• 대한가정학회지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.83-101
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• 1981

Under the full consideration of the growing need and importance of population education in the field of home economics in Korea, the study was carried out to verify and assess the following facts on the current issues of population education of home economists who are presently engaging in teaching professions as the teachers of middle and high school and professors of college and universities by setting its primary objectives of the study as followings; 1) to assess the degree of general knowledge and attitudes of home economists toward population education in the field of home economics, 2) to verify the problems encountered in implementing population education by home economists in its field, 3) to find an existing status of previous trainings received and other activities of population education of home economists aimed at utilizing these findings as a part of reference materials when the population education is conducted in the field of home economics. In order to attain these objectives described above, the questionnaire was carefully designed to house a total of 40 questions with good combination of multiple-choice and the simple answer questions. The mail questionnaire survey was conducted by establishing teachers of home economics at middle/high schools and college/universities as Senior Home Economists(SHE) who are from public, private liberal arts and vocational schools. The rate of response observed during the survey was 45.6 percent and the findings of the survey research are as follows: 1) Examining the status of the respondents by residence and religion, it was found that 45 percent of middle & high school teachers ar.d 59. 1 percent of college professors are residing in Seoul city area and that the largest percent of them are christian in their religion. Analyzing respondents by their ages, 56 percent of middle/high school teachers are in their 30s, 45 percent of college professors are in their 40s, and 37 percent of college teachers are in their 30s. In addition, 13 percent of the total respondents are found to be unmarried. The study also revealed that 71 percent of the college professors finished Master Degree course and 82 percent of middle/high school teachers are graduated from college level lasting 4 years. Looking over the status cf major fields of respondents, 68.4 percent of middle/high school teachers are specialized in home economic education and the college professors, on the other hand, show relatively even prortion by specializing in the order of food & nutrition science, clothes & textile science and home managerial science. As far as the length of teaching experience is concerned, a relatively longer period of teaching experience is observed in the college professors in comparison with that of middle/high school teachers. In other words, 33.3 percent of middle/high school teachers are experienced in teaching from 6 to 10 years on average while 43.9 percent of college professors show more than 16 years of experience. 2) Examining the status of existing number of children cf the respondents, one boy and one daughter pattern is predominant, showing 28.5 percent in middle/high school teachers and 21.1 percent in college professors. As for the desired number of children of unmarried respondents, it is observed that 43.8 percent of middle/high school teachers desire to have one boy and one girl, and 31.3 percent of college professors want to have one child regardless of the sex. By assessing the degree of awareness of the population education through their students, it is observed that 53 percent of middle/high school teachers and 50 percent of college professors are aware of population education in some extent and that a majority of respondents took the positive attitudes toward an inclusion of family planning components into the formal school education. Another noteworthy to observe is that a total of 84.8 percent out of middle/high school teachers pointed that the population education currently conducted at schools as a part of home economics are less sufficient than it should be. 3) Analyzing the tendency as to whether the respondents were experienced in receiving population education during the time when they were students, 75 percent of college professors and 59 percent of middle/high school teachers responded negative answers in the survey. In the mean time, a total of 50 percent of the respondents replied that they began to acknowledge the importance of population education mainly through the participation of some sort of population-education orientend seminars, experienced by 40 percent of college professors and 80 percent of middle/high school teachers. 4) What it calls attention in this study was to find that 96.5 percent of middle/high school teachers and 72 percent of college professors conduct population education to some extent during their lecture hours and that more than 80 percent of them are never experienced in teaching population and family planning contents in their regular classes. It is, on the other hand, found that no more than once was the response of those who believe themselves that they are experienced in teaching these relevant components to their students. Analyzing the contents of the subjects being taught in the class, a large percent of them are found to be consisted of population and family planning contents. According to this study, the current population education through the formal school is quite inactive. Analyzing the facts, 44.9 percent of the college professors responded that the population and family planning components are quite apart from their specialization which eventually generates lack of interest in the field. 5) It is also noticed through the study that the degree of frequency of commenting on population and family planning contents during the classes was depending significantly on their specializations which means that the degree of frequency varies from a major to another. Those who majored in home managerial science was the first one, as compared to others who majored in different specializations. Glancing over the status of correlations between ages of the respondents and numbers of seminar paticipation, it is quite clear that the aged group participated more than the younger group did, and that the most highest number of participations made by college professors were those who are in 50s. In addition, it is also found that those who are aged 20s and 60s of the respondents were the group who comments least on the contents of population and family planning at their classes. The suggestions and recommendation made through this survey research are as follows. 1) No one denies that the rapid increase of population, as compared to the limited size of land and resources, will certainly affect adversly to an enhancement of individual life quality which will, eventually, bring forth the poverty of the nation. This is the reasson why we are insisting that the world population be controlled up to an optimum level with a matter of global concerns. It is our understading that the primary aim for reducing number of population is believed to be attained only by conducting the systematic and comprehensive population education through the formal schools. Therefore, the role of home economists in the field of population/family planning education is considered very importment due to the fact that an ultimate goal of population education is placed in elevating the quality of family life by having optimum number of children through family planning program. 2) It is quite clear that home economists as teachers of formal school in all level are invited to pay their attention on redefining the ultimate goal of education and that of population education. We also understant that the primary objective of population education is to change the norm and value of the clients by replenishing the students with pertinent knowledge and attitudes on population and its related problems through a sort of education in order to attain the ultimate goal for enhancing the quality of life. There is no exception in the theory of home economics. An altimate goal of home economics is to elevate the general quality of life through an establishment of value existed in daily life. Considering the relations between population education and home economics, it is quite indespensable to bandle population components as an integral part in the field of home economics. We believe, therefore, that the senior home economists positive participation in the effort population control is more needed than it has been. 3) It is also strongly urged that population education should be a part of instructor training course for home economics. In other words, the teacher of home economics should be well aware of population and its problems by teaching interrelationship between population education and home economics, needs, contents and methods of population education during the instructor training courese for home economics. In addition, the senior home economists should be encouraged through positive participation on the short term training by types of domestic and international seminar, workshop, etc. 4) We certainly believe that the population education can not sustain itself without any backing-up of information and findings' of various and comprehensive researches of natural and social sciences. Accordingly, every senior home economist is invited to exert their maximum effort to conduct systematic study with an aim to utilize these findings and information at best in population education in the field of home economics. Therefore, we consider that the development of training material is imminent in order to provide effective and efficient population education through the for training of home economies. It should be noted that these training materials must be carefully designed, tailored and developed to meet the different classes of trainees under the considerations as to whether it is easily adaptable and infusable into the curricula of every field of home economics, and it is acceptable in the degree of difficulty and quality in its contents. 5) It is true that there are many domestic and international research rapers, reports and findings in the field of population education and family planning. However, there is a tendency that the most of research papers are heavily relying on the authors intension and preferences in its expression and publication. Under these circumstances, it is urged that the home economists should aware of the growing need of the technical training in order to keep these available information and research findings reprocessed and redesigned to insure the practical application into the population education in the field of home economics in Korea.

