• Journal of Life Science
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.629-636
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• 2013

This study was performed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of methanol extract from the leaves of Picrasma quassioides BENNET (PLME). The antioxidant effects of PLME were measured based on polyphenol and flavonoid contents. PLME was found to have $367.52{\mu}g/mg$ and $46.61{\mu}g/mg$ high polyphenol and flavonoid contents. Cell viability was determined by MTT assay. The production of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$) was measured by Griess assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In order to effectively anti-inflammatory agents, we examined the inhibitory effects on the production of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced NO and $PGE_2$ in RAW 264.7 cells. PLME significantly decreased the production of NO and $PGE_2$ in a dose-dependent manner, and also reduced the expression of iNOS, a COX-2 protein. In addition, PLME reduced the NF-${\kappa}B$, $I{\kappa}B$ phosphorylation in RAW 264.7 cells upon stimulation with LPS (100 ng/ml) for 24 h. These results provide evidence for the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of Picrasma quassioides leaves.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.568-573
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• 2015

Arabis glabra is a localized common rhizomatous flowering plant, This plant is often used in Korean traditional systems of medicine as a remedy for blood cleaning, detoxification, abscess, gastrospasm, arthritis, contraction and diarrhea. Generally drugs that are used for arthritis have antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory properties. However, validity of the anti-inflammatory activity has not been scientifically investigated so far. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory potential of A. glabra using the ethanolic extract and its sub-fractions. To evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects, we examined the inflammatory mediators such as nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂) on RAW 264.7macrophages. Our results indicated that hexane and chloroform fraction significantly inhibited the LPS-induced NO and PGE₂ production in the cells. The hexane fraction inhibitory activity for NO tests with IC₅₀ values showed in 21.0 ㎍/㎖. The chloroform fraction inhibitory activity for PGE₂ tests with IC₅₀ values showed in 18.0 ㎍/㎖. These efficacy are expected to be able to present the potential for the development of health functional food for the prevention inflammatory diseases because it has sufficient preventive medical possibilities. Further, it is determined that it is necessary to further study the mechanism of cytokine and protein expression associated with inflammation.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2016

Obesity is a pro-inflammatory state that contributes to the development of metabolic disorders such as hyperlipidemia, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, non-alcoholic fatty liver, and cardiovascular disease. In this study, we evaluated the inhibition of adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells and in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice by Peucedanum japonicum Thunberg L. water extract (PJT). Lipid accumulation measurement indicates that PJT markedly inhibited adipogenesis in a dose-dependent manner. RT-PCR results demonstrated that the mRNA expression of adipogenic transcription factors such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-α (C/EBPα) in 3T3-L1 cells were significantly down-regulated by PJT treatment. Oral administration of PJT (100, 300, and 500 ㎎/㎏, b.w/daily for 4 weeks) was conducted in high-fat diet induced obese mice and C57BL/6 mice. The PJT-administered group of HFD-induced mice had a lower body weight gain, along with decreased serum levels of glucose, triglycerides, and total cholesterol compared with the control mice, however, the HDL-cholesterol/total cholesterol ratio was increased. Furthermore, the elevated mRNA expression levels of adipogenesis related genes in the white adipose tissue of obese mice were significantly suppressed by PJT. These results indicate that PJT exhibits anti-obesity effects in obese mice by decreasing in serum lipid levels and lipogenesis related gene.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.283-288
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• 2010

Yam (Dioscorea spp.) has been used as important edible and medicinal natural resource in worldwide and D. alata L. is most popular nourishment among the yam. In this study the composition, color, antioxidation and antimicrobial activity of D. alata Gyeongbuk No. 6 (GB-6), which was established in Gyeongbuk Agricultural Research & Extension Services, Andong, Korea, was compared to those of D. batatas Gyeongbuk No. 1 (GB-1), a major domestic cultivation species. Water content of GB-6 was $78.02{\pm}0.16%$, which is slightly lower than that of GB-1 ($82.6{\pm}0.07%$). The contents of crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber and ash of GB-6 were 0.95, 0.26, 0.85 and 0.70%, whereas those of GB-1 were 1.58, 0.15, 1.39 and 0.88%, respectively. Analysis of color using colormeter showed that the GB-6 is slight dark-yellow than GB-1, and total polyphenol content of GB-6 was 2-fold higher compared than that of GB-1. Sequential organic solvent fractions from methanol extract of GB-6 showed that the ethylacetate fraction has highest total polyphenol ($144.1{\pm}3.20\;mg/g$). Determination of antioxidation activity showed that the ethylacete fraction and water fraction has strong DPPH radical scavenging activity ($IC_{50}=78.32\;{\mu}g/mL$) and reducing power, respectively. In antimicrobial activity assay, the n-hexane and ethylacetate fraction showed antibacterial activity against B. subtilis, L.monocytogenes, S. epidermidis, S. aureus, P. vulgaris, and S. typhimurium. These results provide the possibility of domestic cultivated D. alata GB-6 as a healthy food.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.260-267
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• 2001

