• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.71-78
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• 2004

Adrenergic receptors play a major role in thermogenesis and lipolysis in brown and visceral adipose tissues, and have been implicated in the pathogenesis of obesity and metabolic disorders. The purpose of this study was to estimate the effects of $\beta$2-adrenergic receptor ($\beta$2AR) and $\beta$3-adrenergic receptor ($\beta$3AR) genotypes on hyperglycemia and obesity in the Korean population. A representative sample consisting of 530 Korean men and women were measured for height, weight, BMI, WHR, obesity index and body composition. The genotypes of $\beta$2AR polymorphism in codon 27 and $\beta$3AR polymorphism in codon 64 were analyzed by the PCR RFLP method. Serum concentrations of fasting glucose, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol and triglyceride were determined. The frequencies of $\beta$2AR and $\beta$3AR genotype were: both wild type, 62.5% ; only $\beta$2AR variant type, 12.8% ; only $\beta$3AR variant type, 18.8% ; and both variant type, 5.8% ; the frequency of E and R alleles were 0.098 and 0.137, respectively. Among the physiological parameters, fasting glucose level was significantly higher in subjects with both variant type compared with the three other types (p <0.05), Subjects with both variant type had 12%, 12% and 9.3% increases in serum glucose levels compared with wild type, only $\beta$2AR variant type, and only $\beta$3AR variant type, respectively. When logistic regression analysis was conducted to estimate the risk for hyperglycemia, the subjects were selected for fasting blood glucose concentrations of more than 6.105 m㏖/L (110 mg/dL), and the odds ratios were 1.215 (p=0.636) for only $\beta$2AR variant type,1.659 (p=0.089) for only $\beta$3AR variant type, and 3.078 (p=0.011) for both variant type. These results suggest that the interaction of $\beta$2AR and $\beta$3AR variant genotypes has a strong association with increased glucose levels, and might be a significant risk factor for hyperglycemia among Korean subjects.

• 보존과학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.127-138
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• 2013

최근 현대 예술 작품 재료로 널리 쓰이고 있는 플라스틱은 온, 습도 및 자외선 등 다양한 환경 요인에 노출되어 심각한 손상이 진행되고 있다. 특히 플라스틱은 초기 열화 속도가 매우 빠르고 열화가 시작되면 본래의 모습으로 되돌아갈 수 없음에 따라 플라스틱 작품 보존에 대한 종합적인 연구는 매우 중요하나 국내에서는 현재까지 이에 대한 연구사례가 많지 않다. 이에 본 연구는 국외의 플라스틱 작품의 가치 상승 현황과 영국과 프랑스 등에서 현재 수행되고 있는 과학적 동정 기술 및 세척 방법에 대하여 조사하였다. 또한 PVC, PE, PP, PS, PU 총 5 종의 표준 플라스틱 시편을 제작하여 증류수, 에탄올, 아세톤, 고무 지우개의 4 종에 대한 세척력과 시아노아크릴레이트, 에폭시, 아크릴, 크로로프렌 고무계의 접착제 4 종을 실험하였다. 그 결과 세척제는 에탄올과 아세톤의 효능이 가장 뛰어났으며, 접착제는 시아노아크릴레이트 계와 에폭시 계가 인공 열화 이후에도 효능과 안정성이 뛰어난 것을 확인하였다. 이상의 연구는 향후 우리나라 플라스틱 보존을 위한 기초 연구 자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• 보존과학회지
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.267-274
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• 2017

여주 신륵사는 남한강과 인접하여 습도가 높고 안개일수가 많으며 산림과 인접하여 생물피해가 우려되는 곳이다. 이에 문화재 보존관리 계획 수립에 필요한 기초자료 확보를 위해 신륵사 목조건축물의 생물분포와 주변 산림의 흰개미 분포를 3년 동안 모니터링 하였다. 그 결과 문화재 가해곤충인 구멍벌이 지속적으로 확인되었으며, 계절과 연차별 곤충분포가 다양하게 나타났다. 이는 대상지의 입지특성과 당해 연도의 기후 변화가 함께 반영되었기 때문으로 추정된다. 배후 산림에서는 전체적으로 흰개미 군체가 확인되었고, 분포 양상은 매년 다르게 나타났다. 미생물 조사 결과 건물의 출입 여부에 따라 종별 분포와 오염도가 다르게 나타났으며, 목재부후균도 분리 동정되었다. 따라서 보존환경과 생물분포에 대한 지속적인 모니터링과 함께 목재가해생물종의 추가적인 유입을 막기 위한 조치가 필요하다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제58권7호
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• pp.24.1-24.7
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• 2016

