• 제목/요약/키워드: primary user traffic

검색결과 33건 처리시간 0.019초

멀티미디어 무선인지 시스템을 위한 퍼지 기반의 동적 패킷 스케줄링 알고리즘 (Fuzzy-based Dynamic Packet Scheduling Algorithm for Multimedia Cognitive Radios)

  • 니구웬 탄 퉁;구인수
    • 한국인터넷방송통신학회논문지
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    • 제12권3호
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    • pp.1-7
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    • 2012
  • 무선 통신 시스템의 새로운 패러다임인 중의 하나인 무선 인지 시스템에서 다양한 종류의 멀티미디어 트래픽 지원이 예상된다. 2차 사용자들이 요구하는 서비스 품질을 만족하기 위하여, 패킷 우선권 기반의 정적 자원할당 기법이 고려될 수 있다. 하지만, 이 기법은 높은 우선권을 갖는 응용 서비스의 서비스 품질을 쉽게 만족시킬 수 있으나, 낮은 우선권을 갖는 응용 서비스의 서비스 품질은 저하될 수 있다. 이에 본 논문에서는 퍼지 이론 기반의 동적 패킷 스케줄링 알고리즘을 제안한다. 제안된 기법에서는 동적 패킷 스케줄러가 각 패킷의 우선권과 지연 마감 시간(delay deadline)을 입력으로 갖는 퍼지 규칙에 따라, 각 패킷의 우선권을 동적으로 변경하여 패킷 손실율을 최소화하는 관점에서 기 사용자 채널을 통해 다음 가용한 time slot에 어떤 2차 사용자가 데이터를 전송할 지를 결정한다. 시뮬레이션을 통해 제안된 알고리즘이 우선권 기반의 정적 자원할당기법 보다 패킷 손실율을 더 향상 시킬 수 있음을 보였다.

LTE-Advanced 환경에서 D2D 자원 할당 알고리즘의 계산 복잡도 개선 (Improvement of Computational Complexity of Device-to-Device (D2D) Resource Allocation Algorithm in LTE-Advanced Networks)

  • 이한나;김향미;김상경
    • 한국통신학회논문지
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    • 제40권4호
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    • pp.762-768
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    • 2015
  • LTE-Advanced 네트워크에서 D2D 통신은 기지국의 부하를 감소시켜줄 뿐만 아니라 네트워크 성능을 향상시키는 통신 기술이다. 그러나 이 기술은 셀룰러 사용자와 D2D 페어들간에 자원을 공유함으로써 많은 양의 간섭이 발생할 수 있는 문제점이 있으므로 D2D 통신의 자원 할당 시 간섭에 의한 영향이 고려되어야 함에도 불구하고, 기존 자원 할당 관련 기존 연구는 셀룰러 사용자에 기할당된 자원 중 최고의 CQI 값을 가지는 자원을 재사용하여 D2D 페어에 할당한다. 이로인해 D2D 페어와 셀룰러 통신이 같은 자원을 공유하기 때문에 D2D 페어는 주 통신인 셀룰러 통신에 간섭을 야기하며, 기할당된 셀룰러 자원의 재사용으로인해 계산 복잡도가 높아지는 문제점이 있다. 본 논문에서는 이를 해결하기 위해 셀 내 간섭을 제거하면서 계산 복잡도가 낮은 D2D 자원 할당 알고리즘을 제안한다. 제안 알고리즘은 전체 자원 중 미사용 중인 자원을 임의로 선택하여 할당하고, 할당 받은 자원을 D2D 페어들간에 공유하게 한다. 즉 D2D 페어들 간 간섭이 발생하지 않는다면, 해당 페어들 간에는 같은 자원을 사용하도록 허용한다. 시뮬레이션을 통한 성능 분석 결과 비교 알고리즘에 비해 제안 알고리즘이 수용하는 D2D 페어의 개수에 비례하여 최대 11배까지 계산 복잡도가 낮아지는 것을 확인하였다.

U-마켓에서의 사용자 정보보호를 위한 매장 추천방법 (A Store Recommendation Procedure in Ubiquitous Market for User Privacy)