• 항공우주정책ㆍ법학회지
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.177-200
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• 2017

서울중앙지방법원 제6 파산부는 2017년 2월 2일 한진해운(주)에 대하여 기업회생절차(법정관리) 폐지를 결정했다. 이로써 2017년 2월 17일 세계 7위 해운사는 결국 청산절차에 돌입했다. 한진해운(주)은 1977년 5월에 설립되어 1992년에는 매출 1조원을 돌파했으며, 2012년에는 매출 10조원을 달성했다. 그러나 2013년 3년 연속 적자로 대한항공(주)이 긴급자금지원을 단행했으며, 2016년 9월 1일 법원이 법정관리개시를 결정했고, 2017년 2월 2일 법정관리 폐지를 결정했다. 한진그룹의 조양호 회장은 2016. 9. 13. 사재 400억원을 출연했다. 그런데 법정관리에 들어간 뒤 화물을 하역할 수 없어 바다에 떠돌고 있던 한진해운 선박 67척이 하역을 하려면 추가로 1,000억원이 더 필요한 상황이었다. 이에 한진해운의 대주주인 대한항공이 하역비용 600억원을 지원하는 문제가 불거졌다. 대한 항공은 총 5차례의 이사회를 열어 결국 지원여부를 결정하였다. 이와 같이 5차례나 이사회를 열게 된 것은 대한항공이 확실한 담보 없이 계열회사를 지원하는 것은 배임이 되므로 대한항공 이사진이 배임죄의 형사처벌을 받을 수 있기 때문이었다. 한국의 물류기업들도 여러 개의 자회사를 가지면서 기업그룹을 구성하는 사례가 많다. 기업 그룹 내의 부실 회사를 다른 회사가 담보 없이 대출한 경우 그 회수가 어려울 수 있고, 그 경우 지원주체인 회사의 이사가 민사상의 손해배상책임과 형사상의 배임죄의 책임을 길 가능성이 크다. 위 한진해운 사건에서도 대한항공의 이사들이 부실에 빠진 한진해운에 대하여 아무런 담보 없이 거액을 대출하였던 것인데, 자칫 대한항공의 이사들이 배임죄의 죄책(罪責)을 뒤집어 쓸 수 있었던 것이다. 이 논문에서는 부실 계열회사를 지원한 모회사의 책임 및 기업그룹 개념과 그룹 이익의 인정여부에 관하여 좀 더 자세히 살펴, 물류기업그룹의 그룹이익 및 그룹 내의 회사 간의 지원의 경우 부담해야 할 이사의 민 형사 책임에 관하여 논의하였다. 여기서 논의한 것은 물류기업이라 해서 다르지 않다. 부실에 빠진 한진해운을 그 모회사인 대한항공이 지원할 수는 있다. 그러나 아무런 담보 없이 지원한 경우에는 적어도 한국 형법에 따르면 그와 같은 결정을 한 모회사의 이사들이 민 형사 책임을 질 수 밖에 없다. 한가지 방법은 절차적 공정성과 내용적 공정성을 확보하는 것이다. 절차적 공정성은 이사회에서 모든 정보를 공개하고 이사회가 지원행위를 승인하는 것이다. 내용적 공정성은 기업총수의 사익편취의 가능성이 없도록 공정한 거래를 하는 것이다. 대한한공의 한진그룹 지원의 경우에는 이사회를 5회에 걸쳐 개최하고 대출금 회수의 위험성에 관하여 충분히 검토하고 대책을 마련한 후 지원을 결의하였으므로 문제가 없다고 본다. 내용적으로도 지배주주나 대주주의 사익편취의 가능성이 거의 없었다. 이미 부실에 빠진 회사(한진해운)에 계속적 지원으로 지배주주조차도 매우 부담스러운 존재였기 때문이다. 필자의 견해로는 기업그룹 자체의 이익(interest of the group)이라는 개념을 인정하여야 한다고 본다. 즉, 모자회사 및 계열회사 간의 지배와 지휘와 같은 영향력 행사는 그룹의 존속과 발전에 유용하며 정당하다는 것을 인정하여야 한다. 아울러 기업그룹과 계열사, 각 회사의 이사와 경영진은 기업집단의 이해관계를 자기가 소속한 각 회사의 이해관계에 우선하여 고려해야 할 의무가 있다는 것을 인정하여야 한다. 따라서 대한항공이 이사들이 경영판단상 한진해운에 대하여 담보 없이 대출을 했다고 하더라도 이를 범죄시하거나 그 이사들에게 민사적 손해배상책임을 물어서는 아니 된다고 본다.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.91-116
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• 1991

경제(經濟)의 개방화(開放化) 및 산업구조(塵業構造)의 고도화(高度化)가 진전되면서 국내기업들은 주력사업의 성장이 감퇴하는 구조변화(構造變化)에 직면하게 된다. 극단적인 경우에 도산(倒産)이나 폐업(廢業)을 단행하는 국내 기업들도 있을 것이다. 그러나 보다 우월한 적응능력을 가진 대부분의 대기업이나 중견기업들은 고임금(高賃金)과 현재의 기술여건(技術與件)에서 경쟁우위를 확보할 수 있는 영역(market niches)을 찾아 합리화 및 고부가가치화, 제품 및 시장다각화 등 신축적인 사업조정(事業調整)을 통해 수익성이 낮은 기존사업의 비중을 점차적으로 줄이면서 고수익성(高收益性) 사업(事業)으로 전환(轉換) 할 것이다. 사업구조 조정과정에서 기업(企業)은 단기적으로는 기존의 주력사업 내에서 경영합리화 및 감량경영을 통해 비용(費用)을 절감(節減)하고 제품의 고부가가치화(高附加價値化)를 추구하는 동시에 장기적으로는 사업구조 재편성을 목표로 기존의 우위요소를 최대한 활용하면서 새로운 우위요소(優位要素) 창출(創出)을 위해 기업의 전략구상, 조직 및 기업문화면에서의 구조전환을 시도하게 된다. 그러나 기업의 발상(發想), 조직구조(組織構造), 조직문화(組織文化)는 환경변화만큼 신속히 일어나지 않는다. 동일한 환경, 동일한 산업 내에서도 성공하는 기업이 있고 실패하는 기업이 있는 것처럼 환경변화에 대한 정확한 인식(認識)과 성공적인 전략(戰略)의 수립 및 실행은 기업들의 체계적인 노력여하에 따라 다르게 나타난다. (企業)의 구조전환(構造轉換)은 국가경제의 발전방향, 업종의 실태와 전망에 관한 정보에 기반하여 장기계획하(長期計劃下)에 기업의 축적된 경영자원을 활용하는 방향으로 이루어져야 한다. 기업이란 주주(株主), 경영자(經營者), 근로자(勤勞者) 등 이익집단간의 이해관계(利害關係)가 균형을 이루면서 발전해 나가는 조직이라는 새로운 인식(認識)에 기반하여 기업은 합리적 노사관계의 정착에 노력하고 정부(政府)는 경쟁(競爭)을 통한 기업체질 강화라는 기본방침하(基本方針下)에 재래산업(在來産業)의 전환비용(轉換費用)을 줄이고 신규사업(新規事業)의 창출(創出)을 뒷받침하는 제도개선(制度改善)을 해 나가야 한다.

