• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.110-120
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• 2022

Spain is Europe's second-largest country with total throughput reaching 16.7 million twenty-foot equivalent units (TEU) by 2020. The purpose of this study was to measure and compare the efficiency of 17 container terminals. As a study method, the DEA-CCR model, undesirable variable, and Malmquist Index (MI) were used for data envelopment analysis (DEA). The study results are as follow: (1) DEA-CCR is used to evaluate basic efficiency. The most efficient terminals are decision-making units DMU 1 (APM Terminals (Algeciras Port)), DMU 2 (Total Terminal International Algeciras (Algeciras Port)) and DMU 5 (Barcelona Europe South Terminal (Barcelona Port)). (2) Undesirable DEA was conducted to suggest inefficiency from the undesirable output. Overall, the efficiency scores were reduced. However, DMU 1, DMU 2, and DMU 5 maintained efficiency scores regardless of the finish factor. (3) Malmquist Index was used to observe technology and efficiency changes dynamically. The changes in TCI affected Spanish container terminals more than the Technical Efficiency Change Index (TECI) in 2018-2019. However, in 2019-2020, the TECI was 2.706, higher than the TCI value, indicating that the change in TECI had more influence on the increase in productivity. This study offers a broader understanding of Spanish container terminals.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.403-407
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• 2003

A basic concept of TAS(Tractor Appointment System), which not only enhances the terminal productivity, but also yields higher efficiency of domestic CT(Container Terminal), is developed in this paper for CT to more competitive and serviceable. To analyze the effects of TAS when applied to the existing four-tier CT, a quantitative analysis is performed. The results showed that the number of rehandling time of CT has been significantly decreased, the efficiency of CT increased, and the flow time of trucks in CT reduced in a great deal

• The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business
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• v.13 no.12
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• pp.59-71
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• 2022

Purpose: Re-handling is an important factor that reduces the productivity of container terminals. The purpose of this paper is to propose an algorithm to find the order of container movement in order to minimize the number of re-handling in the process of carrying-out. Research design, data and methodology: This paper proposes an algorithm to set the optimal carry-out order and conducted tests to evaluate the performance of the algorithm proposed in this paper. 1. tests comparing the performance of an algorithm proposed in an existing study with that proposed in this paper. 2. Performance tests for bays with complex structures. Results: Test 1 shows that the algorithm proposed in this paper performs better than the existing algorithm. Test 2 shows that the proposed algorithm can also be used in bays with considerably high complexity and that there is no major problem with using it in the field. Conclusion: While we can conclude that the proposed algorithm as a carry-out algorithm is more effective than conventional methods, research is needed on how to handle more complex bays more effectively. This is because the larger the bay, the more container combinations increase, making it difficult to find the best carry-out order.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.53-60
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• 2005

The wire rope of container crane is a important component to container transfer system and is used in a myriad of various applications such as elevator, mine hoist, construction machinery, and so on. If it happen wire rope failures in operating, it may lead to the safety accident and economic loss, which is productivity decline, competitive decline of container terminal, etc. To solve this problem, we developed the active and portable wire rope fault detecting system. The developed system consists of three parts that are the fault detecting, signal processing, and remote monitoring part. All detected signal has external noise or disturbance according to circumstances. Therefore we applied to discrete wavelet transform to extract a signal from noisy data that was used filter. As experimental result, we can reduce the expense for container terminal because of extension of exchange period of wire rope for container crane and this system is possible to apply in several fields to use wire rope.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.93-97
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• 1996

Recently, the directly or indirectly examples of VDT syndrome have shown through various media. This research was presenting a standard and a model to administer VDT working environment and the workers that can prevent the dmage obtained from VDT. As a result, the VDT syndrome was affected working environment, a mental state of workers and directing stimulation by a terminal. Thereby, It is investigated that the change of productivity come to about 20 percent by the Federal Express. The influence of VDT syndrome affect not only worker himself but also the management of organization. From research I could find(investigated) that VDT syndrome has an effect on the combination not only direct stimulation by terminal butalso working environment and a mental state of workers.

• Journal of Korean Port Research
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.157-172
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• 1997

To develop the port productivity and effictiveness, the introduction of the On Dock Operating System in Pusan Container Terminals has to be considered and the present Off Dock CY be closed step by step. This work aims to evaluate the needed CY area in Pusan Port under the On Dock Operating System. This researching flow is as follows. Firstly, estimate total sea-borne container cargo volumes in Korea and distribute them to all container terminals according to the past trends and the planned port development. Secondly, estimate the average period and the average tiers stored at On Dock CY in case of On Dock Operating System. Thirdly caculate the needed CY Area to handle the distributed container cargo volume under the On Dock Operating System. Finally, the following results are obtained. (1) In 1998, opening the Gamman Terminal, 827 thousands cubic meters are insufficient. (2) In $2001\sim2004$, the insufficiency of needed CY Area will be maximized and estimated to be 936 thousands cubic meters in 2001. (3) In $2005\sim2011$, opening the Gadu Terminal, the insufficiency of needed CY Area will be decreased and estimated to be 240 thousands cubic meters in 2011.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.155-162
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• 2014