  • 김재경;채경희;구자철
    • Asia pacific journal of information systems
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    • 제18권3호
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    • pp.123-145
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    • 2008
  • Recently, as the information communication technology develops, the discussion regarding the ubiquitous environment is occurring in diverse perspectives. Ubiquitous environment is an environment that could transfer data through networks regardless of the physical space, virtual space, time or location. In order to realize the ubiquitous environment, the Pervasive Sensing technology that enables the recognition of users' data without the border between physical and virtual space is required. In addition, the latest and diversified technologies such as Context-Awareness technology are necessary to construct the context around the user by sharing the data accessed through the Pervasive Sensing technology and linkage technology that is to prevent information loss through the wired, wireless networking and database. Especially, Pervasive Sensing technology is taken as an essential technology that enables user oriented services by recognizing the needs of the users even before the users inquire. There are lots of characteristics of ubiquitous environment through the technologies mentioned above such as ubiquity, abundance of data, mutuality, high information density, individualization and customization. Among them, information density directs the accessible amount and quality of the information and it is stored in bulk with ensured quality through Pervasive Sensing technology. Using this, in the companies, the personalized contents(or information) providing became possible for a target customer. Most of all, there are an increasing number of researches with respect to recommender systems that provide what customers need even when the customers do not explicitly ask something for their needs. Recommender systems are well renowned for its affirmative effect that enlarges the selling opportunities and reduces the searching cost of customers since it finds and provides information according to the customers' traits and preference in advance, in a commerce environment. Recommender systems have proved its usability through several methodologies and experiments conducted upon many different fields from the mid-1990s. Most of the researches related with the recommender systems until now take the products or information of internet or mobile context as its object, but there is not enough research concerned with recommending adequate store to customers in a ubiquitous environment. It is possible to track customers' behaviors in a ubiquitous environment, the same way it is implemented in an online market space even when customers are purchasing in an offline marketplace. Unlike existing internet space, in ubiquitous environment, the interest toward the stores is increasing that provides information according to the traffic line of the customers. In other words, the same product can be purchased in several different stores and the preferred store can be different from the customers by personal preference such as traffic line between stores, location, atmosphere, quality, and price. Krulwich(1997) has developed Lifestyle Finder which recommends a product and a store by using the demographical information and purchasing information generated in the internet commerce. Also, Fano(1998) has created a Shopper's Eye which is an information proving system. The information regarding the closest store from the customers' present location is shown when the customer has sent a to-buy list, Sadeh(2003) developed MyCampus that recommends appropriate information and a store in accordance with the schedule saved in a customers' mobile. Moreover, Keegan and O'Hare(2004) came up with EasiShop that provides the suitable tore information including price, after service, and accessibility after analyzing the to-buy list and the current location of customers. However, Krulwich(1997) does not indicate the characteristics of physical space based on the online commerce context and Keegan and O'Hare(2004) only provides information about store related to a product, while Fano(1998) does not fully consider the relationship between the preference toward the stores and the store itself. The most recent research by Sedah(2003), experimented on campus by suggesting recommender systems that reflect situation and preference information besides the characteristics of the physical space. Yet, there is a potential problem since the researches are based on location and preference information of customers which is connected to the invasion of privacy. The primary beginning point of controversy is an invasion of privacy and individual information in a ubiquitous environment according to researches conducted by Al-Muhtadi(2002), Beresford and Stajano(2003), and Ren(2006). Additionally, individuals want to be left anonymous to protect their own personal information, mentioned in Srivastava(2000). Therefore, in this paper, we suggest a methodology to recommend stores in U-market on the basis of ubiquitous environment not using personal information in order to protect individual information and privacy. The main idea behind our suggested methodology is based on Feature Matrices model (FM model, Shahabi and Banaei-Kashani, 2003) that uses clusters of customers' similar transaction data, which is similar to the Collaborative Filtering. However unlike Collaborative Filtering, this methodology overcomes the problems of personal information and privacy since it is not aware of the customer, exactly who they are, The methodology is compared with single trait model(vector model) such as visitor logs, while looking at the actual improvements of the recommendation when the context information is used. It is not easy to find real U-market data, so we experimented with factual data from a real department store with context information. The recommendation procedure of U-market proposed in this paper is divided into four major phases. First phase is collecting and preprocessing data for analysis of shopping patterns of customers. The traits of shopping patterns are expressed as feature matrices of N dimension. On second phase, the similar shopping patterns are grouped into clusters and the representative pattern of each cluster is derived. The distance between shopping patterns is calculated by Projected Pure Euclidean Distance (Shahabi and Banaei-Kashani, 2003). Third phase finds a representative pattern that is similar to a target customer, and at the same time, the shopping information of the customer is traced and saved dynamically. Fourth, the next store is recommended based on the physical distance between stores of representative patterns and the present location of target customer. In this research, we have evaluated the accuracy of recommendation method based on a factual data derived from a department store. There are technological difficulties of tracking on a real-time basis so we extracted purchasing related information and we added on context information on each transaction. As a result, recommendation based on FM model that applies purchasing and context information is more stable and accurate compared to that of vector model. Additionally, we could find more precise recommendation result as more shopping information is accumulated. Realistically, because of the limitation of ubiquitous environment realization, we were not able to reflect on all different kinds of context but more explicit analysis is expected to be attainable in the future after practical system is embodied.