• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
• /
• 제34권2호
• /
• pp.157-165
• /
• 2001

Objectives : To identify the risk factors of cerebrovascular disorders(CVD) in Koreans using a nested case-control study. Methods : The cohort consisted of beneficiaries who had taken health examinations of the Korea Medical Insurance Corporation (KMIC cohort: 115,600 persons) in 1990 and 1992 consecutively. Four hundred and twenty five (425) cases were selected following the validation of diagnosis among 2,026 reported CVD (160-168) inpatients during the year from 1993 to 1997. Controls were matched (1:1) with age and gender of the cases among inpatients without CVD during the same period. The source of data in this study were the files of the 1990 health examinations and the 1992 health questionnaires, as well as an additional telephone survey undertaken from March to November 1999. Results : In a bivariate analysis and multiple logistic regression analysis, risk factors for total CVD were hyperglycemia and hypertension. Unrespectively, the odds ratio of ex-smoker was significantly lower than that of those who had never smoked. The risk factors for ischemic CVD also were hyperglycemia and hypertension. However, only blood pressure was found to be a risk factor for hemorrhagic CVD. Hypercholesterolemia was not a risk factor for total CVD, ischemic CVD, and hemorrhagic CVD. Conclusion : We concluded that the most important risk factor for CVD (including subtype) in Koreans was hypertension.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
• /
• 제41권1호
• /
• pp.39-44
• /
• 2008

Objectives : This study was conducted to investigate the associations of non alcoholic fatty liver with metabolic syndrome and the serum carotenoids. Methods : This study was conducted in a general hospital in South Korea from November, 2004 to August, 2005. The study subjects were 350 sampled persons who were aged from 40 years and older (males : 180, females : 170). They were grouped into the normal, mild and severe groups according to fat accumulation in their livers, as determined by ultrasonography. We analyzed the association between non alcoholic fatty liver and metabolic syndrome by multiple logistic regression analysis and we analyzed the association between non alcoholic fatty liver and the serum carotenoids by a general linear model(ANCOVA). Results : After adjustment for the effect of potential covariates, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome was associated with fat accumulation in the liver (p trend <0.001). If the odds ratio of normal group is 1.00, then that of the mild group is 2.80 (95% C.I=1.17-6.71) and that of the severe group is 7.29 (95% C.I=2.76-19.30). The prevalence of metabolic alterations fitting the criteria of metabolic syndrome, according to the class of fat accumulation in the liver, was significantly increased, except for criteria of high blood pressure, a large waist circumference and low HDL (high density lipoprotein) cholesterol level (p trend <0.001). The level of serum ${\beta}$-carotene was decreased according to the class of fat accumulation in the liver (p trend=0.036), but the levels of serum ${\alpha}$-carotene, lycopene, ${\beta}$-cryptoxanthin and lutein were not decreased. Conclusions : This study shows that non alcoholic fatty liver was associated with metabolic syndrome and with the serum ${\beta}$-carotene level.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
• /
• 제42권5호
• /
• pp.331-336
• /
• 2009

Objectives : The objectives of this study were to determine the relationship between lifestyle-implementation and metabolic syndrome in an electronics research and development company, and to provide a foundation for health providers of health management programs for setting priorities. Methods : From July 1 to July 16, 2008 we carried out a descriptive cross-sectional survey. Consecutive workers of one R & D company in Seoul, Korea (N=2,079) were enrolled in study. A checklist for lifestyle (from the National Health Insurance Corporation) consisted of questions regarding diet, drinking, smoking and exercise. After the survey, researchers obtained data from health profiles for metabolic syndrome(waist-circumference, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, blood pressure and fasting blood sugar level). Lifestyle was recorded as good or not good. Statistical analysis of metabolic syndrome and the lifestyle of subjects was done using multiple logistic regression analysis. Results : The prevalence of metabolic syndrome in our study gropu was 13.3% (N=277). After adjustment for age, the adjusted odds ratios (odds ratio, 95% confidence intervals) for metabolic syndrome increased in proportion to the number of bad habits: two (1.72, 1.23-2.44), three (2.47, 1.73-3.56), and four (3.63, 2.03-6.34). Relative to subjects eating both vegetables and meat', the OR for 'meat' eaters was 1.66 (1.18-2.31). Compared with 'nonsmokers and ever-smoker', the OR for 'current-smoker' was 1.62 (1.25-2.10). Compared with 'Healthy drinker', the OR for 'unhealthy drinker' was 1.38 (1.05-1.83). Conclusions : Poor lifestyle was associated with an increased likelihood of metabolic syndrome. These findings suggest that lifestyle-based occupational health interventions for young employees should include a specific diet, smoking cessation, and healthy-drinking programs.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
• /
• 제42권5호
• /
• pp.315-322
• /
• 2009

