• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.831-840
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• 2013

In this study, an attempt is being made to extract surface-active substances from defatted rapeseed cakes by supercritical carbon dioxide fluid. Independent variables for the extraction process, being formulated by D-optimal design, are pressure (150~350 bar), temperature ($33{\sim}65^{\circ}C$ and co-solvent (ethanol, 50~250 g). The dependent variables of the extraction yield, the content of neutral lipids, phospholipids and glycolipids in the extracts were analyzed upon the results through the response surface methodology. As for the extraction yield, it was found to increase with increasing independent variables, among which the co-solvent proved to be a major influencing parameter. Similar trends were found for the content of surface-active substances (i.e, phospholipids and glycolipids) in the extracts, except for the content of neutral lipids. Regression equations were suggested to coincide well with the results from the experiments. Extraction conditions are being optimized to maximize the extraction yields, the content of phospholipids, and glycolipids were 350 bar (pressure), $65^{\circ}C$ (temperature) and 228.55 g (co-solvent), respectively.

• Food Engineering Progress
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.175-181
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• 2011

By using supercritical carbon dioxide fluid, an attempt was made to extract surface-active substances from defatted rice bran. Extraction was carried out according to D-optimal design and results were analyzed by response surface methodology to establish optimum condition. It was found that pressure, temperature and co-solvent (ethanol) influenced in a different extent on the extraction efficiency (i.e., yield and interfacial tension) of surface-active substances. Among them, co-solvent was found to be a major influencing factor, where maximum yield (2.62%) was observed at the highest content (250 g). In addition, it also affected most on the interfacial tension at the oil-water interface but in this case the lowest interfacial tension value (9.51 mN/m) was found when added lowest (50 g). In conclusion, it was estimated that the optimum extraction condition was to be pressure 350bar, temperature $62^{\circ}C$ and co-solvent content 50 g in this study, where extraction yield was 0.69% and interfacial tension to be 10.1 mN/m.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.319-331
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• 2019

This study was conducted to find a solvent, a extraction method and optimized conditions for Artemisia iwayomogi extract. which is effective to anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity. A. iwayomogi extract by distilled water, ethanol, methanol, hexane and ethyl acetate using ultrasonic, high-pressure and supercritical extraction was investigated for NO inhibitory and DPPH radical scavenging activity. Extract obtained by ethanol and ultrasonic extraction method showed high NO production inhibitory activity, DPPH free radical scavenging activity and yield. Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to find a optimized ultrasonic extraction conditions. Results showed that the optimum conditions for the higher yield were ethanol solvent of 45.71% concentration with extraction time and ultrasonic power of 63.33min and 308.84 W, respectively. This condition predicted 15.85% yield, but real yield was $16.40{\pm}0.28%$. The optimum conditions for simultaneous anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity were established as ethanol concentration (80.81%), extraction time (90.00 min) and ultrasonic power (400.00 W). NO production inhibitory and antioxidant activity were $89.77{\pm}1.37%$ and $60.12{\pm}0.39%$, respectively. These results showed similar to the predicted values of 94.54%, 58.03% respectively.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2022.10a
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• pp.114-114
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• 2022

