• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.584-589
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• 2000

In order to inhibit rot of soybean sprouts, presoaking treatments of soybeans with various solutions were studied. Optimal soaking time was 20min and citric acid, chitosan, GFSE(Grapefruit seed extract) were more effective. Most of presoaking treatments decreased the rot ratio of soybeans considerably, and didn't decrease germination ratio of them compared to control. Particularly GFSE, chitosan and phosphate buffer were effective. Presoaking treatments besides ethanol showed increased weight and yield of soybean sprouts compared to control, and particularly chitosan treatment increased yield of 67%, weight of 6.9% and length of 9.5% of soybean sprouts compared to control. Presoaking treatments decreased total microbial count of soybeans and rot of soybean sprouts during cultivation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.35 no.9
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• pp.1280-1285
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• 2006

The presoaking conditions of soybeans in various solution for decreasing microbial contamination and improving germination were investigated. Soybeans were treated with presoaking solutions (sterilized water, 0.1% grape fruit extract, 0.1% vitamin $B_1$ derivate solution AS5 and vitagen) at $25^{\circ}C,\;35^{\circ}C,\;45^{\circ}C\;and\;55^{\circ}C$ for $3\sim12$ hr and germinate at $25^{\circ}C$, 95%RH for 3 days. Total bacterial count and coliform count of soybeans were $6.0\times10^5CFU/g$ and $3.0\times10^5CFU/g$, respectively, and the most of presoaking treatments decreased the microbial contamination. The increase of presoaking time induces low germination ratio compared with unsoaked soybeans and the germination of soybeans was not detected at $55^{\circ}C$. The germination of soybeans was effected by presoaking solutions, temperature, and time. The optimal presoaking condition for decreasing microbial contamination and promoting initial germination was using grape fruit extract at $35^{\circ}C$ for 6 hr.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.12
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• pp.55-62
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• 1972

In order to study the biolgiocal effects of dry back following EMS (Ethyl methane sulfonate) treatment on seeds of 'Dunghan Shali' that belongs to indica-type rice with various presoaking(24, 36, and 40 hrs respectivily) and treatment time(l, 2 and 3 hrs respectivily), this experiment was done. Seedling heights of wet seeds presoaked for 36 hrs was only greatly decreased with EMS treatment compared with other periods. In germination rate of wet seeds, all of these damage was not changed. For the drying back seeds, otherwise, seedling height and germination rate were greatly reduced depend upon the time of treatment and presoaking as well as storage effects after drying back. Reduction patterns, both seedling height and germination rate, between 1 week and 8 weeks after dry back were quite similar. The other experiment was carried out in order to study for the influences on the seedling growth as biological damage with EMS and MMS(Methyl methane sulfonate) treatments among different varieties. The indica-type rice varieties; Taichung Native No.1, Dunghan Shali and IR-8, were used as the experimental materials. From this trial some results were obtained as follows; 1. Both seedling growth and germination rate on all varieties, used, MMS, treatment showed more toxic effects than those of EMS treatment. 2. Seeding growth injury of rice seeds dried back was increased gradually, and then was approached the maximum at 6-8 days after storing. In IR-s variety, otherwise, growth damage was appeared a little. Germination rate of these were quite smilar, even though chemical used is different and storage period was prolonged. 3. It was showed clearly that varietal differences of chemical mutagene treatments were recognized.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.177-182
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• 2016

Background: Many Taraxacum spp. plants are widely used in medicine, but some of them have propagation problems, such as strong dormancy and poor germination rates. This study investigated the effects of temperature, gibberellic acid ($GA_3$), and potassium nitrate ($KNO_3$) on seed germination in Taraxacum ohwianum. Methods and Results: The seeds (NIBRGR0000135524) were exalbuminous, and their length and width were $4.54{\pm}0.032mm$ and $0.97{\pm}0.029mm$, respectively. Various germination temperatures were tested (15, 20, 25, and $30^{\circ}C$), the optimum temperature for germination was found to be $20^{\circ}C$ (31.3%). High temperature ($30^{\circ}C$) resulted in non-typical seedlings (thickened and crumpled cotyledons, with a restricted root system). To increase the germination capacity, $GA_3$ (200, 500, and $1,000mg/{\ell}$) or $KNO_3$ (20, 50, 100, 200, and $500mg/{\ell}$) solutions were used as pre-soaking solutions instead of water. The $GA_3$ treatments increased the germination percentage and rate, but germination percentage was higher with the $KNO_3$ treatments. Under the $50-200mg/{\ell}\;KNO_3$ treatments, the germination percentage exceeded 80% after 12 days, and $50mg/{\ell}\;KNO_3$ was notably effective (91.2% after 15 days). Conclusions: T. ohwianum seeds showed improved germination at low temperatures. The best method for germination was presoaking in $50mg/{\ell}\;KNO_3$ for 24 h, in the dark at $4^{\circ}C$, and then incubating the germinated seed at $20^{\circ}C$ for 15 days.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.39 no.10
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• pp.1528-1534
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• 2010

