• 한국지구과학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.22-31
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• 2004

Laboratory experiments were conducted in order to find effects of the intermediate principal stress of ${\sigma}_{2}$ on rock fractures and faults. Polyaxial tests were carried out under the most generalized compressive stress conditions, in which different magnitudes of the least and intermediate principal stresses ${\sigma}_{3}$ and ${\sigma}_{2}$ were maintained constant, and the maximum stress ${\sigma}_{1}$, was increased to failure. Two crystalline rocks (Westerly granite and KTB amphibolite) exhibited similar mechanical behavior, much of which is neglected in conventional triaxial compression tests in which ${\sigma}_{2}$ = ${\sigma}_{3}$. Compressive rock failure took the form of a main shear fracture, or fault, steeply dipping in ${\sigma}_{3}$ direction with its strike aligned with ${\sigma}_{2}$ direction. Rock strength rose significantly with the magnitude of ${\sigma}_{2}$, suggesting that the commonly used Mohr-type failure criteria, which ignore the ${\sigma}_{2}$ effect, predict only the lower limit of rock strength for a given ${\sigma}_{3}$ level. The true triaxial failure criterion for each of the crystalline rocks can be expressed as the octahedral shear stress at failure as a function of the mean normal stress acting on the fault plane. It is found that the onset of dilatancy increases considerably for higher ${\sigma}_{2}$. Thus, ${\sigma}_{2}$ extends the elastic range for a given ${\sigma}_{3}$ and, hence, retards the onset of the failure process. SEM inspection of the micromechanics leading to specimen failure showed a multitude of stress-induced microcracks localized on both sides of the through-going fault. Microcracks gradually align themselves with the ${\sigma}_{1}$-${\sigma}_{2}$ plane as the magnitude of ${\sigma}_{2}$ is raised.

• 콘크리트학회논문집
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.685-692
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• 2007

낮은 전단벽과 같이 전단력에 의하여 지배 받는 철근콘크리트 부재의 경우, 전단력은 부재의 응력-변형률 이력곡선에서 핀칭 효과에 영향을 미친다. 그러나 최근의 연구에 따르면 철근의 배근 방향이 주응력 방향과 일치할 경우 철근콘크리트 부재의 응력-변형률 이력곡선에서 핀칭 효과가 없어지는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구에서는 철근콘크리트 부재의 응력-변형률 이력곡선에서 핀칭 효과의 발생 유무를 변형률의 적합 조건을 고려한 트러스 모델을 이용하여 이론적으로 설명하였다. 해석 결과는 철근콘크리트 부재의 핀칭 효과가 철근의 배근 방향에 큰 영향을 받는 것을 보여준다. 또한 에너지소산 성능은 외력의 주응력 방향과 철근의 배근 방향 사이의 각도 차이에 따라 선형적으로 증가하지 않았다.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.49-70
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• 2014

Steel fiber-reinforced concrete (SFRC) is known as one of the efficient modern composites that can greatly enhance the material performance of cracked concrete in tension. Such improved tensile resistance mechanism at crack interfaces in SFRC members can be heavily influenced by methodologies of treatments of crack direction. While most existing studies have focused on developing the numerical analysis model with the rotating-angle theory, there are only few studies on finite element analysis models with the fixed-angle model approach. According to many existing experimental studies, the direction of principal stress rotated after the formation of initial fixed-cracks, but it was also observed that new cracks with completely different angles relative to the initial crack direction very rarely occurred. Therefore, this study introduced the direct tension force transfer model (DTFTM), in which tensile resistance of the fibers at the crack interface can be easily estimated, to the nonlinear finite element analysis algorithm with the fixed-angle theory, and the proposed model was also verified by comparing the analysis results to the SFRC shear panel test results. The secant modulus method adopted in this study for iterative calculations in nonlinear finite element analysis showed highly stable and fast convergence capability when it was applied to the fixed-angle theory. The deviation angle between the principal stress direction and the fixed-crack direction significantly increased as the tensile stresses in the steel fibers at crack interfaces increased, which implies that the deviation angle is very important in the estimation of the shear behavior of SFRC members.

• 소성∙가공
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.122-128
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• 2004

In order to make a doubly-curved sheet metal effectively, a sheet metal forming process has been developed by adopting the flexibility of the incremental forming process and the principle of bending deformation which causes slight deformation in thickness. The developed process is an unconstrained forming process with no holder. For this study, the experimental equipment is set up with the roll set which consists of two pairs of support rolls and one center roll. In the experiments using aluminum sheets, it is found that the curvature of the formed sheet metal is determined by controlling the distance between supporting rolls in pairs and the forming depth of the center roll and it also depends on the thickness of the sheet metal. In order to check the effect of process parameters on the generation of sheet metal curvatures in this process, the orthogonal array is adopted. From the experimental results, among the process parameters, the distance between supporting rolls in pairs along the direction of one principal radius of curvature as well as the forming depth and the thickness of the material is shown to influence the generation of curvature in the same direction significantly. That is, the other distance between supporting rolls in pairs which are not located in the same direction of one principal radius of curvature, does not have an significant effect on the generation of the curvature in that direction. It mainly affects the generation of curvature in its own direction with the forming depth and the thickness of the material.

• 한국복합재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국복합재료학회 2004년도 추계학술발표대회 논문집
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• pp.272-277
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• 2004

The elastic waves in the plate are dispersive waves with the characteristics of Lamb waves. However, $S_0$ symmetric mode is less dispersive in the frequency region less than first cut-off frequency. And, in anisotropic plates such as CFRP plates, the propagation velocities vary with the direction. So, the wave vector direction to be the phase velocity direction is not accord with the energy flow direction to be the group velocity direction. In this work, the group velocities of the $S_0$ symmetric mode less than the first cut-off frequency was analyzed with the group velocity dispersion curves in unidirectional CFRP plate. And, the group velocity curve obtained by the group velocity dispersion curves are compared with the measured velocities as varied the propagation direction of the Lamb wave. The measured velocities are good agreement with the corrected group velocity curve except near the fiber direction which is called the cusp region. When the propagation direction is not accorded with the principal axis, the direction of the group velocities declines to the fiber direction in the unidirectional CFRP plates. This implies that the energy propagates preferentially toward fiber direction.