Objectives : Knowledge about the management status of diabetic melitus (DM) is essential to improve diabetic management. Moreover, low income is associated with poor adherence to treatment and increased mortality. This study was performed to evaluate the management status of DM in low-income patients in a rural area. Methods : We enrolled 370 patients with type 2 DM living in Gokseong county, JeollaNamdo. A well-trained examiner measured the height, weight, waist circumference, blood pressure, total cholesterol, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, fasting blood sugar and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels. Carotid ultrasonography was used to measure carotid artery carotid artery intima media thickness (IMT) and plaque. anklebrachial index (ABI) was used to evaluate peripheral artery disease. A fundoscopic examination was performed to evaluate diabetic retinopathy. A history of diabetes complications and health-related questionnaires were also completed. Results : The age of diabetic subjects was 68.7$\pm$8.7 years and the duration of diabetes was 8.9$\pm$8.2 years. Most (63.5%) had hypertension, and 45.7% had triglycerides below 150 mg/dl, 38.1% had low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) cholesterol below 100 mg/dl, 48.7% had urine albumin to creatinine ratio (UACR) below 30 mg/g. Less than half (45.9%) achieved the goal of HbA1c less than 7% suggested by the American Diabetes Association (ADA). 10.6% had peripheral vascular disease, 11.9% had retinopathy, and 60.8% had chronic kidney disease. Conclusions : DM management in low income patients is very poor and requires further work to improve.

• 한국식품과학회지
• /
• 제38권3호
• /
• pp.448-451
• /
• 2006

발아현미의 본태성 고혈압쥐에 대한 혈압강하 효과를 조사하기 위하여 대조군, 백미군, 현미군, 발아현미군의 4가지 처리군으로 나누어 고혈압쥐를 6주간 사육후 혈압강하 효과를 비교하였다. 식이섭취량의 경우 모든 처리군에서 유의적인 차이를 나타내지 않았으나 체중증가량과 식이효율의 경우에는 발아현미군이 각각 $86.3\;{\pm}\;11.1\;g$과 $10.4\;{\pm}\;1.4%$로 기타 처리군에 비해 유의적으로 낮은 값을 나타내었다. 또한 혈압의 경우 발아현미군은 6주 경과시 $169.2{\pm}6.2\;mmHg$로 기타 처리군에 비해 유의적으로 낮을 뿐만 아니라 초기 혈압에 비해 크게 낮아진 값을 나타내었다. 중성 지질의 경우에도 발아현미군은 $138.4{\pm}29.5\;mg/dL$로 기타 처리군에 비해 유의적으로 낮은 값을 나타내었으며, 혈중 총콜레스테롤과 HDL-콜레스테롤 함량은 모든 처리군에서 유의적인 차이를 나타내지 않았다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• 제15권18호
• /
• pp.7897-7907
• /
• 2014

