• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.437-470
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• 1994

These studies were performed to establish more effective surgical method for correcting congenital atresia coli in calves. Distal colon fistulation, proximal colon fistulation and colon anastomosis which could be applied for surgical repair of intestinal obstruction were carried out in goatlings experimentally and in calves with atresia coli clinically. After treatment of the animals clinical signs, blood component values, body weight gain, survival and necropsy findings were observed. In goatlings, clinical signs after colon fistulation were diarrhea, anorexia and vitality loss, and those of proximal colon fistulation group were severer than those of distal colon fistulation group. Surviviability after operation was 9~16 weeks in distal colon fistulation group, 2~8 weeks in proximal colon fistulation group, and 2-3 days in colocolic anastomosis group, respectively. There were no alterations in blood component values among experimental groups. Weight gain rates were 54.6% in distal colon fistulation group and 42.9% in proximal colon fistulation group compared with those of control. Necropsy findings observed in experimental groups were distension of intestine and excessive fluid in abomasum and intestine. Two calves with atresia coli died 1 day and 6 days after operation but one with colon fistulation survived more than two months. Preoperative clinical signs in calves with atresia coli were abdominal distension, progressive anorexia, no defecation and postoperative clinical signs wert diarrhea and periodic abdominal distension. After operation there were no alterations in blood component values between the calf with atresia coli and control calf. Weight gain rate of calf with atresia coli was similar to that of control but revealed the tendency to decrease from the 2nd month after operation. Necropsy findings observed in two calves with atresia coli were intestinal distension. intraluminal excessive fluid, blind atretic sac and absence of intrarectal content. It was concluded that proximal or distal colon fistulation could be available for surgical correction of congenital atresla coli and prognosis of distal colon fistulation was better than of proximal colon fistulation, but that extensive colocolic anastomosis could not be compatible with life in ruminants.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.35
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• pp.255-270
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• 2014

There is a dazzling display of colors used in contemporary visual media. The flood of color image in films leads to the application of partial colors onto the monotonous image, which is one of the reverse phenomena in this field of visual media. Nowadays, it became possible to revise the colors of moving images through computer graphics, and the excessive use of colors has a tendency to make visual impact uninteresting. The attempt is applied in a variety of ways from making video commercials and music videos as well as films. In particular, the application of partial color in the monotonous image in films such as Schindler's List(1993) and Sin City(2005) gave scores of audiences a fresh shock and added the depth of moving image. The purpose of this study is to examine how the principles and properties of the color affect us and how the application of monotone shows its effectiveness in moving images. By analyzing various case studies, this paper will propose and validate the progressive value toward the application of moving images in combination in the future.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• v.2
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• pp.42-55
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• 1984

The direction of scientific researches on tree improvement and forest management in several universities and research institutes in Japan can be summarized as follows: They put a great emphasis on sugi, Cryptomeria japonica and cypress, Chamaecyparus oblusa which are two major conifer species largerly planted in the Japanese forestry. In the research of sugi, a great concern has been made in evaluating inheritance of forest tree, quantitative characters and genetic parameter of growth, and in breeding for resistance to diseases and insects and to all the natural calamities. Interaction between environmental conditions and genetic nature of tree can be concerned factors in relation with forest damage, together with silvicultural conditions and pest infestation. Selfing hybrids of $F_1$ made from crossing twisted-leaf sugi, defomity leaf type and midori sugi, normal leaf type segregated the normal needle, twisted needle, green leaf and albino leaf type. It seemed that separation of many defomity individuals can be governed by two dominant complementary genes and from the near loci of which it was detected lethal genes. 52% of Japanese forestry is occupied by the small forest landowners like Korean forestry. This made difficulty for forest improvement such as progressive afforestation and for capital accumulation form forestry. The Forest Corporation was established at first in 1959 to aming at productive forestry structure and forest management, and afforestation. For these purpose, 35 Forest Corporations are at moment operating throughout Japan. However, investment in forestry business becomes less attractive since the wage in forest production duction increased in higher trend. than timber price. Therefore, an artifical afforestation becomes yearly decreased. At present. the self-sufficient rate of timber production in Japan is about 35%, and so a great effort is being made to increase self-sufficient rate of timber production.

