• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.27 no.10
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• pp.1436-1442
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• 2014

Preservation of forage crops as silage offers opportunity to avoid the high risk of rain-damaged hay in the humid south-central USA. Recent developments with baled silage or baleage make silage a less expensive option than typical chopped silage. Silage has been important in the region primarily for dairy production, but baleage has become an option for the more extensive beef cattle industry in the region. Silage samples submitted to the Louisiana State University Agricultural Center Forage Quality Lab from 2006 through 2013 were assessed for dry matter (DM) and forage nutritive characteristics of chopped silage and baleage of the different forage types from commercial farms primarily in Louisiana and Mississippi. Of the 1,308 silage samples submitted, 1,065 were annual ryegrass (AR) with small grains (SG), the warm-season annual (WA) grasses, sorghums and pearl millet, and the warm-season perennial (WP) grasses, bermudagrass and bahiagrass, providing the remaining samples. Concentration of DM was used to indicate an effective ensiling opportunity, and AR silage was more frequently within the target DM range than was the WA forage group. The AR samples also indicated a high-quality forage with average crude protein (CP) of 130 g/kg and total digestible nutrient (TDN) near 600 g/kg. The cooler winter weather at harvest apparently complicated harvest of SG silage with chopped SG silage lower in both CP and TDN (104 and 553 g/kg, respectively) than either AR silage or baleage of SG (137 and 624 g/kg for CP and TDN, respectively). The hot, humid summer weather along with large stems and large forage quantities of the WA grasses and the inherently higher fiber concentration of WP grasses at harvest stage indicate that preservation of these forage types as silage will be challenging, although successful commercial silage samples of each forage type and preservation approach were included among samples of silages produced in the region.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.60 no.3
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• pp.257-263
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• 2017

A cellulolytic strain Y2 was isolated from soil obtained in the Canadian Alpine region. The isolate was identified as Paenibacillus sp. Y2 by 16S rRNA sequencing. When grown in LB medium supplemented with carboxymethyl-cellulose (CMC), CMCase production increased to 122.0% of that observed in LB without CMC. Culture supernatant was concentrated by ultrafiltration and 80% ammonium sulfate precipitates were separated by Hi-Trap Q and CHT-II chromatography. The purified enzyme (EG-PY2) showed a homogeneous single band and the molecular mass was estimated to be 38 kDa by SDS-PAGE. Optimum pH and temperature of the enzyme were 4.5 and $30^{\circ}C$, respectively. The half-life of enzyme activity at 50 was 140.7 min, but the enzyme was drastically inactivated within 5 min at $55^{\circ}C$. The enzyme was highly activated to 135.7 and 126.7% by 5.0 mM of $Cu^{2+}$ or $Mg^{2+}$ ions, respectively, and moderately activated by $Ba^{2+}$ and $Ca^{2+}$ ions, whereas it was inhibited to 76.8% by $Fe^{2+}$, and to ${\leq}50%$ by $Mn^{2+}$, $Co^{2+}$, $Zn^{2+}$, and EDTA. The enzyme was activated to 211.5% in the presence of 0.5 M of NaCl and greatly tolerant to 3.15M of NaCl. The enzyme showed 2.98 times higher ${\beta}$-glucanase activity than CMCase activity. Based on these results, it can be concluded that EG-PY2 is an acidophilic, cold-active, and halotolerant endoglucanase. The authors suggest it is considered to be useful for various industrial applications, such as, fruit juice clarification, acidic deinking processes, high-salt food processing, textile and pulp industries, and for biofuel production from seaweeds.

• Special Issue of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea
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• 2005.06a
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• pp.84-89
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• 2005

The double hull VLCC(Very Large Crude Oil Tanker) have been designed to have each four(4) longitudinal bulkheads and transverse bulkheads in general. Actually, the inside longitudinal bulkheads among four(4) longitudinal bulkheads, which are extended up to the end of the aft cargo hold for continuity of the members, have been designed with knuckled type inboard due to the narrowed hull shape at bottom region, but sometimes the straight type of longitudinal bulkheads were adopted based on the degree of the hull lines shape. However, regardless the type of longitudinal bulkheads, inside and outside longitudinal bulkheads conflict each other in aft cargo hold region This makes the structure more complex thus giving difficulties to structural design and production. Recently, a vessel of straight type was reported to have cracks on bracket end and tripping bracket toe in aft cargo hold region. As a solution to this problem, in designing the first 60m Beam VLCC, DSME developed a new cargo hold structure which is good in production and structural point of view by structural strength and fatigue analysis of fore and aft cargo hold.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2022.10a
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• pp.172-172
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• 2022

