• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.281-288
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• 2008

Seed priming is an useful technique for increasing germination and early establishment of seedlings. In this experiment, the conditions for priming of pasture seeds (tall fescue, orchardgrass, alfalfa and white clover) have been optimized to ensure an early germination and more uniform growth of seedlings. The experiment was conducted in a split plot design with three replications. The main plots consisted of four different priming duration such as 2, 4, 6 and 8 days for grass, and 1, 2, 3 and 4 days for legume. The subplots were consisted of three priming temperature such as 10, 15 and $20^{\circ}C$. Effects of priming duration and temperature were different in all four pasture seeds examined. The germination of primed grass (tall fescue and orchardgrass) was the highest on 6 days in priming duration, whereas that of legume (alfalfa and white clover) was the highest on 2 days. In priming temperature, the germination of primed orchradgrass increased as decreasing temperature, however that of legume increased as increasing temperature. These results suggest that seed priming induced earlier and higher germination for all four pastures tested. However, the degree of priming effectiveness on pasture species depending on the priming duration and its temperature.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.327-333
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• 2000

This experiment was conducted to determine the effect of priming duration and temperature on germinability of vegetable seeds. Priming chemicals were -0.50 MPa PEG 8000 for carrot, 50 mM $K_3PO_4$ for lettuce, 200 mM $KH_2PO_4$ for onion, and 100 mM $Ca(NO_3)_2$ for Welsh onion seeds. Priming temperature varied from $10^{\circ}C$ to $25^{\circ}C$, and priming duration varied from 12 hours to 5 days depending on crops. Percent germination of carrot seeds was significantly affected by the seed treatment and priming temperature. Priming at $20^{\circ}C$ for 3 days was most effective in reducing number of days to attain 50% of the final germination percentage (T50) and mean number of days to germination (MDG). Radicle protrusion in the priming solution was as high as 14% when primed at $20^{\circ}C$ for 4 days. Percent germination of lettuce seeds was affected significantly by the seed treatment and priming duration. Priming lettuce seeds at $20^{\circ}C$ for 2 days increased percent germination and shortened T50 and MDG without radicle protrusion. Percent germination of onion seeds was affected significantly by the seed treatment, priming duration, and temperature. Priming at either $10^{\circ}C$ or $15^{\circ}C$ for 3, 4, or 5 days did not affect percent germination of onion seeds, but was effective in reducing T50 and MDG. Decline in percent germination of onion seeds was precipitous as the length of priming duration increased from 3 to 5 days. Percent germination of welsh onion seeds was not affected by the priming duration and temperature. Priming at $15^{\circ}C$ for 4 days was most effective in reducing T50 and MDG, increased in duration of priming at $15^{\circ}C$ or $20^{\circ}C$ increased radicle protrusion.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.1-5
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• 1998

Experiments were carried out to find out the optimum water potential, temperature, and duration for the priming of rice seeds, Oryza sativa L. (cv. Ilpumbyeo) for better germination at sub-optimal temperatures. Seeds were primed in 0, -0.2, -0.4, -0.6, -0.8, and -1.0 MPa PEG (polyethylene glycol) solutions at $25^{\circ}C$. The optimum water potential for seed priming, the highest water potential at which rice seeds did not germinate, was -0.6 MPa. To find out optimum priming temperature and duration rice seeds were primed in -0.6 MPa PEG solution and 0 MPa (water as a control) for various durations at 15 and $25^{\circ}C$ and the seeds were germinated at 17, 20, and $25^{\circ}C$. Considering germination rate and speed, the optimum priming time in water (0 MPa) was 4 days at 15$^{\circ}C$ and 1 day at $25^{\circ}C$, while 4 days was the optimum priming time in a -0.6 MPa PEG solution, regardless of the priming temperature. Priming reduced the actual time of germination, especially at sub-optimal temperatures. Priming did not affect germination rate in -0.6 MPa PEG solution at 15$^{\circ}C$, but overpriming reduced the final germination rate in water at 15$^{\circ}C$ and in -0.6 PEG solution at $25^{\circ}C$. Total sugars and $\alpha$-amylase activity induced during the seed priming were negatively correlated with the final germination rate and there was no noted relationship with the speed or uniformity of germination.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.54 no.4
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• pp.416-421
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• 2009

