• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.1-14
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• 2016

This study attempted to investigate household's private educational expenditure that aggravates a burden on households by using the data from the 2014 Private Education Survey published by Statistics Korea. The effects of purposes of private education and participation in an after school program that is pushed by the government on household's private educational expenditure were analyzed. The major findings were as follows. First, the major purposes of private education lean toward preparing to enroll in school and relieving parents'uneasiness rather than prior learning Second, according to the purposes of private education, the differences of the private educational expenditure were verified. Households spend the highest level of private educational expenditure for the purpose of preparing to enroll in school contrary to the lowest level, which was for the purpose of compensatory learning. Third, participation in an after school program that is regarded as a method of moderating households' private education burden, had a positive effect on reducing private educational expenditure. Forth, private educational expenditure was influenced by the purposes of private education and participation in an after school program. In 2014, the Korean government enforced a law that prohibits schools'education in advance (prior learning) and regulates private educational institutes'advertisement about prior learning. Regarding this regulation, this study aimed to investigate the purposes and expenditure of private education to provide an empirical reference to determine the improvement of related policies.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.119-130
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• 2004

The purpose of this study is to estimate the rate of credit card payment for private education. The results of study can be used to improve credit card handling problems of private educational institutes, leading toward improvements in income transparency, increase in tax burden equity and long-term economic welfare improvement for individual households. 424 households out of 586 household that were surveyed in September of 2002 had 1,700 cases private extracurricular education. 67 of the 1,700 cases that did not have expenditure records were removed from the analysis. Only 3.67％ out of 1,633 cases were paid by a credit cards and the amount of credit card payment were only 5.65％ of the total amount spent for private education. The average fee of private educational institutes that allow credit card payment was higher than the fees of private institutes which don't allow a credit card payment or those of private institutes where consumers don't know whether a credit card payment was allowed. The average fee of private education paid by credit cards was 34,465.46 won higher than that paid by cash. Credit card payments to private educational institutions is an important social issue with respect to fair tax collection and tax burden equity since most private educational services operate in fairly small sizes and are offered by the self-employed, and the expense of private education is a fairly large proportion of the household income. It is also important for consumers if credit card acceptance expands alternatives that consumers can choose in private education. Therefore, credit card payment should be encouraged in private extracurricular education. To do this, private education providers should be forced to join a credit card payment service by the National Tax Service. A regulation that prohibits the refusal of credit card payments should be required, and credit card service charges of private education providers should be incrementally decreased. Also, consumer education and public promotions for credit card use instead of cash in paying for private education fees are recommended.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.22 no.7
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• pp.851-861
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• 1998

The present study examined the consumer's evaluations of apparel quality and price, and the brand recognition according to the consumer's decision making styles(quality-conscious, brand-conscious, and price-conscious consumers). The two hundred and three subjects were asked to evaluate the quality and price of the two almost identical experimental blouses except for brand labels. One was the national brand, Keith and the other was the private brand, Ivy house. Also, the subjects were asked to answer if they recognize these two brands. The data were collected by self-administered questionnaire and were analyzed by frequency, percentage, one-way ANOVA, two-way ANOVA, and factor analysis. The results of the study were as floows: (1) Examining the perceptions of product qualities, generally speaking, all three types of the consumers evaluated the national brand's qualities more highly than those of the private brand. However, in-part, the price-conscious consumers evaluated some product charac-teristics more highly than those of national brand: touch of fabric, sewing, and the hemline finishing. (2) Investigating the perceptions of product prices, All three types of the consumers evaluated the price of the national brand more highly than that of the private brand. Among those, the price-conscious consumers recognized the price of the national brands most expensively. (3) Identifying the brand recognition of the two brands, the brand-conscious consumers showed the highest brand recognition and the price-conscious consumers showed the lowest brand recognition in both national and private brands, 51.9% of the total respondents identified the private brand showing comparatively high brand recognition. (4) Examining the relationship between the demographic factors and the consumer decision making styles, the monthly household income was statistically significant. Namely, 71.4% of the brand-conscious consumers have the monthly household income of 3,000,000 Won or higher which means that the higher monthly household income, the higher tendency to be brand-conscious consumers.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.601-610
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• 2022