The heading response of 40 genotypes, originated from South Korea, North Korea, and northern China, was tested under the temperature and day-length conditions of thirteen major rice production area in North Korea, with aims to select adaptable varieties to the given environment and crop period for each region. To simulate regional environment, seven-day mean temperature with 10℃ daily temperature range and day-length for each region were imposed at a weekly interval in the walk-in phytotrons. Olbyeo1, Olbyeo2 and Sonbong9 originated from North Korea, Kenjiandao3 and Nongdae3 from northern China, and Joun from South Korea demonstrated the earliest heading stage depending on the regional environment. Thirty-four varieties reached heading stage within the regional safe marginal heading date (SMHD) under Haeju and Sariwon conditions while 16-17 varieties reached the stage under Wonsan, Changjon, Supung, and Yongyon environment. Some of the middle and mid-late maturing varieties originated from South Korea could reach heading stage within SMHD under the temperature and day-length conditions of Kaesong, Haeju, Sariwon, Nampo, and Pyongyang located in west-southern plain. Majority of early maturing varieties, but not middle or mid-late ones, showed heading stage within SMHD under the conditions of Singye, Anju, Kusong and Sinuiju. Only some early maturing varieties demonstrated heading stage within SMHD under Yongyon, Changjon and Wonsan environment. These results provide basic information on the varieties able to complete their normal life cycle under the regional environment in North Korea. It it further suggested that yield performance of the selected varieties for each region in this study be tested to select high yielding rice varieties adaptable to North Korean environment.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.56 no.3
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• pp.22-44
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• 2023

The subsistence economics of the early Bronze Age has focused on explaining the intensity of agricultural practices without sufficiently taking into account the diversity of production methods that may arise from cultural types or environmental factors. The problem appears to stem from paying insufficient attention to the question whether we should understand the transition from the Neolithic Age to the Bronze Age as continuous or discrete. This has hitherto blocked an avenue to investigate the gradual changes in subsistence resource production methods. Taking as its premise that changes in the production methods of subsistence resources in the Bronze Age have been continuous and gradual, this paper seeks to restore the production patterns of subsistence resources according to the variety of factors that may have influenced the early Bronze Age production method. With diverse cultural patterns and ecological spaces of the early Bronze Age being confirmed, the work of restoring the production methods of subsistence resources in a specific period is difficult to achieve with one or two stand-alone analyses. A more appropriate method would involve separating a number of different aspects related to the production of subsistence resources, analyzing and interpreting each, and in the final stage, synthesizing the analyses. The specific research method employed in this paper checked for compositional differences in stone production tools, functionally categorized according to a variety of factors that have a close relationship with the production of subsistence resources: cultural-environmental factors and cultural patterns, geographical and topographical factors, soil productivity, and size of settlement. The results of the analysis are as follows: for the early Bronze Age production pattern of subsistence resources in the Seoul and Gyeonggi regions, while no substantive differences were observed with respect to cultural type, geographical and topographical location, the results show statistically significant differences in the composition of production tools according to settlement size and soil productivity. Also, with an increasing ratio of settlement size and total production soil, increases in hunting and armoring tools, woodworking tools, and harvesting tools were observed; on the other hand, when it came to the ratio of fishing tools, the opposite relationship was observed. While a correlation between settlement size or crop cultivation productivity and dependence on hunting or farming was expected, the results of the regression analysis show that settlement size and soil productivity ratios do not have mutually significant relationships. The results thus illustrate that patterns of production differ according to a variety of factors, and no single factor is decisive in the adoption of subsistence resource production methods by a specific settlement. Therefore, the paper emphasizes the need to investigate the production patterns of subsistence resources according to the variety of cultural and environmental factors that make up settlements in early Bronze Age society.

• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 1990.06a
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• pp.155-167
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• 1990

Ginseng Is renowned for both its medicinal and herbal uses and successful cultivation of Panax ginseng in Asia and Panax quinquefolium in North America has until recently taken place in the native geographical ranges of the plants. As a consequence of the potential high capital return and anticipated increases in consumer consumption, commercial cultivation of American ginseng now occurs well outside the native range of the plant in North America. In fact, the region of greatest expansion of cultivation is in the semi-arid interior region of British Columbia, Canada. Linked with this expansion is the potential domination of the ginseng industry by agricultural corporations. In the interior of British Columbia, the native deciduous forest environment of eastern North America is simulated with elevated polypropylene shade and a surface covering of straw mulch. The architecture of these environments is designed to permit maximum machinery usage and to minimize labor requirements. Further, with only a four- years growth cycle, plant densities in the gardens are high. In this hot, semi-arid environment, producers believe they have a competitive advantage over other regions in North America because of the low precipitation rates. This helps to minimize atmospheric humidity such that the conditions for fungal disease development are reduced. If soil moisture level become limited, supplemental water can be provided by irrigation. The nature of the radiation and energy balance regimes of the shade and many environments promotes high soil moisture levels. Also, the modified environment redlines soil heating. This can result in an aerial environment for the plant that is stressful and a rooting zone environment that is suloptimal. The challenge of further refining the man modified environment for enhanced plant growth and health still remains. Keywords Panax ginseng, Panax quinquefolium, cultivation, ginseng production.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.761-769
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• 2011