The biochemical composition and antioxidative activity of marine microalgae were investigated for the effective utilization of marine resources. Two species of marine microalgae, Nannochloris oculata (N. oculata) of Chlorophyceae and Phaeodactylum tricornutum (P. tricornutum) of Bacillariophyceae, were selected. Because these species showed the high growth rate and easy to continuous culture. The contents of crude protein, lipid, and carbohydrate were $54.91\%,\;11.29\%,\;and\;10.15\%$, for N. oculata and $38.07\%,\;13.19\%,\;and\;7.13\%$, for P. tricornutum, respectively. Glutamic acid was the highest concentration for both species. Galactose (3,712.02 mg/100g), fucose (1,966.03 mg/100g), and glucose (1,814.35 mg/100g) were the major carbohydrates for N. oculatae, and glucose (5,295.45 mg/100g) and mannose (841.34 mg/100g) were for P. tricornutum. K (12,906.86 mg/100g), Mg (1,039.15 mg/100g), Ca (882.57 mg/100g) and Fe (747.20 mg/100g) were the major minerals for N. oculata, and K (11,718.65 mg/100g), Ca (2,003.32 mg/100g), Mg (1,570.84 mg/100g) and Fe (552.58 mg/100g) were for P. tricornutum. In the composition of nucleotides, ADP ($4.77{\mu}mol/g$) was the highest in N. oculata and hypoxanthine (11.74{\mu}mol/g) in P. tricornutum. Large amount of linoleic acid (18: 2, $\omega-6$) was contained in N. oculata. In contrast 16: 1 ($\omega-7$) and 20: 5 ($\omega-3$) were major fatty acid in P. tricornutum. The antioxidative activities of organic solvent extracts of two microalgae were measured by the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay method. The chloroform extract obtained from P. tricornutum was identified to be the most effective in DPPH radical scavenging activity.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.373-382
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• 1984

Processing conditions of retort pouched fried mackerel fish meat paste and quality stability during storage were investigated. The reasonable amounts of added ingredients to the frozen mackerel meat paste were $10\%$ of corn starch, $1\%$ of soybean protein, $1.5\%$ of sodium chloride, $0.6\%$ of monosodium glutamate, $0.3\%$ of alcoholic extract of red pepper, and $0.1\%$ of sodium erythorbate as an antioxidant and also added water corresponding to $10\%$ of the frozen mackerel meat paste. After grinding the defrosted mackerel fish meat paste with ingredients, the meat paste was molded in bar type and fried in soybean oil at $170-180^{\circ}C$ for 3 minutes. The fried mackerel meat paste was cooled, vacuum-packed in laminated plastic film bag (polyester/polyvinylidene chloride/unoriented polypropylene : $12{\mu}m/15{\mu}/50{\mu}m,\;14{\times}19cm$) and finally sterilized at $120^{\circ}C$ for 20 minutes in a hot water circulating retort. The pH, volatile basic nitrogen, moisture content, water activity, color, thiobarbituric acid value, peroxide value, texture and viable bacterial count of products were examined during 100 days of storage at $25{\pm}3^{\circ}C\;and\;5^{\circ}C$. The results showed that products could be preserved in good condition for 100 days at $25{\pm}3^{\circ}C$. Judging from sensory evaluation, the quality of products was not inferior to that of market products.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.581-587
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• 1997

For bifidus fermentation food, gelatinized rice solution was fermented without liquefaction/saccharification by amylolytic Bifidobacterium spp. isolated from Korean. Eighteen amylolytic Bifidobcterium on the starch agar were isolated from 38 Korean and four strains were finally selected as good amylase producers. The most enzyme-producing strain of Bif. sp. FBD-12 secreted extracellular amylase of 0.17 U/mg and intracelluar amylase of 1.8 U/mg. Three strains of Bif. sp. FBD-12, Bif. sp. FBD-16 and Bif. sp. FBD-17 also showed good growth on pH controlled media by HCI/acetic acid to pH 5.0 while Bif. sp. FBD-6 was not so tolerant that viable cell counts reduced to $10^2\;CFU/mL$ times on the media. Initial cell number of $10^6\;CFU/mL$ for those strains reached to $10^9\;CFU/mL$ on the rice medium supplemented with yeast extract (0.2%) and cysteine (0.05%). Ascorbic acid instead of cysteine was added to the medium for improving off-flavour and the best growth was shown at 0.1% addition. Isolated soybean proteins (ISP) of 3% accelerated the growth of the strains. Maximum count of $10^9\;CFU/mL$ reached within 12 hour fermentation on the rice medium with ascorbic acid and isolated soybean protein instead of 32 hours on the cysteine medium, and total acidity increased from 0.5% to 1% on each media. Reducing sugar in the ascorbic acid/ISP cultures generally increased especially 2 mg/mL to 15.5 mg/mL for Bif. sp. FBD-6. From sensory evaluation, the products showed good acceptability so that it suggested possibility of development of bifidus-fermented rice food.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.197-205
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• 2007