Background: There is paucity of studies defining the prevalence of non-communicable disease (NCD) risk factors in Saudi Arabia despite the surging epidemic of obesity, change in dietary habits and sedentary lifestyle. Objectives: This cross-sectional study aimed to assess the prevalence of NCDs risk factors among employees at King Faisal University in Al Hassa, Saudi Arabia and to determine the possible correlates for clustering of NCDs risk factors among them. Materials and Methods: All employees were invited to participate; the World Health Organization STEPwise approach was used for data collection which consisted of a personal interview to collect socio-demographic characteristics, NCD history, tobacco use, vegetables and fruit consumption, and physical activity (PA), followed by anthropometric measurements namely weight, height and waist circumference and blood pressure measurements, subjects were finally subjected to biochemical tests with determination of fasting plasma glucose, serum triglycerides, cholesterol and high density lipoproteins. Results: Of the surveyed employees (n=691), daily current smokers accounted for 22.7%. 94.9%, 95.1% and 86% consumed < 5 servings per day of vegetables, fruits and both fruits and vegetables respectively, 73% were physically inactive, 64% were overweight or obese, 22.1% had hypertension, and 21.5% were diabetics. Elevated cholesterol levels were found in 36.6%, low high density lipoproteins in 36.8%, and elevated triglycerides in 36.1%. Only 3% had no NCD risk factors, and 57.6% had ${\geq}3$ factors. Multivariate logistic regression showed that gender (being male, adjusted odds ratio 'aOR'=1.51), aged ${\geq}50$ years (aOR=3.06), < college education (aOR=1.75), current smokers (aOR=2.37), being obese (aOR=6.96) and having a low PA level (aOR=4.59) were the significant positive predictors for clustering of NCD risk factors. Conclusions: Over fifty percent of the studied university's employees had multiple (${\geq}3$) NCD risk factors. Screening and health promotion initiatives should be launched at least targeting the modifiable factors to avert the excessive risk for cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus and several types of cancers.

• 대한화학회지
• /
• 제35권2호
• /
• pp.99-104
• /
• 1991

$K_2NiF_4$형 층상 구조를 갖는 Sr$_{1+x}Er _{1-x} FeO _{4-y}$계에서 x = 0.00, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 및 1.00인 비화학양론적 화합물 고용체를 1350$^{\circ}$C 대기압에서 제조하였다. X-선 회절 분석결과로 모든 조성에서 고용체의 결정 구조는 준정방정계(pseudo-tetragonal system)였다. 비화학양론적 조성식은 Mohr염 분석으로 결정하였다. Fe$^{4+}$ 이온의 양은 x값이 0.50까지 증가함에 따라 증가하다가 다시 감소하였고 산소 비화학량은 증가하였다. 도한 시료의 Fe$^{3+}$와 Fe$^{4+}$의 혼합원자가 상태를 298K에서 Mossbauer 분광분석으로 확인할 수 있었다. 전기전도도 측정 결과에 따르면 전기전도도는 반도체 영역인 10-2 ∼ 10-7(${\Omega}$-1cm-1)범위에서 변하였고, 활성화에너지는 Fe$^{4+}$의 몰비인 ${\tau}$값이 증가함에 따라 감소하였다. 전기전도성 메카니즘은 Fe$^{3+}$와 Fe$^{4+}$의 혼합원자가 상태간의 전도성전자 건너뜀 모델로 설명할 수 있다.

• 대한화학회지
• /
• 제37권11호
• /
• pp.923-928
• /
• 1993

$K_2NiF_4$형 구조를 갖는 $Sr_{1+x}Ho_{1-x}FeO_{4-y}$ (x = 0.00, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 및 1.00) 고용체계를 대기압과 1550$^{\circ}$C에서 제조하였다. 이 시료들의 X-선 회절도는 전 x 영역에서 모든 시료와 결정학적 상이 정방정계임을 나타내고 있다. 격자부피는 $Sr^{2+}$ 이온이 치환되는 양이 증가함에 따라 계속적으로 증가한다. 전체 철이온에 대한$ Fe^{4+}$ 이온의 몰비인${\tau}$값은 시료의 Mohr 염 적정으로 결정하였으며 x값과 ${\tau}$값으로부터 산소비화학량인 y값을 계산하였다. ${\tau}$값과 y값은 x값의 증가에 따라서 증가함을 알 수 있었다. x값, ${\tau}$값 y값을 일반식 $Sr_{1+x}Ho_{1-x}Fe^3_{1-}\;^+_{\tau}Fe_{\tau}^{4+}O_{4-y}$에 대입하여 비화학량론적 화학식을 결정하였다. Mossbauer 스펙트라는 $Fe^{3+}$ 이온과 $Fe^{4+}$ 이온의 혼합원자가 상태와 배위상태를 나타낸다. 각 시료들의 자기적 성질은 상온에서 상자성임을 알 수 있다. 전기전도도는 1.0 ~ 1 ${\times}\;10^{-9}{\Omega}^{-1}cm^{-1}$의 범위의 반도체 영역에서 변한다. 전기전도도의 활성화 에너지는${\tau}$값이 증가함에 따라 감소함을 알 수 있다. 전도성 메카니즘은 $Fe^{3+}$ 와 $Fe^{4+}$ 이온간에 전도성 전자의 건너뜀 모델로 설명되어야 한다.