The objective of this study was to investigate the physicochemical properties of Korean traditional soy sauces made with soybeans sown in different producing regions(Hadong, Paju) and in different seeding periods(late-May, mid-June, late-June). The total acidity, salt content, chromaticity, browning, amino nitrogen content and the reducing sugar content of the soy sauce samples were compared. It was found that the total acidity level and the amino nitrogen contents were significantly lower in the soy sauce made with mid-June soybeans, and that these properties increased as the sauce aged. Salt content increased with the aging period regardless of the region of production. The reducing sugar content of Paju soy sauce was the highest in late -June, and for the Hadong region, highest in late-May. The sauce made with Hadong soy beans showed an increase in reducing sugar content positively correlated with the aging period. Reducing sugar content in the samples of Paju soy sauce decreased up to 60 days of aging, but increased after this point. In Paju soy sauce, the brightness(L value) was significantly higher in mid-June, and the Hadong variant it was higher in late -May. The yellowness(b value) at the beginning of the aging process was high in late -June for Hadong soy sauce, but overall it was higher in the mid-June period. The more matured soy sauce samples were darker and showed both higher a and b values. The browning was the lowest in the mid -June regardless of the regions and it increased with the aging period regardless of the production regions. The salt, amino nitrogen contents, browning and yellowness showed significant correlations among the samples. In conclusion, the seeding period of soy beans may affect the characteristics of produced soy sauce alongside the aging conditions.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.77-85
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• 2009

Pseudomonas fluorescens strain Gpf01, isolated from ginseng rhizosphere showed antiviral activity against Cucumber mosaic virus, when tested in a local host of CMV, Chenopodium amaranticolor. Transposon mutant library of Gpf01 was prepared using pGS9::Tn5 and the mutant Gpf01-RS19 was found to loose antiviral production. We developed primers from the flanking region of Tn5 and found a cosmid clone pAV1123, harboring 1.2 kb antiviral compound producing (avcf01) locus. When a sub-clone pPH9, which carried 9.3 kb region of pAV1123, was introduced into antivirus deficient P. fluorescens wild type strain B16, it exhibited antiviral activity. Using Tn3-gus mutagenesis and complementation analysis, it was found that the genes related to antiviral activity production resided in a 9.3 kb HindIII-HindIII fragment of pAV1123, indicating that the plasmid carries an essential genes promoting antiviral activity.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.508-513
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• 2017

The complete genome sequence of a Slovak SL-1 isolate of Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) was determined from the next generation sequencing (NGS) data, further confirming a limited sequence divergence in this tobamovirus species. Tomato genotypes Monalbo, Mobaci and Moperou, respectively carrying the susceptible tm-2 allele or the Tm-1 and Tm-2 resistant alleles, were tested for their susceptibility to ToMV SL-1. Although the three tomato genotypes accumulated ToMV SL-1 to similar amounts as judged by semiquantitative DAS-ELISA, they showed variations in the rate of infection and symptomatology. Possible differences in the intra-isolate variability and polymorphism between viral populations propagating in these tomato genotypes were evaluated by analysis of the capsid protein (CP) encoding region. Irrespective of genotype infected, the intra-isolate haplotype structure showed the presence of the same highly dominant CP sequence and the low level of population diversity (0.08-0.19%). Our results suggest that ToMV CP encoding sequence is relatively stable in the viral population during its replication in vivo and provides further demonstration that RNA viruses may show high sequence stability, probably as a result of purifying selection.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.16 no.12
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• pp.1841-1848
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• 2006

Insights into gene expression have the potential for improvement of antibiotic yield and the development of robust production hosts for use in recombinant biomolecule production. $Cubicin^{TM}$ (daptomycin for injection) is a recently approved antibiotic active against many Gram(+) pathogens, including those resistant to methicillin, vancomycin, and fluoroquinolones. Daptomycin is produced as a secondary metabolite by Streptomyces roseosporus. A 128 kb region of DNA including the daptomycin biosynthetic gene cluster (dpt) has been cloned. and sequenced. Using a selected array of nucleic acid probes representing this region, we compared the expression levels of the dpt genes between S. roseosporus wild-type (WT) and derived S. roseosporus high-producer of daptomycin (HP). We observed that the majority of the biosynthetic genes were upregulated in HP compared with WT; a total of 12 genes, including those encoding daptomycin synthetase, showed consistently and significantly higher expression levels, at least 5-fold, in HP compared with WT. In contrast, some genes, flanking the dpt cluster, were expressed at higher levels in the WT strain. The expression of housekeeping genes such as S. roseosporus rpsL, rpsG, and 16S (positive controls) and presumptive intergenic regions in the dpt cluster (negative control) were identical in the two strains. In addition, we compared transcription during the early, mid-log, and early-stationary phases of growth in the HP strain. The same set of genes was upregulated and downregulated under all conditions examined; housekeeping genes showed no relative change in expression level over the periods of growth tested. Analyses of this type would be of value in studies of strain improvement and also for the identification of gene regulation processes that are important for secondary metabolite production.