Although the number of people insured by private health insurance in Korea is steadily increasing, the household burden or the status of multiple purchasing for private health insurance has not been addressed. In this study, data of the 2011-2018 Korea Health Panel Survey was used to examine the purchasing trend of Korean households' private health insurance. Households with more than three private health insurance per household member were defined as the 'poly-purchases'. The logit model was applied to analyze factors associated with poly-purchase of private health insurance using 2018 cross-sectional data. From 2011 to 2018, the number of insurances purchased by Korean households increased (4.0 to 4.6), the number of insurances per capita increased (1.3 to 1.6), and the proportion of the poly-purchasing households increased (5.2% to 10.8%). As a result of logit analysis, the probability of poly-purchasing was increased when the household head was a woman, with a high level of education and income, and when the job of the household head was a service or sales. Poly-purchasing was less likely when the family was subsidized with Medical Aids and suffered with more chronic diseases. The results of this study serve basic evidence for establishing policies regarding private health insurance, such as establishing the relationship between public and private insurance.

• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.131-152
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• 2012

The aims of this study were to analyze middle-aged households' financial preparation for retirement. Specifically, this study surveyed the relation between human capital investment for children and the middle-aged households' financial preparation for retirement and investigated factors influencing financial preparation for retirement. Data were obtained from the 3rd Korean Retirement and Income Study (KReIS) in 2009, and a sample of 757 households was selected. The statistical methods were frequency, percentile, mean, standard deviation, ${\chi}^2$, t-test, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and logistic regression analysis. The findings of this study are as follows. First, the percentile of preparation for living costs for old age was 49.9% for the middle-aged households. In terms of the types of preparation for living costs for old age, the results showed 61.6% of personal preparation, 33.9% of pension system, and 1.3% for children and relatives. In relation to the adequacy of the preparations for living costs for old age, preparations made by 57.4% of the middle-aged households were inadequate. Observing the minimum living costs for old age and adequate living costs after retirement for single and couple, the minimum living costs of the middle-aged households was 1.46 million won for couple and 0.91 million won for single. The adequate living costs for old age was 2.07 million won for couple and 1.34 million won for single. Second, there were 757 households with total education expenditure. Of these, 208 incurred annual expenditure on public education, and the annual expenditure for public education was 7.28 million won. There were 170 households with annual expenditure for private education, and the annual expenditure for private education was 2.50 million won. 243 households of middle-aged households had annual expenditure for human capital investment, including both public and private education, with annual expenditure for human capital investment for children of 7.82 million won. Furthermore, in the human capital investment factor, there was a difference in the middle-aged households' financial preparation for retirement according to their annual expenditure for human capital investment including both public and private education. In addition, there was a difference in financial preparation for retirement based on their public education expenditure. Third, in the logistic regression model 1, which included human capital investment, the significant variables affecting the preparation for retirement of the middle-aged households were as follows : annual household income, total amount of annual household income, experience of inadequate living costs, existence of financial assets, total amount of annual household savings, financial independence, adequate living costs (for single) for old age, and human capital investment. In the logistic regression model 2, which included annual expenditure for public education and annual expenditure for private education, the significant variables affecting the preparation for retirement of the middle-aged households were as follows : annual household income, total amount of annual household income, experience of inadequate living costs, existence of financial assets, total amount of annual household savings, financial independence, adequate living costs (for single) for old age, and annual expenditure for public education.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.315-331
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• 2007