• 동력기계공학회지
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.71-76
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• 2010

The safety block which prevents drop of laborers at high altitude was analyzed by finite element method. Elastic analysis was done by Ansys ver. 11.0. and tetrahedral meshing was used. As load applied more vertically at the fixed face of saw tooth, the stress concentration became smaller and the load distributed broader. When load worked at saw tooth and the shape was more straight to the direction of load, most stresses except principal stress became smaller. When the area of the load increased, principal stress and equivalent stress could be decreased simultaneously. A principal stress and other various stresses occurred in 3D shape, therefore revised model which has smaller equivalent stress than other models shows excellence on the stability and the credibility.

• 한국농공학회지
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.64-72
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• 1995

A series of cubical triaxial tests with three independent principal stresses was per- formed on Baekma river sand( # 40~100). It was found that the major principal strain at failure remained approximately constant for b values larger than about 0.3 for both the drained and undrained condition, and thereafter increased as b value decreased. The test results showed that the direction of the strain increment at failure form acute angles with the failure surfaces for both the drained and undrained condition. The results were thus not in agreement with the normality condition from classic plasticity theory. Howev- er, it was found that the projections of the plastic strain increment vectors on the octahe- dral plane were perpendicular to the failure surface in that plane. Failure strength in terms of effective stress anlaysis was greatly influenced by the variation of intermediate principal stress and so was failure criterion. The effective stress failure surfaces for both the drained and undrained condition were estimated quite well by use of Lade's failure criterion.

• 한국지진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지진공학회 2003년도 추계 학술발표회논문집
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• pp.125-132
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• 2003

This paper clarifies the problems which structural engineers would have when the high-rise reinforced concrete building structures with vertical and plan irregularities are to be designed against earthquakes. The most important problems appear to be as follows: (1) ambiguity in defining the principal direction of the structure and the dynamic base shear, (2) the methodology how to account for the accidental eccentricity when the modal analysis should be conducted as required for the torsionally irregular structures, and (3) the choice of 100/30 and SRSS methods to take into account the effect of the critical direction of earthquake.

• 한국HCI학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국HCI학회 2006년도 학술대회 1부
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• pp.871-877
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• 2006

물체의 반사(specular reflection)는 물체의 재질 및 기하학적 모양을 표현하는데 있어 매우중요한 요소이다. 사진품질의 사실적 렌더링에서는 기존의 국소 반사 모델을 사용하여 좋은 결과를 얻을 수 있지만, 사용자의 주관이 중시되는 비사실적 렌더링(non-photorealistic rendering)에서는 사용자가 원하는 반사 효과를 표현할 수 있어야 한다. 텍스처는 사용자가 직관적으로 원하는 반사 효과를 표현할 수 있는 수단이며, 이를 모델에 투영하면 원하는 반사효과를 얻을 수 있다. 이 때 사용자는 텍스처가 투영될 위치와 크기, 방향을 직접 키프레임으로 정해 줄 수 있다. 그러나 모든 반사 효과를 사용자가 직접 정해준다는 것은 번거로운 일이며, 실시간 응용분야에는 적용할 수 없다. 본 논문에서는 국소반사모델(local reflection model)과 주곡률(principal curvature) 해석을 통해 반사효과의 위치, 방향, 크기를 결정하기 위한 텍스처 투영기의 새로운 설정 방법을 제시한다. 광원과 시점 정보를 사용하여 투영기의 위치를 정하고 물체의 주방향(principal direction)과 곡률반지름(radius of curvature)을 이용하여 투영기의 방향과 투영 피라미드의 크기를 정한다 텍스처 투영기의 단순한 이동, 회전을 통하여 반사 영역의 이동, 회전 및 확대/축소가 가능하다. 본 논문에서 제시한 방법은 DirectX 9.0c와 프로그래이 가능한 셰이더 2.0을 사용하여 GeForce FX 7800 그래픽 카드에 구현되었다. 본 논문의 연구 결과는 게임과 같은 실시간 응용분야에 사용될 수 있으며, 실험 결과에 의하면 수천 개의 다면체 모델에 대한 렌더링을 실시간에 수행할 수 있다.

• 콘크리트학회논문집
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.55-62
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• 1999

When stress is beyond elastic limit or cracks occur in a reinforced concrete member subjected to axial force and biaxial bending, curvature about each principal axis of uncracked section is influenced by axial force and bending moments about both major and minor principal axes. It is mainly due to the translation and rotation of principal axes of the cross section after cracking. Recently, by considering these effects, a numerical method predicting the behavior of concrete columns subjected to axial force and biaxial bending was proposed. In this study, in order to verify the proposed numerical method and investigate the effects of cracking on the behavior of reinforced concrete columns, a series of tests were carried out for 16 tied reinforced concrete columns with 100×100 mm square and 200×100 mm rectangular sections under various loading conditions. The angle between the direction of eccentricity and the major principal axis of uncracked section were 0, 30, 40° for the square section and 0, 30, 45, 60, 90° for the rectangular section, respectively. A comparison between numerical predictions and test results shows good agreements in ultimate loads, axial force-lateral deflection relations, and lateral deflection trajectories. It is also found, in this limited investigation, that the ACI's moment magnifier method is conservative in both uniaxial and biaxial loading conditions.