The antibacterial effects of seed decontamination during presoaking before sprouting as an intervention step for eliminating foodborne pathogens on red radish seeds were evaluated. The effect of seed decontamination on seed germination rate was also evaluated. Red radish seeds were inoculated (at a level of 3 to 4 log CFU/g) with Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 19111 and decontaminated with 20,000 ppm calcium hypochlorite, 50 and 100 ppm chlorinated water, acidic electrolyzed water, low-alkaline electrolyzed water, and ozonated water for 6 hours. The control seeds were immersed in distilled water. The germination rate was measured on each treatment for 48 hours. Treatments with 20,000 ppm calcium hypochlorite, acidic and low-alkaline electrolyzed water were more effective than treatments with chlorinated water and ozonated water. Immersion in 20,000 ppm calcium hypochlorite resulted in the largest microbial reduction (more than 3 logs). Treatments with acidic and low-alkaline electrolyzed water reduced APC by 3 logs and L. monocytogenes counts by 2 logs. After sprouting, APC and L. monocytogenes counts on seeds treated with 20,000 ppm calcium hypochlorite, acidic and low-alkaline electrolyzed water were significantly lower than the control. The germination rate ranged from 93.5% to 97.7% except for 20,000 ppm calcium hypochlorite (from 82.3% to 84.8%) after 48 hours. Although the treatments tested in this study will not eliminate L. monocytogenes on inoculated red radish seeds, the results show that rapid growth of surviving cells during sprouting could be prevented if red radish seeds are given a presoak treatment used in combination with a disinfectant treatment of irrigation water.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.50-54
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• 2000

The elongation of mesocotyl and coleoptile plays important roles in the seedling emergence and stand establishment of dry direct-seeded rice. Experiments were carried out to elucidate the effects of seed-presoaking treatments of GA$_3$ and some inorganic salts on the mesocotyl, and coleoptile elongation of rice. Seed-soaked GA$_3$ promoted the elongation of mesocotyl, but little effect on the coleoptile elongation. The stimulation effects of GA$_3$ were found to be enhanced by addition of CaCl$_2$ However, the sole treatment of CaCl$_2$ showed no stimulating effect on the mesocotyl and coleoptile elongation. Mesocotyl elongation was most prominent in the combined treatments of 50ppm GA$_3$ with 100 mM CaCl$_2$. The synergistic effects of GA$_3$ and CaCl$_2$ on mesocotyl elongation varied with varietal groups. The stimulating effects of GA$_3$ were enhanced significantly by the addition of CaCl$_2$ in japonica varieties, Dongjinbyeo, Ilpumbyeo and Milyang 95, and tall indica variety, Labelle, but not in semidwarf Tongil type varieties, Tongilbyeo, Milyang 23, and Nampungbyeo, and semi-dwarf indica, Short Labelle. The promoting effects of GA$_3$ on the mesocotyl elongation were decreased in proportion to the lowered osmotic potential by PEG 6000 on the contrary to CaCl$_2$ This implies that the synergistic effects of CaCl$_2$ with GA$_3$ on mesocotyl elongation was not caused by osmotic potential lowered by CaCl$_2$ addition but by the salt itself. Salts such as Ca(NO$_3$)$_2$, MgCl$_2$ BaCl$_2$, NaCl, KCl and KNO$_3$ showed the synergistic effects with GA$_3$ on mesocotyl elongation as well. The degree of synergistic effects showed no differences among salts tested, implying that there is no specificity of ions constituting the salts.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.6-10
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• 2005