• 벤처창업연구
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.207-222
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• 2023

대부분의 대학은 취업률 향상을 위하여 산헙혁력선도대학(LINC) 선정 여부와 상관없이 학생들의 취·창업역량강화 프로그램을 운영하고 있다. 특히 비수도권대학의 경우 취업률 향상을 위하여 사활을 걸고 있다. 취업률에 절대적으로 영향을 미치는 대학설립유형과 대학소재지에 대한 한계를 극복하기 위하여, 취·창업역량강화를 위하여 기업가정신 함양을 위한 창업교육·지원 프로그램을 운영하고 있으며, 지역 및 기관과 연계한 PBL(Problem Based Learning) 컨셉이 반영된 캡스톤디자인과 현장실습 프로그램을 상시 운용하고 있다. 기존 연구에서는 산헙혁력선도대학(LINC)을 중심으로 효과성 검증에 관한 연구는 수행되었으나, 공시지표를 기반으로 취업률에 미치는 요인으로서 대학요인, 창업교육·지원, 산학연계교육 요인 모두를 대상으로 한 종단연구 사례는 보고되지 않았다. 본 연구는 취업률에 미치는 요인으로 대학요인, 창업교육·지원, 산학연계교육에 대하여 최근까지 공개된 2018년부터 2020년까지 대학공시지표를 기반으로 조건을 만족시키는 116개 대학을 대상으로 51개의 산학협력선도대학(LINC) 참여대학과 64개의 비참여대학 집단간 차이분석을 하였다. 또한 공시지표의 한계로 인하여, 참여 학생의 중복참여에 대한 이력 정보가 없는 점을 고려하여 취·창업역량강화 프로그램에 장기간 노출된다면 역량강화를 통한 취업률에 영향을 미칠 것이라는 노출효과(Exposure Effect)이론을 기반으로 종단적 인과관계 분석을 통하여 2017년부터 2021년까지 2차 사회맞춤형 산학협력 선도대학 육성사업(LINC+)의 효과성을 검증하였다. 연구결과 사회맞춤형 산학협력 선도대학 육성사업(LINC+)의 창업교육·지원 및 산학연계교육 프로그램은 취업률에 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 종단적 인과관계 분석결과 기존 대학요인으로 수도권대학이 비수도권대학보다 여전히 취업률이 높으며, 사립대학이 국립대학보다 취업률이 높은 것을 재확인하였다. 취·창업역량강화 프로그램 중 창업강좌 이수자수, 캡스톤디자인 이수자수, 캡스톤디자인 지급액, 전담교직원수는 취업률에 연도별 부분적으로 영향을 미치며, 현장실습은 연도별로 전혀 영향을 미치지 않으며, 취·창업역량강화 프로그램의 장기간 노출이 취업률에 영향을 미치지 않음을 확인하였다. 그러므로, 대학의 취업률 향상을 위해서는 비수도권, 국·공립대의 한계를 극복해야만 함을 재확인하였다. 이를 극복하기 위한 취·창업역량강화 프로그램으로서 창업강좌 참여를 통하여 기업가정신의 강화와 PBL(Problem Based Learning) 컨셉이 강화된 캡스톤디자인 프로그램의 적극적인 도입 및 확신이 중요하며, 현장실습 프로그램이 취업률 향상에 도움이 되기 위해서는 전반적인 학사제도 및 조직의 재정비를 통한 내실 있는 프로그램 진행이 요구된다.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.13-40
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• 1972

Much has teed changed in the field of hospital administration in the It wake of the rapid development of sciences, techniques ana systematic hospital management. However, we still have a long way to go in organization, in the quality of hospital employees and hospital equipment and facilities, and in financial support in order to achieve proper hospital management. The above factors greatly effect the ability of hospitals to fulfill their obligation in patient care and nursing services. The purpose of this study is to determine the optimal methods of standardization and quality nursing so as to improve present nursing services through investigations and analyses of various problems concerning nursing administration. This study has been undertaken during the six month period from October 1971 to March 1972. The 41 comprehensive hospitals have been selected iron amongst the 139 in the whole country. These have been categorized according-to the specific purposes of their establishment, such as 7 university hospitals, 18 national or public hospitals, 12 religious hospitals and 4 enterprise ones. The following conclusions have been acquired thus far from information obtained through interviews with nursing directors who are in charge of the nursing administration in each hospital, and further investigations concerning the purposes of establishment, the organization, personnel arrangements, working conditions, practices of service, and budgets of the nursing service department. 1. The nursing administration along with its activities in this country has been uncritical1y adopted from that of the developed countries. It is necessary for us to re-establish a new medical and nursing system which is adequate for our social environments through continuous study and research. 2. The survey shows that the 7 university hospitals were chiefly concerned with education, medical care and research; the 18 national or public hospitals with medical care, public health and charity work; the 2 religious hospitals with medical care, charity and missionary works; and the 4 enterprise hospitals with public health, medical care and charity works. In general, the main purposes of the hospitals were those of charity organizations in the pursuit of medical care, education and public benefits. 3. The survey shows that in general hospital facilities rate 64 per cent and medical care 60 per-cent against a 100 per cent optimum basis in accordance with the medical treatment law and approved criteria for training hospitals. In these respects, university hospitals have achieved the highest standards, followed by religious ones, enterprise ones, and national or public ones in that order. 4. The ages of nursing directors range from 30 to 50. The level of education achieved by most of the directors is that of graduation from a nursing technical high school and a three year nursing junior college; a very few have graduated from college or have taken graduate courses. 5. As for the career tenure of nurses in the hospitals: one-third of the nurses, or 38 per cent, have worked less than one year; those in the category of one year to two represent 24 pet cent. This means that a total of 62 per cent of the career nurses have been practicing their profession for less than two years. Career nurses with over 5 years experience number only 16 per cent: therefore the efficiency of nursing services has been rated very low. 6. As for the standard of education of the nurses: 62 per cent of them have taken a three year course of nursing in junior colleges, and 22 per cent in nursing technical high schools. College graduate nurses come up to only 15 per cent; and those with graduate course only 0.4 per cent. This indicates that most of the nurses are front nursing technical high schools and three year nursing junior colleges. Accordingly, it is advisable that nursing services be divided according to their functions, such as professional, technical nurses and nurse's aides. 7. The survey also shows that the purpose of nursing service administration in the hospitals has been regulated in writing in 74 per cent of the hospitals and not regulated in writing in 26 per cent of the hospitals. The general purposes of nursing are as follows: patient care, assistance in medical care and education. The main purpose of these nursing services is to establish proper operational and personnel management which focus on in-service education. 