This experiment was conducted to find out optimum priming treatment conditions to the sesame seed as a preliminary study for enhancing sesame germination properties. Effective priming agents and concentrations for sesame seed were $K_3PO_4$, 200 mM and PEG6000, -1.0 MPa respectively. Optimum priming temperature and duration were $15^{\circ}C$, 4 days in view of germination speed and germination percentage. PEG6000 with -1.0 MPa was selected as an efficient priming treatment condition at $15^{\circ}C$, 4 days. This study suggested that priming treatment to sesame seed would be an effective technique enhancing sesame seed germination and shortening time to the $T_{50}$ at the field condition, but the efficiency of priming treatments to the sesame seed would be strongly dependent on individual or integrated conditions of priming agent, concentration, temperature and duration etc.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.263-266
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• 1999

Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. ‘KF109’) seeds were primed in polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG 6000) solutions to determine a) what osmotic potential of the solution would be optimal for priming, i.e., critical potential level for preventing germination, and b) what temperature and duration would be the most effective in priming. The germination was completely prevented below -0.8 MPa of PEG 6000, that indicates a optimum water potential for seed priming. Seeds were primed for 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 10 and 15 days at 15, 20 and $25^{\circ}C$, respectively, under the-0.8 MPa PEG 6000 solution to find out the most effective temperature and duration for priming. The effectiveness of priming, particularly in germination speed, was observed more distinctly when the primed seeds were germinated at 15$^{\circ}C$ than 2 5$^{\circ}C$. The greatest reduction of the time to 50% germination (T/sob 50/) was when the seeds were primed at $25^{\circ}C$. The reduction rate of the $T_{50}$ was rapid when primed from 1 day to 8 days and then slowed down in the seeds primed for longer than 8 days. The time from 10 to 90% germination ( $T_{10-90}$ increased in the primed seeds for longer than 8 days which showed the reversed effect of synchronous germination. However, $T_{50}$ was reduced continuously in the seeds even primed over 8 days. Thus, the optimum condition for tobacco seeds priming with PEG 6000 solution was -0.8 MPa in osmotic potential of the solution at $25^{\circ}C$ for 8 days.ays.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.687-691
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• 2006

This experiment was conducted on rice (cv. 2005 Thaoi) seeds to study whether priming with deep sea water (DSW) results in enhancement of seed emergence and seedling growth and to identify the optimum concentration of Deep Sea Water (DSW) for priming. Two experiments were conducted subsequently. In experiment 1, four concentrations of the DSW (10%, 20%, 30% and 40%), and in experiment 2, five concentrations of DSW (10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30%) were prepared and seeds were primed for 24 hours duration at $25^{\circ}C$. Beside this, hydro priming with plain water was also included as a control. Experiments were laid out in Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three replications. Result showed that 20% DSW seed priming treatment had improved the emergence, seedling height, number of roots and root length as compare to other with DSW or without DSW treatments. Beyond 20% DSW priming (i.e. 25%, 30% and 40%) were not suitable for priming the seed. On the basis of seedlings growth parameters; emergence, seedling height, root number and length, and shoot root ratio, 20% DSW priming was the best priming treatment.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.680-686
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• 2006

This experiment was conducted on wild vegetables; Gondalbi (Cirsium setidens), Deoduck (Codonopsis lanceolata Trautv.), and Jandae (Adenophora triphylla var. Joponica Hara) seed to study whether priming with deep sea water results in enhancement of seed germination and identify the optimum concentration of the priming solution, and duration of priming. Seeds were primed with 5 various concentrations (5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 30%) of deep sea water (DSW) in 12 hours, 24 hours, and 48 hours at $24^{\circ}C$. Since Jandae had seed dormancy, it was kept for four weeks in refrigerator at $2^{\circ}C$ after priming treatment. In Deoduck, 5 percentage DSW priming significantly improved the early germination percentage, radicle length, and plumule emergence percentage. Among the priming period of treatments, 24 hours priming showed better performance in this treatment whereas, in Jandae, 12 hours priming with 10 percentages DSW significantly improved the germination percentage and germination rate. This treatment had increased the final germination percentage by 54%, 15% and 40% compared with control, plain water and $KNO_3$ priming respectively. But in Gondalbi, priming did not improve the germination of seed. However, among the priming treatments, 12 hours priming with 3% $KNO_3$ and 20% DSW gave better performance. In both the wild vegetables; Deoduck and Jandae, priming in deep sea water had improved the germination percentage and germination rate as compare to plain water, $KNO_3$, and without priming treatment. Hence the best seed priming treatment on Deoduck and Jandae are 24 hours with 5% DSW and 12 hours with 10% DSW respectively.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.98-102
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• 2000

