital stay, and number of removed lymph nodes (P<0.05). Conclusions: We think that from the viewpoint of quality of life, a pylorus-preserving proximal gastrectomy, as well as a jejunal interposition, is a useful reconstruction method for early adenocarcinomas of the proximal stomach. However, stricture of the esophagogastrostomy site in the pyloruspreserving proximal gastrectomy is a common problem to be solved in the future.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.1-5
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• 2004

Purpose: To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of occlusal and proximal caries detection using CCD, CMOS, PSP and film system. Materials and Methods : 32 occlusal and 30 proximal tooth surfaces were radiographed under standardized conditions using 3 digital systems; CCD (CDX-2000HQ, Biomedysis Co., Seoul, Korea), CMOS (Schick, Schick Inc., Long Island, USA), PSP (Digora/sup (R)/FMX, Orion Co./Soredex, Helsinki, Finland) and I film system (Kodak Insight, Eastman Kodak, Rochester, USA). 5 observers examined the radiographs for occlusal and proximal caries using a 5-point confidence scale. The presence of caries was validated histologically and radiographically. Diagnostic accuracy was evaluated using ROC curve areas (Az). Results: Analysis using ROC curves revealed the area under each curve which indicated a diagnostic accuracy. For occlusal caries, Kodak Insight film had an Az of 0.765, CCD one of 0.730, CMOS one of 0.742 and PSP one of 0.735. For proximal caries, Kodak Insight film had an Az of 0.833, CCD one of 0.832, CMOS one of 0.828 and PSP one of 0.868. No statistically significant difference was noted between any of the imaging modalities. Conclusion: CCD, CMOS, PSP and film performed equally well in the detection of occlusal and proximal dental caries. CCD, CMOS and PSP-based digital images provided a level of diagnostic performance comparable to Kodak Insight film.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.187-193
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• 2012

Purpose: The aim of this study is to evaluate the feasibility and safety of cardia preserving proximal gastrectomy, in early gastric cancer of the upper third. Materials and Methods: A total of 10 patients were diagnosed with early gastric cancer of the upper third through endoscopic biopsy. The operation time, length of resection free margin, number of resected lymph nodes and postoperative complications, gastrointestinal symptoms, nutritional status, anastomotic stricture, and recurrence were examined. Results: There were 5 males and 5 females. The mean age was $56.5{\pm}0.5$ years. The mean operation time was $188.5{\pm}0.5$ minutes (laparoscopic operation was 270 minutes). Nine patients were T1 stage (T2 : 1), and N stage was all N0. The mean number of resected lymph nodes was $25.2{\pm}0.5$. The length of proximal resection free margin was $3.1{\pm}0.1$ cm and distal was $3.7{\pm}0.1$ cm. Early complications were surgical site infection (1), bleeding (1), and gastro-esophageal reflux disease (1) (this symptom was improved with medication). Late complications were dyspepsia (3) (this symptom was improved without any treatment), and others were nonspecific results of endoscopy or symptom. Conclusions: Cardia preserving proximal gastrectomy was feasible for early gastric cancer of the upper third. Further evaluation and prospective research will be required.