8. The nursing service departments belong to the medical departments in almost 60 per cent of the hospitals. Even though the nursing service department is formally separated, about 24 per cent of the hospitals regard it as a functional unit in the medical department. Only 5 per cent of the hospitals keep the department as a separate one. To the contrary, approximately 12 per cent of the hospitals have not established a nursing service department at all but surbodinate it to the other department. In this respect, it is required that a new hospital organization be made to acknowledge the independent function of the nursing department. In 76 per cent of the hospitals they have advisory committees under the nursing department, such as a dormitory self·regulating committee, an in-service education committee and a nursing procedure and policy committee. 9. Personnel arrangement and working conditions of nurses 1) The ratio of nurses to patients is as follows: In university hospitals, 1 to 2.9 for hospitalized patients and 1 to 4.0 for out-patients; in religious hospitals, 1 to 2.3 for hospitalized patients and 1 to 5.4 for out-patients. Grouped together this indicates that one nurse covers 2.2 hospitalized patients and 4.3 out-patients on a daily basis. The current medical treatment law stipulates that one nurse should care for 2.5 hospitalized patients or 30.0 out-patients. Therefore the statistics indicate that nursing services are being peformed with an insufficient number of nurses to cover out-patients. The current law concerns the minimum number of nurses and disregards the required number of nurses for operation rooms, recovery rooms, delivery rooms, new-born baby rooms, central supply rooms and emergency rooms. Accordingly, tile medical treatment law has been requested to be amended. 2) The ratio of doctors to nurses: In university hospitals, the ratio is 1 to 1.1; in national of public hospitals, 1 to 0.8; in religious hospitals 1 to 0.5; and in private hospitals 1 to 0.7. The average ratio is 1 to 0.8; generally the ideal ratio is 3 to 1. Since the number of doctors working in hospitals has been recently increasing, the nursing services have consequently teen overloaded, sacrificing the services to the patients. 3) The ratio of nurses to clerical staff is 1 to 0.4. However, the ideal ratio is 5 to 1, that is, 1 to 0.2. This means that clerical personnel far outnumber the nursing staff. 4) The ratio of nurses to nurse's-aides; The average 2.5 to 1 indicates that most of the nursing service are delegated to nurse's-aides owing to the shortage of registered nurses. This is the main cause of the deterioration in the quality of nursing services. It is a real problem in the guest for better nursing services that certain hospitals employ a disproportionate number of nurse's-aides in order to meet financial requirements. 5) As for the working conditions, most of hospitals employ a three-shift day with 8 hours of duty each. However, certain hospitals still use two shifts a day. 6) As for the working environment, most of the hospitals lack welfare and hygienic facilities. 7) The salary basis is the highest in the private university hospitals, with enterprise hospitals next and religious hospitals and national or public ones lowest. 8) Method of employment is made through paper screening, and further that the appointment of nurses is conditional upon the favorable opinion of the nursing directors. 9) The unemployment ratio for one year in 1971 averaged 29 per cent. The reasons for unemployment indicate that the highest is because of marriage up to 40 per cent, and next is because of overseas employment. This high unemployment ratio further causes the deterioration of efficiency in nursing services and supplementary activities. The hospital authorities concerned should take this matter into a jeep consideration in order to reduce unemployment. 10) The importance of in-service education is well recognized and established. 1% has been noted that on the-job nurses. training has been most active, with nursing directors taking charge of the orientation programs of newly employed nurses. However, it is most necessary that a comprehensive study be made of instructors, contents and methods of education with a separate section for in-service education. 10. Nursing services'activities 1) Division of services and job descriptions are urgently required. 81 per rent of the hospitals keep written regulations of services in accordance with nursing service manuals. 19 per cent of the hospitals do not keep written regulations. Most of hospitals delegate to the nursing directors or certain supervisors the power of stipulating service regulations. In 21 per cent of the total hospitals they have policy committees, standardization committees and advisory committees to proceed with the stipulation of regulations. 2) Approximately 81 per cent of the hospitals have service channels in which directors, supervisors, head nurses and staff nurses perform their appropriate services according to the service plans and make up the service reports. In approximately 19 per cent of the hospitals the staff perform their nursing services without utilizing the above channels. 3) In the performance of nursing services, a ward manual is considered the most important one to be utilized in about 32 percent of hospitals. 25 per cent of hospitals indicate they use a kardex; 17 per cent use ward-rounding, and others take advantage of work sheets or coordination with other departments through conferences. 4) In about 78 per cent of hospitals they have records which indicate the status of personnel, and in 22 per cent they have not. 5) It has been advised that morale among nurses may be increased, ensuring more efficient services, by their being able to exchange opinions and views with each other. 6) The satisfactory performance of nursing services rely on the following factors to the degree indicated: approximately 32 per cent to the systematic nursing activities and services; 27 per cent to the head nurses ability for nursing diagnosis; 22 per cent to an effective supervisory system; 16 per cent to the hospital facilities and proper supply, and 3 per cent to effective in·service education. This means that nurses, supervisors, head nurses and directors play the most important roles in the performance of nursing services. 11. About 87 per cent of the hospitals do not have separate budgets for their nursing departments, and only 13 per cent of the hospitals have separate budgets. It is recommended that the planning and execution of the nursing administration be delegated to the pertinent administrators in order to bring about improved proved performances and activities in nursing services.