• Educational Technology International
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.87-100
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• 2005

The purpose of this study lies in touching the study trend of Chinese education technology through the analysis on present situation of the study in Chinese education technology, and is to suggest the direction for the its further study and development. In order to achieve these kinds of study purpose, the frames have been set to grasp the features and trend of Chinese educational technology in such as 4 aspects of educational technology definition, curriculum and the cultivation of genuine individuals, study zone aspect and the method, and in order to grasp, in the comparison with the countries of advanced educational technology such as Korea, America etc., the progressive features and the trend of development of Chinese educational technology have been analyzed. As a result of the analysis, it has been found that Chinese educational technology has the different features in the study and development of educational technology of Korea and America in the abovementioned 4aspects. First, in the education technology comprehension, it differs from Korea, Japan and America, and understands the technology as a skill. Consequently, in either study or actuality, it seems puts more emphasis on skills (moreover, the aspect of hardware). Second, in the aspect of curriculum and the cultivation of the genuine individuals, gives preponderance to science aspect, and the unclear distinction between the education technology and the computer science makes that the true character of educational technology is not clear. Third, when speaking of study fields and study methods, those of china is a little behind of the advanced nations of the educational engineering, Korea, America and so on. And in the range of study, China is following the international tendency but when it comes to the depth of study and quality is very far from perfect. In the aspect of study method, the theoretical study, design study and development study are occupying mostly, and it is hardly to see the existence about actual proof study, and in this aspect, it is quite different than that of Korea and America. And it is judged that it is related with the traditional educational ideology and the academic study tradition, the cultural air and the features of economical development of China.

• Annals of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.31-39
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• 2022

In patients with neuroendocrine tumors with liver metastases (NETLMs), complete resection of both the primary and liver metastases is a potentially curative option. When complete resection is not possible, debulking of the tumour burden has been proposed to prolong survival. The objective of this systematic review was to evaluate the effect of curative surgery (R0-R1) and debulking surgery (R2) on overall survival (OS) in NETLMs. For the subgroup of R2 resections, outcomes were compared by the degree of hepatic debulking (≥ 90% or ≥ 70%). A systematic review of the literature was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) guidelines using PubMed, Medline, CINAHL, Cochrane, and Embase databases. Hazard ratios (HRs) were estimated for each study and pooled using a random-effects inverse-variance meta-analysis model. Of 538 articles retrieved, 11 studies (1,729 patients) reported comparisons between curative and debulking surgeries. After pooling these studies, OS was found to be significantly shorter in debulking resections, with an HR of 3.49 (95% confidence interval, 2.70-4.51; p < 0.001). Five studies (654 patients) compared outcomes between ≥ 90% and ≥ 70% hepatic debulking approaches. Whilst these studies reported a tendency for OS and progression-free survival to be shorter in those with a lower degree of debulking, they did not report sufficient data for this to be assessed in a formal meta-analysis. In patients with NETLM, OS following surgical resection is the best to achieve R0-R1 resection. There is also evidence for a progressive reduction in survival benefit with lesser debulking of tumour load.

• Korean Journal of Occupational Health Nursing
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.23-43
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• 1997