Background: Clinoptilolite is a natural zeolite with high adsorption capacity for polar mycotoxins such as aflatoxins. The efficacy of clinoptilolite in ameliorating the toxic effects of aflatoxicosis has been proven in monogastric animals, but there is no such evidence for ruminants. The aim of this study was to evaluate, under field conditions, whether the dietary administration of clinoptilolite in dairy cows could reduce the concentration of aflatoxin M1 ($AFM_1$) in bulk-tank milk, in farms with higher than or close to $0.05{\mu}g/kg$ of milk (European maximum allowed residual level). An objective of the present study was also to investigate the effect of particle size of clinoptilolite on aflatoxin binding. Methods: Fifteen commercial Greek dairy herds with AFM1 concentrations in bulk tank milk ${\geq}0.05{\mu}g/kg$ were selected. Bulk tank milk AFM1 was determined prior to the onset and on day 7 of the experiment. Clinoptilolite was added in the total mixed rations of all farms at the rate of 200 g per animal per day, throughout this period. Two different particle sizes of clinoptilolite were used; less than 0.15 mm in 9 farms (LC group) and less than 0.8 mm in 6 farms (HC group). Results: Clinoptilolite administration significantly reduced $AFM_1$ concentrations in milk in all farms tested at an average rate of 56.2 % (SD: 15.11). The mean milk $AFM_1$ concentration recorded on Day 7 was significantly (P < 0.001) lower compared to that of Day 0 ($0.036{\pm}0.0061$ vs. $0.078{\pm}0.0074{\mu}g/kg$). In LC group farms the reduction of milk $AFM_1$ concentration was significantly higher than HC group farms ($0.046{\pm}0.0074$ vs. $0.036{\pm}0.0061{\mu}g/kg$, P = 0.002). As indicated by the Pearson correlation, there was a significant and strong linear correlation among the milk $AFM_1$ concentrations on Days 0 and 7 (R = 0.95, P < 0.001). Conclusions: Dietary administration of clinoptilolite, especially of smallest particle size, at the rate of 200 g per cow per day can effectively reduce milk $AFM_1$ concentration in dairy cattle and can be used as a preventive measure for the amelioration of the risks associated with the presence of aflatoxins in the milk of dairy cows.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.91-97
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• 2000

The purpose of the present study was to determine the preventive effects of combined interventional trial of fish oil treatment and exercise training on insulin resistance of skeletal muscle in high-fat fed rats. Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into chow diet (CD), high-fat diet (HF), high-fat diet with fish oil (FO), high-fat diet with exercise training (EX), and FO+EX groups. The rats in control group were fed chow diet containing, as percents of calories, 58.9% carbohydrate, 12.4% fat, and 28.7% protein. High-fat diet provided 32% energy as lard, 18% as corn oil, 27% as carbohydrate and 23% as casein. The fish oil diet had the same composition as the high fat diet except that 100 g menhaden oil was substituted for corn oil. Insulin sensitivity was assessed by in vitro glucose transport in the soleus muscle after diet treatment and treadmill running for 4 weeks. While the FO or EX only partially prevented insulin resistance on glucose transport and visceral obesity induced by high-fat diet, these interventions completely corrected hyperinsulinemia and hyperglycemia from the high-fat diet. The rats in the FO+EX showed normalized insulin action on glucose transport, plasma chemicals and visceral fat mass. Insulin-mediated glucose transport was negatively associated with total visceral fat mass (r=－0.734; p＜0.000), plasma triglyceride (r=－0.403; p＜0.05) and lepin (r=－0.583; p＜0.001) concentrations with significance. Multiple stepwise regression analysis showed that only total visceral fat mass was independently associated with insulin-mediated glucose transport (r=－0.668; p＜0.000). In conclusion, combined interventional trial of FO+EX recovered insulin resistance on glucose transport of skeletal muscle induced by high-fat diet. Visceral fat mass might be more important factor than plasma TG and leptin to induce insulin resistance on glucose transport of skeletal muscle in high-fat fed rats.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.554-561
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• 2009