• 대한교통학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한교통학회 1995년도 제27회 학술발표회
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• pp.101-113
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• 1995

The objective of this research is to test the feasibility of developing a statewide truck traffic forecasting methodology for Wisconsin by using Origin-Destination surveys, traffic counts, classification counts, and other data that are routinely collected by the Wisconsin Department of Transportation (WisDOT). Development of a feasible model will permit estimation of future truck traffic for every major link in the network. This will provide the basis for improved estimation of future pavement deterioration. Pavement damage rises exponentially as axle weight increases, and trucks are responsible for most of the traffic-induced damage to pavement. Consequently, forecasts of truck traffic are critical to pavement management systems. The pavement Management Decision Supporting System (PMDSS) prepared by WisDOT in May 1990 combines pavement inventory and performance data with a knowledge base consisting of rules for evaluation, problem identification and rehabilitation recommendation. Without a r.easonable truck traffic forecasting methodology, PMDSS is not able to project pavement performance trends in order to make assessment and recommendations in the future years. However, none of WisDOT's existing forecasting methodologies has been designed specifically for predicting truck movements on a statewide highway network. For this research, the Origin-Destination survey data avaiiable from WisDOT, including two stateline areas, one county, and five cities, are analyzed and the zone-to'||'&'||'not;zone truck trip tables are developed. The resulting Origin-Destination Trip Length Frequency (00 TLF) distributions by trip type are applied to the Gravity Model (GM) for comparison with comparable TLFs from the GM. The gravity model is calibrated to obtain friction factor curves for the three trip types, Internal-Internal (I-I), Internal-External (I-E), and External-External (E-E). ~oth "macro-scale" calibration and "micro-scale" calibration are performed. The comparison of the statewide GM TLF with the 00 TLF for the macro-scale calibration does not provide suitable results because the available 00 survey data do not represent an unbiased sample of statewide truck trips. For the "micro-scale" calibration, "partial" GM trip tables that correspond to the 00 survey trip tables are extracted from the full statewide GM trip table. These "partial" GM trip tables are then merged and a partial GM TLF is created. The GM friction factor curves are adjusted until the partial GM TLF matches the 00 TLF. Three friction factor curves, one for each trip type, resulting from the micro-scale calibration produce a reasonable GM truck trip model. A key methodological issue for GM. calibration involves the use of multiple friction factor curves versus a single friction factor curve for each trip type in order to estimate truck trips with reasonable accuracy. A single friction factor curve for each of the three trip types was found to reproduce the 00 TLFs from the calibration data base. Given the very limited trip generation data available for this research, additional refinement of the gravity model using multiple mction factor curves for each trip type was not warranted. In the traditional urban transportation planning studies, the zonal trip productions and attractions and region-wide OD TLFs are available. However, for this research, the information available for the development .of the GM model is limited to Ground Counts (GC) and a limited set ofOD TLFs. The GM is calibrated using the limited OD data, but the OD data are not adequate to obtain good estimates of truck trip productions and attractions .. Consequently, zonal productions and attractions are estimated using zonal population as a first approximation. Then, Selected Link based (SELINK) analyses are used to adjust the productions and attractions and possibly recalibrate the GM. The SELINK adjustment process involves identifying the origins and destinations of all truck trips that are assigned to a specified "selected link" as the result of a standard traffic assignment. A link adjustment factor is computed as the ratio of the actual volume for the link (ground count) to the total assigned volume. This link adjustment factor is then applied to all of the origin and destination zones of the trips using that "selected link". Selected link based analyses are conducted by using both 16 