This study was to investigate the chemical content and antioxidant activity by the part of Salicornia herbacea as part of using Salicornia herbacea as materials of functional foods. On a basis of the materials, this study was to clarify the nutritional excellence, chemical composition, and antioxidant activity of Salicornia herbacea. From the result of this research above, it may be summed up as follows.The Salicornia herbacea used in the experiment contained the moisture and crude fiber in the stalks a lot, and the protein, fat, and ash in the branches more. As to the content of free amino acid, the content of arginine took in the branches and stems most. Then, it contained threonine, glycine, tryptophan, valine, isoleucine, and lysine, etc. in the branches a lot. Also, it contained threonine, glutamic acid, tyrosine tryptophan alanine, and isoleucine in the stalks a lot. It was shown to be contained of essential amino acids like isoleucine, leucine, threonine, valine, methionine, lysine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan in the branches and steams more. As to the content of fatty acid in Salicornia herbacea, it found out that it contained the unsaturated fatty acid more than the saturated fatty acid. It took the content of eicosenoic acid(20:1) in the branches and stalks most. And then, it contained linoleic acid(18:2), pehtadecenoic acid(15:1), palmitic acid(16:0), and oleic acid(18:1), etc. a lot. As to the antioxidant activity in Salicornia herbacea using the DPPH radical, it was shown to be existed in the largest antioxidant activity when the concentration of methanolextract from Salicornia herbacea was 1 mM. There was higher antioxidant activity than 100 ppm BHT used as control plot when the concentration of methanol extract from the stalks was $100{\mu}M$. From the result of experiment above, Salicornia herbacea contained the essential amino acid a lot. It will be possible to be used as natural antioxidants because it has excellent antioxidant effect. Therefore, this researcher concludes that it will be available in using it as materials of functional foods.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.519-525
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• 2012

Effects of cultivated conditions on antioxidant compounds and antioxidant activities of sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam) were determined. The cultivated variety was Shinyulmi, and they were cultivated in a conventional culture, successful cropped hairy vetch culture, successful cropped barley cultivation, successful cropped rye cultivation, successful cropped mix-seeding of hairy vetch and barley, successful cropped mix-seeding of hairy vetch and rye, and not fertilizer. The brix degree, moisture, protein, and ash content of the sweet potatoes did not significantly change with the cultivated conditions. However amylose, total dietary fiber, and mineral content had significant changes. The total polyphenol, flavonoid, and tannin content of the methanolic extracts of the sweet potato's pericarp showed significant differences from cultivated conditions, however, the sweet potato's sarcocarp did not significantly change. The highest DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities of the methanolic extracts of the sweet potatoes were 958.81 and 663.53 mg TE/100 g in the sweet potato's pericarp on the successful cropped hairy vetch culture. Generally, there was a difference in antioxidant compound content and radical scavenging activity on the methanolic extract of sweet potato with cultivated conditions.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.27-35
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• 2015

Anti-obese effects of mulberry (Morus alba L.) root bark was investigated in vitro by measuring its inhibitory effect against 3T3-L1 preadipocyte differentiation and digestive enzymes such as ${\alpha}$-amylase, ${\alpha}$-glucosidase and pancreatic lipase. Ethanol extract of mulberry root bark (MRE) showed the potent inhibitory activities on ${\alpha}$-amylase, ${\alpha}$-glucosidase and pancreatic lipase with $IC_{50}$ values of $7.86{\pm}0.36$, $0.12{\pm}0.03$ and $7.93{\pm}0.11mg/mL$, respectively. Furthermore, MRE significantly suppressed cellular lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells in a dose-dependent manner. To elucidate the mechanism of MRE, we performed qRT-PCR and Western blotting for the expression of genes related with adipogenesis and lipogenesis. Treatment of MRE markedly suppressed the protein expression of $PPAR{\gamma}$, $C/EBP{\alpha}$ and SREBP-1c, as well as FAS and ACC, which are the key transcription factors and metabolic enzymes in adipogenesis and lipogenesis. In addition, qRT-PCR analysis indicated that the anti-adipogenesis effect of MRE might be due to its inhibition at transcription levels. These results demonstrate that MRE can effectively suppress adipocyte differentiation and inhibit key enzymes related to obesity. Our findings suggest that mulberry root bark may have a potential benefit in preventing obesity.