Soyangin-Hyeongbangpaedok-san(SHBPDS) is a herbal formula used for the common cold or upper respiratory illness. In order to investigate the effect of SHBPDS, mice were orally administered with SHBPDS alcohol extract for 7 days followed by intravenous anti-CD3 injection. In addition, splenocytes and CD4 T cells were cultured with SHBPDS in response to anti-CD3 in vitro and cytokines and transcription factors were evaluated. In vivo treatment with SHBPDS significantly augmented the expressions of the percentage of CD4 T cells and CD 69, an indicator of early T cell activation. Serum levels of IL-4 were significantly increased but those of IFN-${\gamma}$ and IL-2 did not reach statistical significance. The expressions of IFN-${\gamma}$ and T-bet mRNA were significantly downregulated in SHBPDS treated mice while those of IL-4 and C-Maf were significantly upregulated. In vitro stimulation of splenocytes and CD4 T cells by SHBPDS resulted in a reduction in IFN-${\gamma}$ secretion and STAT4 activity. The IL-4 releases from both cells were slightly reduced, but STAT6 activity was rather increased. In conclusion, SHBPDS exerted an inhibition in the expression of IFN-${\gamma}$, T-bet and STAT4 while IL-4, C-Maf and STAT6 were increased. Further studies are required to examine its pharmacological effects using more appropriate animal experiments.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.127-132
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• 1998

폐포자충증에 대한 이종항혈청의 예방 및 치료효과를 검증하고자 이 연구를 수행하였다. 횐쥐 (위스타)를 15마리씩 나누어 9개 실험군을 설정하고, 스테로이드 주사로 면역억제시켜 폐포자충의 감염을 유발하였다. 흰쥐 유래의 폐포자충 조항원을 토끼에 투여하여 얻은 면역혈청 중에서 IgG 항체만을 분리하여 실험에 사용하였다. 각 실헙군에 따라 면역억제 시작 2주전부터 억제 후 6주후 사이에 면역항체 주입을 시작하였고, 주 2회씩 7곤주 동안 주입하였다 대부분의 실험군에서는 면역항체를 일회에 0.4 ml (단백질량 0.976 mg)씩 주입하였고, 용량에 따른 예방 및 치료효과를 비교하기 위하여 0.2 ml (단백질량 0.488 mg)와 0.6 ml (단백질량 1.464 mg) 주입 실험군을 설정하였다. 그 결과 실험군별로 실험기간인 7틱주간 살아남고 폐에 세균감염이 없는 흰쥐 2-12마리에서 결과를 얻었다. 폐도말검사 결과 모든 개체에서 폐포자충이 확인되었고, 실험군에 따라 포낭형 수의 평균이 최저 13.5 (3군)에서 최고 52.5 (1군) 사이에 있었다. 통계학적인 검증 결과 기준이 되는 1군에 비하여 유의한 병원체의 감소가 확인된 실험군은 0.4 nU의 항체를 주 2회씩 7주간 주입한 3군, 5주간 주입한 4군, 3주간 주입한 5군과, 0.2 U를 7주간 주입한 8군이었다. 면역항체를 0.4 ml씩 9주간 주입한 2군과 항체를 0.6 ml씩 7주간 주입한 9군은 차이가 유의하지 않았다. 이 항체는 폐포자충의 표면에 있는 주항원 당단백질인 MSG (m3iorsurfaceycoprotein) 중에서 40-55, 92, 116, 200 kDa 분획과 주로 반응하였다. 이들 항원 분획이 숙주의 방어기전과 관련된 항체를 유발하는 항훤이며, 이 항원자극에 의하여 형성된 이종항체가 흰쥐의 폐포자충 감 염초기에 수동면역의 효과가 있어 예방이나 치료에 활용될 수도 있음을 확인하였다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.223-229
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• 1987