selected links and 32 selected links. The result of SELINK analysis by u~ing 32 selected links provides the least %RMSE in the screenline volume analysis. In addition, the stability of the GM truck estimating model is preserved by using 32 selected links with three SELINK adjustments, that is, the GM remains calibrated despite substantial changes in the input productions and attractions. The coverage of zones provided by 32 selected links is satisfactory. Increasing the number of repetitions beyond four is not reasonable because the stability of GM model in reproducing the OD TLF reaches its limits. The total volume of truck traffic captured by 32 selected links is 107% of total trip productions. But more importantly, ~ELINK adjustment factors for all of the zones can be computed. Evaluation of the travel demand model resulting from the SELINK adjustments is conducted by using screenline volume analysis, functional class and route specific volume analysis, area specific volume analysis, production and attraction analysis, and Vehicle Miles of Travel (VMT) analysis. Screenline volume analysis by using four screenlines with 28 check points are used for evaluation of the adequacy of the overall model. The total trucks crossing the screenlines are compared to the ground count totals. L V/GC ratios of 0.958 by using 32 selected links and 1.001 by using 16 selected links are obtained. The %RM:SE for the four screenlines is inversely proportional to the average ground count totals by screenline .. The magnitude of %RM:SE for the four screenlines resulting from the fourth and last GM run by using 32 and 16 selected links is 22% and 31 % respectively. These results are similar to the overall %RMSE achieved for the 32 and 16 selected links themselves of 19% and 33% respectively. This implies that the SELINICanalysis results are reasonable for all sections of the state.Functional class and route specific volume analysis is possible by using the available 154 classification count check points. The truck traffic crossing the Interstate highways (ISH) with 37 check points, the US highways (USH) with 50 check points, and the State highways (STH) with 67 check points is compared to the actual ground count totals. The magnitude of the overall link volume to ground count ratio by route does not provide any specific pattern of over or underestimate. However, the %R11SE for the ISH shows the least value while that for the STH shows the largest value. This pattern is consistent with the screenline analysis and the overall relationship between %RMSE and ground count volume groups. Area specific volume analysis provides another broad statewide measure of the performance of the overall model. The truck traffic in the North area with 26 check points, the West area with 36 check points, the East area with 29 check points, and the South area with 64 check points are compared to the actual ground count totals. The four areas show similar results. No specific patterns in the L V/GC ratio by area are found. In addition, the %RMSE is computed for each of the four areas. The %RMSEs for the North, West, East, and South areas are 92%, 49%, 27%, and 35% respectively, whereas, the average ground counts are 481, 1383, 1532, and 3154 respectively. As for the screenline and volume range analyses, the %RMSE is inversely related to average link volume. 'The SELINK adjustments of productions and attractions resulted in a very substantial reduction in the total in-state zonal productions and attractions. The initial in-state zonal trip generation model can now be revised with a new trip production's trip rate (total adjusted productions/total population) and a new trip attraction's trip rate. Revised zonal production and attraction adjustment factors can then be developed that only reflect the impact of the SELINK adjustments that cause mcreases or , decreases from the revised zonal estimate of productions and attractions. Analysis of the revised production adjustment factors is conducted by plotting the factors on the state map. The east area of the state including the counties of Brown, Outagamie, Shawano, Wmnebago, Fond du Lac, Marathon shows comparatively large values of the revised adjustment factors. Overall, both small and large values of the revised adjustment factors are scattered around Wisconsin. This suggests that more independent variables beyond just 226; population are needed for the development of the heavy truck trip generation model. More independent variables including zonal employment data (office employees and manufacturing employees) by industry