Lateral roots of soybean sprouts should deeply affect their quality and marketability. The study was done to compare the effects of ocher, chitosan, corn kennel, tea (Thea sinensis L.) and hard rubber tree (Eucommia ulmoides Oliver) leaf extracts on lateral root formation, growth and morphological characters of the sprouts. Seeds of three cultivars, Pungsannamulkong, Sowonkong and Junjery, were imbibed for 5 hours into their 10% solutions and cultured for 6 days. The cultured sprouts were classified into 4 categories to calculate their composition rates on the base of hypocotyl lengths;>7 cm (A), 4 to 7 cm (B), < 4 cm (C) and not germinated (D), and their morphological characters, fresh and dry weights were measured. Composition rate of A was the lowest in Junjery of the three cultivars, while that of C showed reverse result compared to A. This results was the most distinct in hard rubber tree leaf extracts (HRTLE) of the five treatments. In HRTLE treatment, lateral root formation rate were formed in almost of Sowonkong although reduced in order of Pungsannamulkong and Junjery. However, there was no significant difference between the other treatments. Lateral roots per sprout were the lowest in HRTLE treatment of the 5 treatments. In all treatments except the chitosan treatment, the roots were most formed in Sowonkong but least in Junjery. Sprout length adding hypocotyl and root was the shortest in Junjery compared to the other two cultivars. and was the longest in tea leaf extract treatment but the shortest in HRTLE treatment. The result in total fresh weight of sprouts was similar to that of the sprout length.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.65 no.2
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• pp.156-160
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• 2020

Emergence and early growth changes of stratification condition of tea (Camellia sinensis) seeds were investigated in 7 treatments (control, pH 4, pH 10, 70% ethanol (EtOH), 10 mM H₂O₂, 100 mM H₂O₂, and physical shock (5.9 J)). Ethanol treatment was toxic and did not induce emergence. The emergence rate was 36.7% in the control, 26.7% under pH 10, 46.7% under pH 4, 48.3% under physical shock, 51.7% under 10 mM H₂O₂, and 65.0% under 100 mM H₂O₂ treatments. It was higher by approximately 178% in the H₂O₂ treatment as compared to the control. Plant height was 6.5 cm in the control, 6.6 cm under pH 10, 7.6 cm under pH 4, 7.8 cm under physical shock, 8.3 cm under 10 mM H₂O₂, and 9.1 cm under 100 mM H₂O₂ treatments. Leaf length and leaf width were also higher under the H₂O₂ treatment. Therefore, hydrogen peroxide treatment induced emergence and increased the uniformity of early growth.

• FLOWER RESEARCH JOURNAL
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.174-178
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• 2008

This study was carried out to investigate the effect $GA_3$, moist chilling storage and priming treatments on seed germination of Caltha palustris var. membranacea. Percent germination was greatly improved by $GA_3$ treatment. However, no significant differences were observed among concentrations and soaking periods of $GA_3$. Optimum $GA_3$ treatment was one hour presoaking in a 100mg${\cdot}L^{-1}$ solution. Germination enhancing effect of moist chilling stroage was significantly greater than that of $GA_3$. Chilling treatment for five weeks resulted in the greatest percent germination of 60.3%. Unlike the role of $GA_3$ and moist chilling storage, no appreciable effect on seed germination was observed by the priming the seeds with either a $Ca(NO_3)_2 $ or $KNO_3$ solution.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.11-16
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• 2005

Soybean sprouts presoaked to leaf extracts were on sale as taking a growing concern about wellbeing foods. The study was carried out to compare the effects of culture period after presoaking tea (Thea sinensis L.) and hard rubber tree (Eucommia ulmoides Oliver) leaf extracts on lateral root formation, growth and morphological characters of the sprouts. Seeds of three cultivars, Pungsannamulkong, Sowonkong and Junjery, were imbibed for 5 hours into 10% solutions immediately before 5, 6 and 7 day cultures. The cultured sprouts were classified into 4 categories to calculate their composition rates on the base of hypocotyllengths; >7 cm (A),4 to 7 cm (B),< 4 cm (C) and not germinated (D), and their morphological characters, fresh and dry weights were measured. Rate of A was the lowest in Junjery of the three cultivars, while that of C showed reverse result compared to A. Similar results to that of A were observed between the three cultivars in sprout length including hypocotyl and root, diameters in middle and hook parts of hypocotyl, total fresh and dry weights. Regardless of tea and hard rubber tree leaf extract treatments, longer culture periods increased rate of A due to decrements of B, C and D, and also did the growth and the morphological characters mentioned above. Although longer culture periods reduced the increment of lateral roots, the latter treatment was more delayed in their formation and less in the roots per sprout than the former one. The growth and the morphological characters above were less in the latter treatment than in the former one in general, meaning that hard rubber tree leaf extract could more repress growth of soybean sprouts than tea leaf extract.