There are 28 families and 166 species of exotic weeds on agricultural land and among these, 23 families and 80 species of exotic weeds occur on pastures. Among them, the Solidago altissima is a perennial weed belonging to the asteraceae family and it is an exotic weed that spreads to the surrounding area using methods such as high seed production, vegetative propagation using underground rhizomes and allelochemical. Accordingly, in 2009, the Ministry of Environment designated it as an ecosystem-disrupting species. This study was conducted to obtain basic data about the effects of S.altissima derived allelochemicals on forage crops. The root of S.altissima was separated, dried in the shade and then pulverized to prepare an root powder. Powder was repeatedly extracted with methanol for 3 days and concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain an root methanol extract. Dissolve the extract in distilled water, dispense it in a separate-funnel and proceed with liquid-liquid extraction by adding equal amounts of n-haxane (Hex), chloroform (CHCI₃), ethyl acetate (EtoAC), and butanol (BuOH) in order of increasing polarity. A seed-bioassay was performed using fractions for each solvent, followed by separation and purification by silica gel column chromatography. As a result of the fraction germination test for each solvent, the IC₅₀ values using the fresh weight of each fraction were 898.3 mg L^-1, 676.3 mg L^-1, 1160 mg L^-1 and 1360 mg L^-1. CA, CB, and CC fractions were obtained through primary silica gel column chromatography that used CHCI₃ fraction. As a result of seed-bioassay using each fraction, the IC₅₀ values for the fresh weight of each fraction was 537.3 mg L^-1, 1280 mg L^-1 and 1947 mg L^-1. Based on this, 5 fractions were obtained as a result of secondary silica gel column chromatography using the CA fraction. A seed-bioassay was performed, as a result, the lowest IC₅₀ value was calculated as 226.7 mg L^-1 in the CAE fraction. Based on this, the fraction was analyzed by GC-MS. The results of this study can be used as basic research data on the effects of weeds on forage crops and allelochemicals secreted from S. altissima.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.109-116
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• 2012

The study indicated that antimicrobial activity about gram positive and gram negative bacteria of ginger-oleoresin(GO) extract with the condition of ethanol and supercritical fluid extractions. As the concentration of extraction increases, the clear zone of GO ethanol extract also increased dependently. This led the antimicrobial activity of gram positive bacteria to take bigger place than gram negative bacteria especially in Listeria monocytogenes. There was a high antimicrobial activity in E-III treatment where the ratio of the ginger powder extract to ethanol extraction was 1:6. It was quite effective to treat the antimicrobial activity of GO ethanol extract under $80^{\circ}C$ and there was not big difference in the intervals which were the extraction time - 1 to 7 hours. The antimicrobial activity of supercritical fluid extract seemed to take the biggest place in Listeria monocytogenes. From the supercritical fluid extract, it was shown the strong ability of antimicrobial activity in the condition with 100 bar $35^{\circ}C$, 250 bar $35^{\circ}C$ and 250 bar $65^{\circ}C$. Furthermore, according to the case of solvent extract, there was not any significant difference in the antimicrobial activity with condition of extraction. However, there was significant antimicrobial activity in E-III treatment of 100 bar and 500 bar of extraction pressure, and $35^{\circ}C$ and $65^{\circ}C$ of extraction temperature.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.32 no.8
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• pp.2637-2642
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• 2011

A new ultrasonic-assisted micellar extraction and cloud-point pre-concentration method was developed for the determination of major saikosaponins, namely saikosaponins -A, -C and -D, in Radix Bupleuri by high performance liquid chromatography with evaporative light scattering detection (HPLC-ELSD). The non-ionic surfactant Genapol X-080 (oligoethylene glycol monoalkyl ether) was chosen as the extraction additive and parameters affecting the extraction efficiency were optimized. The highest yield was obtained with 10% (w/v) Genapol X-080, a liquid/solid ratio of 200:1 (mL/g) and ultrasonic-assisted extraction for 40 min. In addition, the optimum cloud-point pre-concentration was reached with 10% sodium sulfate and equilibration at $60^{\circ}C$ for 30 min. Separation was achieved on an Ascentis Express C18 column (100 ${\times}$ 4.6 mm i.d., 2.7 ${\mu}M$) using a binary mobile phase composed of 0.1% acetic acid and acetonitrile. Saikosaponins were detected by ELSD, which was operated at a $50^{\circ}C$ drift tube temperature and 3.0 bar nebulizer gas ($N_2$) pressure. The water-based solvent modified with Genapol X-080 showed better extraction efficiency compared to that of the conventional solvent methanol. Recovery of saikosaponins ranged from 93.1 to 101.9%. An environmentally-friendly extraction method was successfully applied to extract and enrich major saikosaponins in Radix Bupleuri.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.156-162
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• 1994