type, zonal private trucks 226; owned and zonal income data which are not available currently should be considered. A plot of frequency distribution of the in-state zones as a function of the revised production and attraction adjustment factors shows the overall " adjustment resulting from the SELINK analysis process. Overall, the revised SELINK adjustments show that the productions for many zones are reduced by, a factor of 0.5 to 0.8 while the productions for ~ relatively few zones are increased by factors from 1.1 to 4 with most of the factors in the 3.0 range. No obvious explanation for the frequency distribution could be found. The revised SELINK adjustments overall appear to be reasonable. The heavy truck VMT analysis is conducted by comparing the 1990 heavy truck VMT that is forecasted by the GM truck forecasting model, 2.975 billions, with the WisDOT computed data. This gives an estimate that is 18.3% less than the WisDOT computation of 3.642 billions of VMT. The WisDOT estimates are based on the sampling the link volumes for USH, 8TH, and CTH. This implies potential error in sampling the average link volume. The WisDOT estimate of heavy truck VMT cannot be tabulated by the three trip types, I-I, I-E ('||'&'||'pound;-I), and E-E. In contrast, the GM forecasting model shows that the proportion ofE-E VMT out of total VMT is 21.24%. In addition, tabulation of heavy truck VMT by route functional class shows that the proportion of truck traffic traversing the freeways and expressways is 76.5%. Only 14.1% of total freeway truck traffic is I-I trips, while 80% of total collector truck traffic is I-I trips. This implies that freeways are traversed mainly by I-E and E-E truck traffic while collectors are used mainly by I-I truck traffic. Other tabulations such as average heavy truck speed by trip type, average travel distance by trip type and the VMT distribution by trip type, route functional class and travel speed are useful information for highway planners to understand the characteristics of statewide heavy truck trip patternS. Heavy truck volumes for the target year 2010 are forecasted by using the GM truck forecasting model. Four scenarios are used. Fo~ better forecasting, ground count- based segment adjustment factors are developed and applied. ISH 90 '||'&'||' 94 and USH 41 are used as example routes. The forecasting results by using the ground count-based segment adjustment factors are satisfactory for long range planning purposes, but additional ground counts would be useful for USH 41. Sensitivity analysis provides estimates of the impacts of the alternative growth rates including information about changes in the trip types using key routes. The network'||'&'||'not;based GMcan easily model scenarios with different rates of growth in rural versus . . urban areas, small versus large cities, and in-state zones versus external stations. cities, and in-state zones versus external stations.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제80권1호
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• pp.72-81
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• 1991

본(本) 연구(硏究)는 우리나라 채석업체(採石業體)의 경영개선(經營改善)을 위한 기초자료(基礎資料)를 제공(提供)할 목적(目的)으로 실시(實施)되었다. 이를 위하여 골재용(骨材用) 채석업체(採石業體) 30개소(個所)와 건축용(建築用) 채석업체(採石業體) 46개소(個所)의 경영실태(經營實態)와 경영성과(經營成果), 생산요소(生産要素) 투입(投入)의 경제성(經劑性), 적정규모(適正規模) 등을 분석(分析)하였으며, 그 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 1. 골재용(骨材用) 채석업체(採石業體)와 건축용(建築用) 채석업체(採石業體)의 경영주(經營主) 연령(年齡) 40재(才) 이상(以上)이 각각(各各) 97%, 89.1% 이었고, 고졸이상(高卒以上) 학력(學歷) 소지자(所持者)가 각각(各各) 90%, 85% 이었다. 또한, 경력면(經歷面)에서 10년(年) 이하(以下)의 경영주(經營主)는 골재용(骨材用) 채석업체(採石業體)에서 70%, 건축용(建築用) 채석업체(採石業體)에서 52% 이었다. 따라서, 두 채석업체(採石業體)에 대한 경영주(經營主)의 대부분(大部分)은 고령(高齡), 고학력(高學歷) 소지자(所持者)이며, 경력면(經歷面)에서는 골재용(骨材用) 채석업체(採石業體)가 건축용(建築用) 채석업체(採石業體)보다 다소 낮게 나타났다. 2. 골재용(骨材用) 채석업체(採石業體)에 대한 경영조직(經營組織)의 형태(形態)는 회사법인(會社法人)이 60%로 많은 반면(反面), 건축용(建築用) 채석업체(採石業體)는 개인업체(個人業體)가 76%로 많게 나타났다. 골재용(骨材用) 채석업체(採石業體)의 허가면적(許可面積)은 약(約) 2.86ha, 건축용(建築用) 채석업체(採石業體)는 1.66ha으로 나타났다. 여기에서, 골재용(骨材用) 채석업체(採石業體)가 건축용(建築用) 채석업체(採石業體)보다 큰 규모(規模)로 경영(經營)되고 있음을 알 수 있다. 3. 골재용(骨材用) 채석업체(採石業體)의 연평균(年平均) 채석량(採石量)은 1985년(年)의 $88.961m^3$에서 1988년(年)의 $144.028m^3$로 증가(增加)하여 안정(安定)된 상태(狀態)에서 경영(經營)되고 있다. 반면(反面)에, 건축용(建築用) 채석업체(採石業體)의 경우는 1985년(年)에 $4.155m^3$이었던 것이 1987년(年)에는 $19.462m^3$으로 크게 증가(增加)하였으나, 1988년(年)에는 $13.400m^3$으로 감소(減少)하였다. 즉, 건축용(建築用) 채석업체(採石業體)는 다소 불안정(不安定)한 상태(狀態)에서 경영(經營)되고 있으므로 정부(政府)의 지속적(持續的)인 육성책(育成策)이 필요(必要)하다. 4. 골재용(骨材用) 채석업체(採石業體)에서 높은 비율(比率)을 차지하고 있는 비용항목(費用項目)은 장비화석료(裝備貨惜料), 감가상각비(減價償却費), 연간급여액(年間給與額), 수리유지비(修理維持費)등으로 나타났다. 건축용(建築用) 채석업체(採石業體)는 연간급여액(年間給與額), 감가상각비(減價償却費), 연료비(燃料費), 납부세액(納付稅額) 등의 순(順)으로 나타났다. 