The work-related diseases due to continuous overwork are mainly cerebro- and cardio-vascular ones, which is commonly called 'Karoshi', death from overwork. Many factors are capable for Karoshi : occupational stress in relation to technological renovation and industrial rationalization, competitive social structure, and accumulated fatigue accured to long time or irregular working. And its occurence is on the rise. The World Labor Report 1993 released by ILO, pointed out the diseases related to overwork and stress as one of the most important occupational health problem. In Korea, social awareness of Karoshi is at an infant stage, and reliable statistics for its occurence are not compiled in a convenient manner. Despite the rising Karoshi, there are no reliable clauses in workmen's compensation enough to settle down the disputes. Therefore, it is not uncommon that the Labour Ministry and Civil Court find difficulties in reaching an agreement. This study was intended to provide proper compensation and prevention program for workers by suggesting reasonable compensation clauses for the death from overwork. This study consists of two comparative reviews on the compensaton clauses for the death from overwork. One is to review legal standards of Karoshi among three countries, such as Korea, Japan and Taiwan. The other is to investigate the cases of Karoshi in Korea, 121 cases identified at the Labor Welfare Corperation and the Labour Ministrial process of examination and reexamination, and 73 leading cases at the High Court of Justice. The main findings of the study are as follows : 1. Comparisons of comperative review on compensation clauses for the death from overwork among three countries. 1) All of three countries have the same kinds of disease for compensation, which were cerebro-and cardiao-vascular diseases, while for cardiac disease group, Korea has the smaller number of diseases for compensation than Japan. 2) As for the definition of overwork, the three countries share equally that overload for one week prior to collapse is considered as an important factor, but accumulated chronic fatigue is disregarded. 3) As the basis of overwork, in Japan, there is a tendency to move from the conditions of an ordinary healthy adult to those of the individual concerned in Japan, whereas there is no such concern yet in Korea. 4) All the three countries use a common standard of medical judgement in demonstrating causal relationship between a job and a disease. However, Korea is progressive in the sense that in the case of CVA at worksite, the worker himself has no obligation to prove the cause. 2. The results of a comparative review on excutive decisions by Labor Ministry and judicial decisions by the Court in Korea : A judicial decision is based on the legalistic probability, but a excutive decision is not. Therefore, excutive decisions have such restrictions that : 1) TIA (transitory ischemic cerebral attack) and myocarditis are excluded from compensation, and there is little consistency of decision in the case of cause-unknown death. 2) There is a tendency not to compensate for the death from overwork since the work terms such as repeated long-time working, shift work or night-shift work are not considered as overloading. 3) There is a tendency to regard the conditions of a ordinary healthy adult rather than those of the individual concerned(age, existing diseases, health state, etc.) as the comparative basis of overload. 4) There remains a tendency not to compensate for the death from overwork in the case of collapse occuring out of workplace, on the ground of 'on the course of working' and 'in the cause of accident'. Through the study, the fact manifests itself that Korea's compensation clauses for work-related diseases due to overwork are very restrictive. So, it is necessary to extend the Labor Ministry's clauses of compensation for the death from overwork following to the recent changes of other countries and internal judicial decisions. This is very important in the perspective of occupational health that aims at health promotion of workers including prevention of the Karoshi.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.425-431
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• 2011

Purpose: For better understanding refractive error in Korean children and teenagers, a follow-up study on the changes of refractive error was performed in 1~13-year-old subjects for ten years. Methods: Among the people who had visited an ophthalmologic hospital in Seoul to examine the visual acuity and to correct refractive error from 2000 to 2010 years, 223 subjects (364 eyes) having the corrected visual acuity over 0.7 had been investigated the changes of spherical equivalent power of the cycloplegic clinical refraction and manifest clinical refraction from the accumulated medical record data for ten years. Results: The changes of spherical equivalent power for ten years in 1 to 13 years old were shown the highest change at 7-year-old. And annual change of spherical equivalent power was shown the highest change at from 9-year-old to 10-year-old (-0.64${\pm}$0.64 D) followed by from 8-year-old to 9-year-old (-0.64${\pm}$0.81 D). Conclusions: The changes of refractive error for Korean children and teenagers aged 1 to 13 years in an optometric practice were shown the tendency to proceeding to myopia with age, especially the largest increase at from 7-year-old to 10-year-old, and this period is important for vision care.