The purpose of this study is to examine current situations about and factors related to expenditures of private education among pre-school children and to provide policy implications useful for future pre-school children education. The subjects of the study were parents of pre-school children under seven years of age, who lived in Seoul and Incheon area. The survey was conducted using parent questionnaire. The major findings of the study are: First, 86.8% of parents of pre-school children use private education and the average expenditure on it was 154, 446 won. Second, major factors determining their private education expenditure are educational level of parents, parents' job characteristics, household income, and region. Third, the most important reason for using private education among parents is to improve and excel in academic performance of their children. Forth, the higher the parents' expected returns from private education are, the higher the expenditure level of private education is. Fitth, the results of the logistic regressions showed that parents' attitudes toward private education was the most important factor in determining household economic burden associated with private education. The odds were 5 times greater for the parent group with strong desire for private education than for the parent group without it and 1.2 times greater for the parent group with high-expected returns from private education than the parent group without it. In conclusion, systematic, universal educational policies need to be developed to provide and support all the parents with pre-school children, given that their current economic burden is substantial. By providing such support, we can help parents focus on public education. This study examining current situations about and determining factors related to private education expenditures among pre-school children collected data limiting only Seoul and Inchoen area, therefore, future studies need to include data collected nationwide for generalizability of the findings. As well, development of more elaborated survey instruments and analytical methods would advance our understanding in the field.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.65-77
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• 2000

This study investigated the effect of socio-demographic variables and the ownership of asset and the other types of debts on the use of a specific type of household debt. Household debts were categorized into six types according to borrowing sources: debts from banks, other financial institutes, employers, private sources, Gye, and retailers. The 1996 Korean Household Panel Study were analyzed using logistic model. It was found that socio-demographic factors influenced differently on the probabilities of debt holdings according to the types of debt. There were interrelationships among the ownerships of a specific type of debt and other types of debt and asset.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.38 no.11
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• pp.1-12
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• 2000

The purposes of the study were to investigate the effects of the debt burden which was measured objectively, the types of debts and socio-economic characteristics on the subjective debt burden of households. The questionaires for 457 households who hold some debts were analyzed using t-test, ANOVA and Duncan’s multiple range teat. The major finding are summarized as follows: (1) the objective debt burdens which were measured by three variables, that is monthly debt repayment, the ratio of debt repayment to household income and total debt amount, affected the subjective debt burden. The households in which the monthly debt repayment was over 200 thousand won, the debt repayment was over 20% of the household income and the total debt amount was over 15 minion won felt higher debt burden. (2) the types of debts, which were classified into four groups such as debts from financial institutes, debts from private sources, credit card debts and debt from retailers, influenced differently the subjective debt burden. Holding debts from financial institutes and debts from private sources increased the subjective debt burden whereas holding credit card debts and debt from retailers did not. (3) the level of subjective debt burden were different according to household income, change in income due to IMF crisis, financial assets, home ownership, residence, householder’s age, job and educational levee. Based on the results, criterion for household’s debt management were suggested.

• Journal of Convergence for Information Technology
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• v.11 no.10
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• pp.194-204
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• 2021

This study was conducted to find out the status and factors of private health insurance subscriptions by life cycle and to identify differences in medical usage behavior by life cycle. Using the SPSS 26 program as the 12th-15th (2016-2019) data of the Korea Welfare Panel, the difference subscriptions was identified as Chi-square by demo social and health characteristics of 58,223 people, and the factors affecting subscription were analyzed by polynomial logistic analysis and average analysis was performed for medical use behavior. As a result of the analysis, the biggest factor in purchasing private health insurance was household income, private health insurance coverage is the highest in growth period, and multiple subscriptions were made depending on household income. In youth, household income, spouse, and no disability, and middle age, household income, economic activities, spouses, and health levels were largely influential factors. The rate of private health insurance coverage in old age was the lowest, and low-income households, poor health levels, and people with disabilities were lower. The increase in medical use by private health insurance subscribers also occurred during growth and youth. It is necessary to strengthen the national health insurance coverage, and the role of private health insurance to supplement it should be established in time for the life cycle to complement each other, eliminating blind spots of medical security and maximizing people's health and well-being.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.31-42
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• 1999

This paper focuses on the concept of :"politicization of household labor" to the resolution of houework-related problems which are the products of household work and the women's status. the major discussions of this framework can be summarized as follows: First the policy problems of household labor is that the segregation of market labor and household labor public and private sphere and sex-role affects value of household labor and status of women. Second policy proposals on household labor is related to specific existing policy(family policy women's policy). Third Policy purposes are family welfare and women welfare a symmetry of family and work. Thus policy needs takes concrete shape and policy indicator of evaluing and and policy indicator of supporting. Ultimately it is direct to evaluate the quality of family living.