연간(年間) 이익율(利益率)은 골재용(骨材用) 채석업체(採石業體)가 9.7%, 건축용(建築用) 채석업체(採石業體)가 2.6%로서 골재용(骨材用) 채석업체(採石業體)가 보다 유리(有利)하게 경영(經營)됨을 알 수 있다. 5. 골재용(骨材用) 채석업체(採石業體)의 생산탄력성(生産彈力性)은 종업원(從業員)이 0.559, 유동비(流動費)가 0.513, 자본용역(資本用役)이 0.185로 나타났으며, 계수(係數)의 합계(合計)가 1.257>1로 나타났다. 건축용(建築用) 채석업체(採石業體)의 생산탄력성(生産彈力性)은 종업원(從業員)이 0.492, 유동비(流動費)가 0.192, 자본용역(資本用役)이 0.498로서 계수(係數)의 합계(合計)가 1.172>1로 나타났다. 따라서, 두 업체(業體) 모두 생산규모(生産規模) 확대(擴大)의 경제성(經劑性)이 존재(存在)한다. 6. 골재용(骨材用) 채석업체(採石業體)의 한계가치(限界價値) 생산액(生産額)에 대한 기회비용(機會費用)의 비율(比率)은 종업원(從業員)이 2.54, 유동비(流動費)가 3.62, 자본용역(資本用役)이 1.45로 나타났다. 건축용(建築用) 채석업체(採石業體)는 종업원(從業員)이 2.47, 유동비(流動費)가 2.34, 자본용역(資本用役)이 19.67으로 니타났다. 따라서, 생산증대(生産增大)를 위한 결정적(決定的) 요인(要因)은 골재용(骨材用) 채석업체(採石業體)의 경우에는 유동비(流動費)와 종업원(從業員)이고, 건축용(建築用) 채석업체(採石業體)의 경우에는 자본용역(資本用役)으로 나타났다. 7. 골재용(骨材用) 채석업체(採石業體)의 손익분기점(損益分岐點)에 의한 매출액(賣出額)은 약(約) 5.87억(億)원, 이윤극대화(利潤極大化)를 위한 최적매출규모(最適賣出規模)는 약(約) 20억(億)원으로 나타났다. 건축용(建築用) 채석업체(採石業體)의 손익분기점(損益分岐點) 매출액(賣出額)은 2.2억(億)원, 이윤극대화(利潤極大化)를 위한 매출규모(賣出規模)는 약(約) 5억(億)원으로 나타났다.

• 미술자료
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• 제96권
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• pp.123-154
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• 2019

국립중앙박물관 소장 <인왕선영도(仁旺先塋圖)>(덕수5520)는 그림과 발문(跋文) 열 폭으로 이루어진 병풍으로, 작가는 조중묵(趙重黙)(1820~1894 이후), 주문자는 박경빈(朴景彬)(생몰년 미상), 발문을 쓴 사람은 홍선주(洪善疇)(생몰년 미상), 제작연대는 1868년이다. 국립중앙박물관은 낱장으로 보관되어 온 <인왕선영도>를 병풍으로 복원하고 특별전 '우리 강산을 그리다: 화가의 시선, 조선시대 실경산수화'에서 최초로 공개하였다. <인왕선영도>에는 오늘날 서울특별시 서대문구 홍제동과 홍은동을 아우르는 인왕산 서쪽 실경이 묘사되어있고 원경에는 북한산 연봉이 그려져 있다. 화면 속에는 인왕산(仁旺山), 추모현(追慕峴), 홍재원(弘濟院), 삼각산(三角山), 대남문(大南門), 미륵당(彌勒堂)이라는 지명이 표기되어있다. 이 지역을 나타낸 조선후기 지도와 비교해보면 지형 표현과 지명 표기에 유사성이 있다. 조중묵은 넓은 공간을 포착하기 위해 지도의 지리정보를 숙지하였을 것으로 추정된다. 실경의 현장을 답사한 결과, 조중묵은 각각의 경물을 과장하거나 생략하였고 수평의 화면에 나열식으로 조합하였음을 알 수 있었다. 조중묵은 남종화풍 정형산수에 뛰어났던 화가로, <인왕선영도>의 세부 표현에서 사왕파(四王派) 화풍의 영향을 찾을 수 있다. 19세기 도화서 화원들이 화보를 활용하여 가옥을 그리거나 토파에 호초점을 찍고 당분법(撞粉法)으로 꽃을 나타내는 등 장식적인 화풍을 구사한 경향도 부분적으로 나타난다. <인왕선영도>에는 바위를 짙은 먹으로 쓸어내리듯 붓질한 기법, 산세의 괴량감, 가로로 붓을 대어 단순하게 그린 소나무 등 18세기 정선(鄭敾)(1676~1759)의 개성적 양식도 가미되어있다. 조중묵은 인왕산 실경산수로 유명한 정선의 양식과 권위를 차용한 것으로 추정된다. 그러나 <인왕선영도>는 유기적 공간감과 현장의 인상이 잘 드러나지 않으며, 연폭 화면이라는 매체도 조중묵의 개인 양식과 잘 어울리지 않는다. <인왕선영도>는 발문의 텍스트와 화면의 이미지가 잘 조응하는 작품이다. 발문의 내용을 여섯 단락으로 나누어 보면 ①무덤의 주인공과 이장 경위, ②무덤의 입지와 풍수, ③묘제(墓祭)와 신이(神異)한 응답, ④무덤 관리에 대한 마을 사람들의 협력, ⑤병풍 제작의 동기인 박경빈의 효성과 수묘(守墓), ⑥발문을 쓴 의의로 파악된다. 이 가운데 화면에서 시각적으로 구현하기 용이한 ②의 내용은 화면에 충실하게 재현되었다. <인왕선영도> 제작의 직접적 동기인 ⑤를 보면 주문자 박경빈이 "무덤이 마치 새롭게 단장한 것 같이 눈에 완연하다."라 하여 <인왕선영도>에 만족했음을 알 수 있다. 경물 하나하나를 설명하듯 나열한 구도는 회화미는 떨어지더라도 무덤의 풍수지리를 전달하는 데는 더 적합했을 것으로 추정된다. 현존하는 상당수의 산도(山圖)는 18세기 이후 제작된 목판본 선영도로서, 족보와 문집에 수록된 경우가 많다. 16~17세기의 기록에서는 족자 선영도를 첨배(瞻拜)의 대상으로 삼은 사례를 찾을 수 있다. 선영도 첨배는 현실적으로 수묘(守墓)가 곤란할 때 이를 대신할 수 있는 의례로 인정되었다. 한효원(韓效元)(1468~1534), 조실구(曺實久)(1591~1658) 등이 선영도를 제작한 후 당대의 명사에게 서문을 요청하고 효심을 과시한 사례는 <인왕선영도>의 선구가 된 것으로 추정된다. <석정처사유거도(石亭處士幽居圖)>(개인 소장), <화개현구장도(花開縣舊莊圖)>(국립중앙박물관) 등은 선영도는 아니지만 계회도 형식의 족자이고 풍수를 도해했다는 점에서 17세기 선영도의 모습을 유추할 수 있는 자료가 된다. <인왕선영도>는 첨배라는 측면에서 초상화와도 의미가 비슷했다. 발문의 "부친의 기침소리를 직접 접하는 듯하고, 그 태도와 몸가짐을 눈으로 보는 듯하다."는 표현과 부친의 초상에 조석 문안을 올린 서효숙 고사에서 그 단초를 찾을 수 있다. 박경빈이 일반적인 선영도 형식이었던 족자나 목판화 대신 연폭 병풍의 실경산수화를 주문한 의도는 분명히 알기 어렵다. 19세기에는 민간에서도 사례(四禮) 의식에 다수의 병풍을 배설(排設)하였는데, 의례의 성격에 따라 그림의 주제를 반드시 구분하여 사용한 것은 아니었다. <인왕선영도> 또한 여러 의례에 두루 배설하거나 장식 병풍으로도 사용하기 위해서 선영 그림이라는 주제를 실경산수화 이미지 아래에 가렸을 가능성이 있다. 특히 <인왕선영도>의 핵심 소재인 무덤 봉분이 모호하게 처리된 것은 사산금표(四山禁標)의 금제 위반을 숨기기 위함일 가능성이 있다. <인왕선영도>에 묘사된 인왕산 서쪽 산기슭은 분묘 조성 금지구역이었다. 1832년에 금표 내에 몰래 쓴 묘를 적발하여 즉시 파내고 관련자를 엄히 처벌한 사례로 볼 때, 19세기 중엽까지도 사산금표 내의 분묘 금제는 효력을 발휘하고 있었던 것으로 추정된다. <인왕선영도>의 발문에는 장지를 얻기 위해 쏟은 정성이 상세하게 쓰여 있다. 장지조성에 마을사람들의 협조와 묵인이 필요했던 것은 금표 구역 내에 묘지를 조성하는 것이 부담스러운 일이었기 때문으로 볼 수 있다. <인왕선영도>와 비교 가능한 동시대 연폭 병풍의 실경산수화로 이한철(李漢喆)(1808~1880)이 그린 <석파정도(石坡亭圖)>(미국 로스앤젤레스카운티미술관)를 들 수 있다. <석파정도> 제작시기를 전후한 1861년에 이한철과 조중묵은 철종어진도사에 함께 참여하였으므로 조중묵이 이한철의 <석파정도> 제작 과정을 보았을 가능성은 상당히 높다. 조중묵이 몇 년 후 <인왕선영도>를 주문받았을 때 <석파정도>의 인상적인 연폭 실경산수를 본 경험이 반영되었을 가능성이 있다. 두 작품의 화풍 차이는 주문자의 취향과 제작 목적의 차이에서 비롯된 것으로 추정된다. <인왕선영도>는 실경산수화와 선영도의 중층적인 구조를 가지고 있어서 관람자의 지식수준과 주문자와의 친분, 관람에 들이는 시간에 따라 천차만별의 의미로 수용되었을 것이다. <인왕선영도>의 발문에는 무덤 주인의 이름과 자호, 본관이 일체 작성되지 않은 채 '박공(朴公)'이라고만 표기되어 있다. 주문자인 박경빈의 인적 사항도 파악할 수 없었으나 다만 관직에 나아가지 못한 가계를 미루어 볼 때 재력이 있음에도 지배계층으로 올라설 수 없는 신분적 한계를 지니고 있었음은 짐작할 수 있다. 발문을 쓴 홍선주 또한 사대부로 보기 어려우며, 『승정원일기』 기록에 나타나는 경아전 서리일 가능성이 있다. 박경빈은 상류 계층에 진입하고 싶은 욕망으로 보수적인 가치인 효(孝)를 강조하여 부친의 무덤을 명당으로 이전하고 <인왕선영도>를 제작하였을 것으로 추정된다. 그러나 <인왕선영도>는 금제위반 적발에 대한 우려, 병풍의 다목적성 등의 이유로 본래의 제작의도를 뚜렷하게 드러내지 못하고 모순적인 이미지가 되었다. 병풍이 제작된 지 47년 만에 각 폭이 분리된 채 미술상을 통해 이왕가미술관 소장품이 된 상황을 보더라도, 박경빈이 <인왕선영도>에서 꿈꾸었던 명당 발복과 가문의 신분상승은 이루어지지 못했던 것으로 생각된다.