This experiment was conducted to determine the effect of chemicals and their concentrations, priming temperature and duration, and different germination temperature on germinability of salvia seeds. The highest percentage of germination was obtained with 50 or 100 mM $KH_2PO_4$, or with -0.50 or -0.75 MPa PEG 8000. When number of days to attain 50% of the final germination percentage (T50) and mean number of days to germination (MDG) were taken into account, 50 mM $KH_2PO_4$ or -0.50 MPa PEG was most effective for early germination. No seeds germinated when primed in $K_3PO_4$ or NaOH solution. Priming the seeds at $20^{\circ}C$ was better than priming at $15^{\circ}C$ or $25^{\circ}C$. Priming at $20^{\circ}C$ for 4 or 6 days reduced the MDG by 2.3 days compared with nonprimed seeds. Seeds primed with -0.50 MPa PEG at $20^{\circ}C$ showed a high germination percentage with reduced T50 and MDG. When seeds were primed in a mixture of -0.50 MPa PEG and 50 mM $KH_2PO_4$ solution and germinated at $30^{\circ}C$ or $35^{\circ}C$, percent germination was lower than nonprimed seeds. However, the combined treatment retained the priming effect for reducing T50 and MDG.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.411-417
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• 2006

This experiment was conducted to study whether priming with deep sea water results in enhancement of seed germination and to identify the optimum concentration of the priming solution, and duration of priming using sweet pepper (Cv. California wonder), rice (Cv. Ilpum) and ginseng seed. Sweet pepper and rice seeds were primed with 5 various concentrations (5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 30%) for deep sea water for 48 hours, 24 hours and 12 hours at $25^{\circ}C$ and ginseng seeds in 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30%, and 2,4,6, and 8 electrical conductivity (EC) which were made by desalinating deep sea water. Priming in deep sea water (DSW) improved the early and final germination percentage, mean germinal on rate, emergence percentage and root and shoot length, compared with plain water, $KNO_3$ and without priming treatments. In sweet pepper, 24 hours priming with 5 percentage DSW significantly improved the early germination percentage and radical length. It has also improved the mean germination and emergence days and early emergence percentage, compared with $KNO_3$ and control. Whereas, in rice, 48 hours priming with 10 percent DSW significantly improved the early germination percentage, plumule emergence percentage, root length and shoot height. Hence the best seed priming treatment on sweet pepper and Rice are 24 hours with 5 percentage DSW and 48 hours with 10 percentage DSW, respectively, whereas in ginseng, priming with EC4, EC8 and 25% DSW had shown better germination.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.273-276
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• 1999

Some metabolites and embryo growth of primed tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. ‘KFI09’) seeds were observed during priming. The seeds were primed at 15 and $25^{\circ}C$ for 1, 2, 3, 5, 10 and 15 days in a -0.8 MPa polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG) solution. The time to 50% seed germination (T$_{50}$) was greatly reduced when the seeds were primed at $25^{\circ}C$ when compared with 15$^{\circ}C$. The $\alpha$-amylase activity and sugars and amino acid contents in the seeds primed at $25^{\circ}C$ greatly increased, while $\alpha$-amylase activity was similar, and sugar and amino acid contents increased slightly in the seeds primed at 15$^{\circ}C$. When the seeds were primed at $25^{\circ}C$, growth of the embryo which was enclosed by endosperm was detected, while the endosperm became thinner as the priming duration was extended.d.