• Strategy21
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• s.34
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• pp.93-127
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• 2014

During the four years following the sinking of the Cheonan frigate in 2010, the South Korean public opinion has seen changes in four basic ways. First, public polls with respect to the cause of the sinking show that 70% of the people consider North Korea as the culprit, while 20% maintain that it was not an act carried out by North Korea. Second, the opinions relative to the cause of the incident seem to vary according to age difference, generational difference, and educational difference. From 2011, people in their 20s showed 10% increase in regarding North Korea as the responsible party. People in their 30s and 40s still have a tendency not to believe the result of the investigation carried out by the combined military and civilian group. Third, the most prominent issue that arose aftermath of the Cheonan incident is the fact that political inclination and policy preference are influencing the scientific determination of the cause. In other words, scientific and logical approach is lacking in the process of determining the factual basis for the cause. This process is compromised by the inability of the parties concerned in sorting out what is objective and what is personal opinion. This confused state of affairs makes it difficult to carry on a healthy, productive debate. Fourth, rumors, propaganda, and disinformation generated by pro-North Korea Labor Party groups in the internet and SNS are causing considerable impact in forming the public opinion. Proposed Strategy 1. The administration can ascertain public trust by accurately determining the nature of the provocation based on accurate information in the early stages of the incident. 2. Education in scientific, logical, rational methodologyis needed at home, school, and workplace in order toenhance the people's ability to seek factual truths. 3. In secondary education, the values of freedom, human rights, democracy, and market economy must be reinforced. 4. It is necessary for the educational system to teach the facts of North Korea just as they are. 5. Fundamental strength of free democratic system must be reinforced. The conservative, mainstream powers must recognize the importance of self-sacrifice and societal duties. The progressive political parties must sever themselves from those groups that take instructions from North Korea's Labor Party. The progressives must pursue values that are based on fundamental human rights for all. 6. Korean unification led by South Korea is the genuine means to achieve peace in a nuclear-free Korean peninsula. The administration must recognize that this unification initiative is the beginning of the common peace and prosperity in the Far East Asia, and must actively pursue international cooperation in this regard.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.203-225
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• 2004

The purpose of this paper analyzes the characteristics of economic space in Gyeonggi border regions. Especially, this study focuses on understanding the environment enveloped the enterprises because today, largely influenced factor for regional economic development is enterprises. Since 1990's the change of the spacial organization in Korean Capital region has been inducing the functional transformation in Gyeonggi border regions so that new function -beyond military functions- is developed in these regions. By the disindustrialization in core region contributed to the industrialization in periphery, border regions are developed as a concentrated space of traditional industries and small size manufactural firms. The most important pull factor is facility for obtain a factory site and favorable condition of land price. Globally, the reasons to locate enterprise in these regions are found not in positive and progressive strategies but in passive and defensive strategies. Therefore few enterprise carried about influences of economic cooperation between North and South Korea at the moment of decision of their site. The survey reveal that enterprises didn't highly estimate the environment in border regions as their business activities. The first dissatisfied condition is insufficiency of labour and difficulty of access for administrative and high level services, due to geographical separation. Considering the recent tendency of spacial reorganization in Capital region is not always good for border regions, border regions have to employ a policy with the object of ameliorating regional business environments and growing up a potentiality of endogenous development.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.17
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• pp.7959-7965
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• 2015

Background: Identification of predictive markers for the efficacy of platinum-based chemotherapy is necessary to improve the quality of the life of cancer patients. Materials and Methods: We detected proteins recognized by autoantibodies in pretreated sera from patients with lung adenocarcinoma (AC) evaluated as showing progressive disease (PD) or a partial response (PR) after cisplatin-based chemotherapy by proteomic analysis. Then, the levels of the candidate autoantibodies in the pretreated serum were validated by dot-blot analysis for 22 AC patients who received platinum-based chemotherapy, and the expression of identified proteins was immunohistochemically analyzed in 40 AC biopsy specimens. Results: An autoantibody against galectin-3 (Gal-3) was detected in pretreated sera from an AC patient with PD. Serum IgG levels of anti-Gal-3 autoantibody were significantly higher in patients evaluated with PD than in those with PR and stable disease (SD) (p = 0.0084). Furthermore, pretreated biopsy specimens taken from patients evaluated as showing PD following platinumbased chemotherapy showed a tendency to have a higher positive rate of Gal-3 than those with PR and SD (p = 0.0601). Conclusions: These results suggest that serum IgG levels of anti-Gal-3 autoantibody may be useful to predict the efficacy of platinum-based chemotherapy for patients with lung AC.