To better understand the exact nature of the major toxic compound responsible for phytotoxicity of sorghum stem, the most toxic compound from the stem extract was isolated by rapid chromatography and subsequently purified by thin-layer chromatography(TLC) and high pressure liquid chromatography(HPLC). Of the eight fractions isolated by rapid chromatography, the fraction with solvent combinations of butanol (8) : acetic acid (1) : water (1) had the highest toxicity. Further separation of the fraction by TLC in a solvent mixture of butanol (24) : acetic acid (16.4) : water (7) : propanol (1) showed that the spot with an $R_f$ 0.71 had one major peak with retention time of 20.40 minutes. Upon subjecting gas chromatography and the HPLC fraction to the mass spectrometry, the toxic compound is probably one of the four compounds ; 1-methyl-1-(2-propynyl)-hydrazine, 1-aziridineethanol, 5-chloro-2-pentanone, and 2-(methylseleno)-ethanamine.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.329-333
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• 2021

Subcritical water extraction (SWE) is an eco-friendly extraction method that uses only purified water as a solvent under high temperature and high pressure conditions. In this study, total phenolics, and antioxidant activity were evaluated in Ziziphus jujuba Mill extracts from subcritical water obtained by varying the extraction temperature (110-190℃) and extraction time (1-20 min). Total phenolics was maximized with extraction at 190℃ for 15 min (67.79±3.45 mg gallic acid equivalent/g jujube). The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging activity (48.84±4.74%) and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) free radical scavenging activity (84.75±1.15%) were maximal at extraction conditions of 190℃, for 20 min. All jujube extracts prepared using SWE had higher total phenolics and antioxidant activities than extracts prepared using organic solvent extraction (60℃, 120 min), including methanol and ethanol. SWE could be an excellent alternative to organic solvents for extracting phenolics and antioxidant compounds.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.199-204
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• 2017

In this study, a study was carried out for the separation of metal ions in lignin extract discharged from the pulp process. alumina powders were mixed with DMAc (N, N-dimethylacetamide) solvent and PESf (Polyethersulfone) polymer, PVP (polyvinylpyrrolidone) dispersant was added and slip casting method was used to prepare the membrane. The membrane was measured for pore size through a CFP (Capillary Flow Porometer) device and the surface and cross-section of the membrane were observed through a FE-SEM (Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope). The flux was calculated by measuring the filtered weight per hour using a separation experiment device. Pore size measurements were performed under increasing pressure from 0 psi to 30 psi. The pore size of the membrane was $0.4{\mu}m$ and the flux decreased from the initial flux value of $6.36kg{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}h^{-1}$ to $1.98kg{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}h^{-1}$ due to the fouling of the membrane. After the permeation experiment, membrane contaminants were removed by simple washing. Separation experiments showed that Na contained in the initial lignin extract was reduced by 69%, Fe was removed by 87%, K by 95%, Ca by 93% and Mg by 96%.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.151-159
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• 2018

In this study, we investigated the anti-oxidative activities and cell protective effects of the constituents isolated from S. aqueum branches. DPPH and $ABTS^+$ radical scavenging activities were screened for the ethanol extract and solvent fractions, ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and butanol (BuOH) fractions showed potent activities. When HaCaT cells were treated with $H_2O_2$, the ethanol extract and EtOAc fractions ($20{\mu}g/mL$) protected the cells against oxidative damage. Two constituents were isolated from the EtOAc fraction of S. aqueum branches; pinocembrin (1), desmethoxymatteucinol (2). The chemical structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated based on the spectroscopic data including $^1H$ and $^{13}C$ NMR spectra, as well as comparison of the data to the literature values. Anti-oxidative activities and cell protective effects were studied for the isolated compounds. For the anti-oxidative activities, all of the compounds 1 and 2 showed DPPH and $ABTS^+$ radical scavenging activities. Also, from the cell protective effect test, the compounds 1 and 2 protected the cell against oxidative stress by $H_2O_2$. Based on these results, S. aqueum branches extract could be potentially applicable as anti-oxidant ingredients in cosmetic industries.