• 청정기술
• /
• 제23권4호
• /
• pp.357-363
• /
• 2017

본 연구에서는 초임계 이산화탄소/n-butyl acetate ($scCO_2$/n-BA) 공용매를 사용하여 네거티브형 포토레지스트(PR)를 제거하는 실험을 진행하였다. $scCO_2$와 n-BA의 용해도 평가를 통해 n-BA가 $scCO_2$와 균일하게 섞이는 조건을 실험적으로 측정하였다. 다양한 실험 변수를 조정하여 포토레지스트 제거 실험을 진행하였고, 미노광 포토레지스트 제거에 대한 최적의 조건을 확립하였다. 또한, 노광된 PR과 미노광 PR의 제거율을 비교하여 $scCO_2$/n-BA 공용매의 선택적 제거 성능을 확인하였다. 노광된 PR은 $scCO_2$/n-BA 공용매 환경에서 매우 안정적으로 존재함을 관찰하였고, 미노광 PR은 160 bar, $40^{\circ}C$, 75 wt% n-BA 이상의 농도에서 완전히 제거됨을 확인하였다. $scCO_2$/n-BA 공용매 시스템은 노광 PR과 미노광 PR 사이의 높은 선택성을 제공할 수 있으며, 네거티브 PR의 리소그래피 공정에서 높은 신뢰성을 부여할 것으로 기대된다.

• 한국자원식물학회지
• /
• 제29권5호
• /
• pp.525-531
• /
• 2016

본 연구에서는 혈관염증 억제 효능이 입증된 원료인 백수오, 우엉, 마를 혼합하여 혈관염증을 완화시키고 동맥경화의 발생 위험을 줄일 수 있는 소재를 개발하기 위하여, 혼합물이 혈관염증을 가장 효과적으로 억제하는 배합비율을 찾아내고자 하였다. 백수오, 우엉, 마 단독투여 및 다양한 혼합비로 혼합물을 제조하여 인간유래 동맥 평활근 세포에 공급하였다. 세포부착인자인 VCAM-1의 mRNA 발현에 미치는 영향을 비교하여 가장 강한 억제효과를 나타낸 CADM5 (백수오:우엉:마=2:1:1)을 선택하였다. 선택된 혼합물이 혈관세포에서 얼마나 독성을 나타내는지 실험하였고, 백수오, 우엉, 마 추출혼합물이 혈관염증에 관여된 단백질 발현에 미치는 영향을 측정하였다. CADM5처리 결과 염증으로 인하여 증가하였던 ICAM-1과 VCAM-1 단백질의 발현이 감소하였다. 또한 CADM5를 처리한 결과 혈관내피세포에서 산화적 손상 및 염증 방어와 관련이 있는 HO-1과 Nrf-2의 발현이 증가되었다. 따라서 CADM5이 염증에 의해 유도된 ICAM-1 그리고 VCAM-1의 발현을 조절하고 산화스트레스의 방어기전을 활성화 함으로써 동맥경화증을 유발하는 혈관염증의 초기단계를 억제하여 항염증 작용에 효과가 있음을 기대할 수 있다. 비교적 저농도인 32 ㎍/㎖에서 효과적으로 혈관염증 관련 단백질 발현을 조절하였으므로 본 연구를 통해 선택된 CADM5의 혈관염증개선 및 혈관건강개선 소재로서의 개발 가능성을 확인하였다.