In container terminals, stacking yard is the place where import and export containers are temporarily stored before being loaded onto or after being discharged from a ship. Since all the containers go through the stacking yard in their logistic flow, the productivity of the terminal critically depends on efficient operation of stacking yard, which again depends on how well the stacking locations of the incoming containers are determined. However, a good location for stacking an incoming container later can turn out to be a bad one when that container is to be fetched out of the stacking yard, especially if some rehandling is required. This means that good locations for the containers are changing over time. Therefore, in most container terminals, the so-called remarshaling is done to move the containers from bad location to good locations. Although there are many previous works on remarshaling, they all assume that the remarshaling can be done separately from the main jobs when the cranes are idle for rather a long period of time. However, in reality, cranes are hardly available for a period long enough for remarshaling. This paper proposes a crane dispatching strategy that allows remarshaling jobs to be mixed together with the main jobs whenever an opportunity is detected. Experimental results by simulation reveals that the proposed method effectively contributes to the improvement of terminal productivity.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.196-196
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• 2017

Oilseed crop Camelina (Camelina sativa L.) is a suitable for biodiesel production that has high adaptability under low-nutrient condition like marginal land and requires low-input cost for cultivation. Enhanced abiotic stress tolerance of Camelina is very important for oil production under the wide range of different climate. CsRCI2s (Rare Cold Inducible 2) are related proteins in various abiotic stresses that predicted to localized at plasma membrane (PM) and endoplasmic reticulum (ER). These proteins are consist of eight-family that can be divided into tail (CsRCI2D/E/F/G) and no-tail (CsRCI2A/B/E/H) type of C-terminal. However, it is still less understood the function of C-terminal tail. In this study, CsRCI2D/H genes were cloned through gateway cloning system that used pCB302-3 as destination vector. And we used agrobacterium-mediated transformation system for generation of overexpression (OX) transformants. Overexpression of target gene was confirmed using RT-PCR and segregation ratio on selection media. We analyzed physiological response in media and soil under abiotic stresses using CsRCI2D and CsRCI2H overexpression plant. To compare abiotic stresses tolerance, wild type and CsRCI2D/H OX line seeds were sown on agar plate treated with various NaCl and mannitol concentration for 7 days. In the test of growth rate under abiotic stress on media, CsRCI2H OX line showed similar to NaCl and mannitol stress. In the other hand, CsRCI2D OX line showed to be improved stress tolerance that especially increased in 200mM NaCl but was similar on mannitol media. In greenhouse, WT and CsRCI2D/H OX lines for physiological analysis and productivity under abiotic stresses were treated 100, 150, 200mM NaCl. Then it was measured various parameters such as leaf width and length, plant height, total seed weight, flower number, seed number. CsRCI2H OX line in greenhouse did not show any changes in physiological parameters but CsRCI2D OX line was improved both physiological response and productivity under NaCl stress. Among physiological parameters of CsRCI2D OX line under NaCl stress, leaf length and width were observed shorter than WT but it were slightly longer than WT in 200mM NaCl stress. Furthermore, total seed weight of CsRCI2D OX line under stress displayed to decrease than WT in normal condition, but it was gradually raised with increasing NaCl stress then more than WT relatively. These results suggested CsRCI2D might be contribute to improve abiotic stress tolerance. However, function of CsRCI2H is need to more detail study. In conclusion, overexpression of CsRCI2s family can generate various environmental stress tolerance plant and may improve crop productivity for bio-energy production.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.377-382
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• 2005

This paper deals with productivity improvement of stevedoring system by pooling opertaions of transport vehicle at automated container terminal. Usually, in traditional container terminals, grouping operations of transport vehicle are applied for container crane because vehicle routing path is simple and vehicle assignment is easy. But this static assignment(SA) operation that arrsign vehicles to container crane ar apron reduces flexibility of vehicles. Therefore, This paper presented 4 dynamic assignment(DA) method to improve efficiency of vehicles. These 4 dynamic assignment method consider present situations of container crane such as sequence(Se), queue time(Qt), productivity(Pr), numeric of vehicle assignment(Nv), numeric of buffer(Nb) at vehicles assignment. At the results, dynamic assignment operation to consider Qt, Nv, Nb is most efficient and by next time, dynamic assignment operation to consider Se is superior more than static assignment operation. but, dynamic assignment operation to consider Pr or Qt of container crane only is inefficient than static assignment operation.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.439-447
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• 2018

The aromatic compound p-hydroxybenzoate (PHBA) is an important material with multiple applications, including as a building block of liquid crystal polymers in chemical industries. The cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes are beneficial monooxygenases for the synthesis of chemicals, and CYP53A15 from fungus Cochliobolus lunatus is capable of executing the hydroxylation from benzoate to PHBA. Here, we constructed a system for the bioconversion of benzoate to PHBA in Escherichia coli cells coexpressing CYP53A15 and human NADPH-P450 oxidoreductase (CPR) genes as a redox partner. For suitable coexpression of CYP53A15 and CPR, we originally constructed five plasmids in which we replaced the N-terminal transmembrane region of CYP53A15 with a portion of the N-terminus of various mammalian P450s. PHBA productivity was the greatest when CYP53A15 expression was induced at $20^{\circ}C$ in $2{\times}YT$ medium in host E. coli strain ${\Delta}gcvR$ transformed with an N-terminal transmembrane region of rabbit CYP2C3. By optimizing each reaction condition (reaction temperature, substrate concentration, reaction time, and E. coli cell concentration), we achieved 90% whole-cell conversion of benzoate. Our data demonstrate that the described novel E. coli bioconversion system is a more efficient tool for PHBA production from benzoate than the previously described yeast system.