배추, 무우, 토마토, 오이에 대(對)하여 표준시비(標準施肥) 및 질소비료(窒素肥料)와 가리비료(加里肥料)를 50%증시(增施)하고, 토양수분(土壤水分)을 10%, 21%, 33%로 하여 아질산(亞窒酸)가스 0.05, 0.10, $0.20mg/{\ell}$의 농도(濃度)로 주간(晝間)과 야간(夜間)에 각각(各各) 2시간(時間)씩 접촉(接觸)하였고 주간(晝間)에는 자연광(自然光)과 그늘하(下)에서 접촉(接觸)하여 엽(葉)의 기공저항(氣孔抵抗), 증산속도(蒸散速度), 엽피해율(葉被害率), 엽록소함량(葉綠素含量), 질소함량등(窒素含量等)을 조사(調査)한 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 1. 아질산(亞窒酸)가스에 의(依)한 엽피해(葉被害)는 토마토가 가장 심(甚)하고 오이가 가장 경미(輕微)하였고, 주간접촉(晝間接觸)에서 보다 야간접촉(夜間接觸)에서 피해(被害)가 심(甚)하였으며, 질소(窒素) 및 가리비료(加里肥料)의 증시(增施)로 엽피해(葉被害)가 경감(輕減)되었다. 2. 토양중(土壤中) 수분함량(水分含量)이 많을수록 피해(被害)가 크고 기공저항(氣孔抵抗)은 감소(減少)하나 증산속도(蒸散速度)는 증가(增加)되었다. 3. 아질산(亞窒酸)가스에 의(依)한 엽피해(葉被害)는 차광접촉(遮光接觸)이 자연광접촉(自然光接觸) 보다 적었다. 4. 엽록소함량(葉綠素含量)은 아질산(亞窒酸)가스 접촉농도(接觸濃度) 증가(增加)에 따라 감소(減少)하였다. 5. 엽중질소함량(葉中窒素含量)은 가스접촉농도증가(接觸濃度增加)에 따라서 증가(增加)하였으며 야간접촉(夜間接觸)이 주간접촉(晝間接觸) 보다 증가량(增加量)이 많았다. 6. 아질산(亞窒酸)가스접촉(接觸)으로 인(因)한 엽중질소(葉中窒素) 증가량(增加量)과 엽피해율(葉被害率)과는 고도(高度)의 정(正)의 상관(相關)이 있었다.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.989-995
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• 2010

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Taeeumjowuitanggagam-bang(TJV) on the mRNA expression of adipocytokines (TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-6), and SREBPs. Mice were divided into 4 groups ; a normal group of db/+ mice, a control group of db/db mice, a group (db/db mice) treated with TJV 200 mg/kg, and a group (db/db mouse) treated with TJV 500 mg/kg. They were treated orally with TJV and measured their body weight every other day during 9 weeks. After that, we measured the mRNA expression of adipocytokines (TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-6) and SREBPs (SREBE-1a and SREBP-1c) in liver, and blood concentration of total cholesterol, triglyceride, too. In addition, liver samples were fixed in 4% PFA for 2 hours and stored in $-70^{\circ}C$. Liver tissues were embedded in Optical cutting temperature(OCT) compound and 30 ${\mu}m$ sections were cut. Tissue sections were stained Oil-Red-O to visualize neutral lipids. Nuclei were stained with hematoxylin solution. In result, the TJV reduced the mRNA expressions of TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-6 and SREBPs in liver and stained liver tissue less red than control group. However, there was no significant differences in total cholestreol and triglyceride blood concentration and body weight among groups. The TJV has inhibitory effect on the mRNA expression of adipocytokines and SREBPs. Therefore, it is assumed that the TJV is related to inhibiting lipogenesis in the liver

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.223-231
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• 2014

In this study, we prepared cordycepin-enriched (CE)-WIB801C, a n-butanol extract of Cordyceps militaris-hypha, and investigated the effect of CE-WIB801C on collagen-induced human platelet aggregation. CE-WIB801C dose-dependently inhibited collagen-induced platelet aggregation, and its $IC_{50}$ value was $175{\mu}g/ml$. CE-WIB801C increased cAMP level more than cGMP level, but inhibited collagen-elevated $[CA^{2+}]_i$ mobilization and thromboxane $A_2$ ($TXA_2$) production. cAMP-dependent protein kinase (A-kinase) inhibitor Rp-8-Br-cAMPS increased the CE-WIB801C-downregulated $[CA^{2+}]_i$ level in a dose dependent manner, and strongly inhibited CE-WIB801C-induced inositol 1, 4, 5-trisphosphate receptor ($IP_3R$) phosphorylation. These results suggest that the inhibition of $[CA^{2+}]_i$ mobilization by CE-WIB801C is resulted from the cAMP/A-kinase-dependent phosphorylation of $IP_3R$. CE-WIB801C suppressed $TXA_2$ production, but did not inhibit the activities of cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and $TXA_2$ synthase (TXAS). These results suggest that the inhibition of $TXA_2$ production by WIB801C is not resulted from the direct inhibition of COX-1 and TXAS. In this study, we demonstrate that CE-WIB801C with cAMP-dependent $CA^{2+}$-antagonistic antiplatelet effects may have preventive or therapeutic potential for platelet aggregation-mediated diseases, such as thrombosis, myocardial infarction, atherosclerosis, and ischemic cerebrovascular disease.