• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.21 no.4 s.88
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• pp.545-555
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• 2005

The physicochemical and microbial characteristics of Oiji prepared with dry salting method, which has been used industrially for industry, were investigated. Low salting and low storage temperature were employed:extremely low salting extremely low temperature; ESET $(5\%,\;0^{\circ}C)$, very low salting extremely low temperature;VSET $(10\%,\;0^{\circ}C)$, extremely low salting very low temperature; ESVT$(5\%,\;5^{\circ}C)$, low salting very low temperature; VSVT$(10\%,\;5^{\circ}C)$ and high salting low temperature;HSLT$(30\%,\;10^{\circ}C)$ for control. Acidity was lower, and pH was higher in VSET, in of which the fermentation pattern was similar with that of HSLT The time required to reach the optimum acidity ($0.3\%$ lactic acid) was longer delayed for VSET (168 days), than for compared to ESVT (51 days). During storage of Oiji, greenness (-a) as measured with of the Hunter color system wasshowed the highest in VSET, and the lowest while in ESVT, the lowest. Total microbial and lactic acid bacteria counts number were the lowest in HSLT and VSET and were the lowest than in other groups, while the highest in ESVT. Yeast was not detected in HSLT, but was the highest while in VSVT. E coli coliform and listeria were detected in the $5\%$ salting groups, although Salmonella was not detected in any of the all groups. Texture profile analysis demonstrated exhibited that fracturability and hardness were highest in HSLT and VSET, compared to the other groups. Scores of over-all preference for ESVT and HSLT were higher atwith 6.3 and 6.2, respectively, compared to the other products. Based on these results, lower saltiness less than $10\%$ and lower storage temperature (less than $5^{\circ}C$) condition was optimum for maximizing the better for good quality of industrial Oiji preparation in industry.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.395-404
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• 2015

The aims of this study were to determine the optimal mixing condition for two different amounts of Gynura procumbens powder and olive oil for the preparation of beef sausage. The experiments were designed according to the central composite design of response surface methodology, which showed 10 experimental points including two replicates of Gynura procumbens powder and olive oil. The physicochemical and mechanical characteristics as well as the sensory properties were measured, and these values were applied to the mathematical optimization models. The results of the physiochemical and mechanical analysis of each sample, including chewiness, cohesiveness, color a, color b, moisture content, salinity and heating loss showed significant differences. The sensory measurements were significantly different in color, flavor, tenderness, texture and overall quality. The optimum formulation, which was calculated using the numerical and graphical method, was determined to be 2.1 g Gynura procumbens powder and 7.06 g of olive oil.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.29-34
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• 1970

In order to prepare digested Protein source for the Weanling Food from soybean, an attempt was made to decompose steamed soybean protein to amino acids and peptides by protease and cellulase produced from Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus sojae. In this paper, the optimum condition for digestion of soybean protein were studied and also investigated the effects of decolorization of it. As the results, followings were obtained; 1. As steaming conditions, a treatment under 15 lb of pressure and 10 minutes of heating shows most effective. 2. The optimum pH of Asp, sojae enzyme for the digestion of soybean protein is 6.0, while that of Asp. niger enzyme is 4.4. In successievly-decomposing with Asp. sojae and Asp. niger, it shows the most effective on ratio of water-soluble-nitrogen to total nitrogen and amino-nitrogen to total nitrogen than any other separate treatments. 3. The suitable amount of the enzyme solution to that of the soybean substrate paste, in volume, is 1 : 2. 4. Digestion ratio of soybean protein indicates the gradual and steady effects of increasing time of digestion, but 8 hour-digestion regarding to putrefaction was suitable. 5. The most effective decolorization was successively passed on culumns of active carbon and anion exchanger (Dowex 2-x-8) at room temperature. In separate treatments, the effective order of decolorization was as follows; (Dowex 2-x-8)>Active carborn>Amberite IR-120 6. The powder type of the soy protein source obtained by concentration below $60^{\circ}C$ contains 12.51% of moisture, 66.31% of protein, 4.25% of fat, 12.75% of carbohydrate, 4.18% of ash.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.23 no.12
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• pp.672-679
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• 2013

$Fe_4[Fe(CN)_6]_3$ coated on a mica or $TiO_2$/mica surface as infrared reflective blue pigment was prepared by a hydrothermal method. $Fe_4[Fe(CN)_6]_3$, used as coloring agent, was uniformly coated on mica or $TiO_2$/mica under the optimized condition of a 1.2 : 1 weight ratio between iron(III) chloride hexahydrate and potassium ferrocyanidetrihydrate at the initial pH level of 4.5 at $70^{\circ}C$. The infrared (IR)-reflective pigments were characterized by SEM, Zeta-potenial, FT-IR, and UV-VIS NIR spectrophotometry. Especially the CIE color coordinate and total solar reflectance(TSR) properties of the pigments were investigated in relation to variation of the coating and coated substrate thicknesses. Isolation-heat paint was prepared with 20 wt% blue pigments fully dispersed in acryl-urethane resin and several additives to coat the film uniformly. The films were also measured with CIE color coordinate, TSR, and the surface temperature was recorded by an isolation-heat measuring system. The pigments and films of $Fe_4[Fe(CN)_6]_3$ coated on mica and $TiO_2$/mica showed high TSR values compared with the TSR value of $Fe_4[Fe(CN)_6]_3$ itself. According to the increase of TSR value, the property of isolation-heat is effective. To realize the optimal blue color, we applied the the pigment to $TiO_2$ coated mica(TM(b)) which has blueish interference color. The pigment of $Fe_4[Fe(CN)_6]_3$ coated on TM(b) shows a strong blue color compared with that of $Fe_4[Fe(CN)_6]_3$ coated on $TiO_2$/Mmca(TM(w)), which has a whitish interference color.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.462-466
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• 2012

$\beta$-cyclodextrin ($\beta$-CD) polymers were prepared in a strong alkali condition solution (NaOH solution 30% (w/v)) using epichlorohydrin (EPI) as a cross-linker, and the molar ratio of EPI to $\beta$-CD was 10 : 1. The $\beta$-CD content in $\beta$-CD polymers is about 52%. In order to get the photo-responsible and pH-responsible, cinnamic acid was added to be inserted into the cavities of $\beta$-CD due to the hydrophobic interaction. The complex formation was confirmed using transmission electron microscope. The dimerization degree of complexes increased under UV irradiation at $\lambda$ = 365 nm but decreased under the UV irradiation at $\lambda$ = 254 nm. Dynamic light scattering analysis of particle sizes showed that the sizes of complexes did not change with different UV wavelength. Moreover, the complexes were pH-responsible because of the carboxyl group of cinnamic acid, but the size and zeta potential of the complex did not change in strong acid and alkali conditions.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.321-329
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• 2013

Despite the advantage of unlimited access, there are insufficient studies for the accuracy and stability of FKP that blocks the spread of the system for various applications. Therefore, we performed a long-term analysis from continuous real-time positioning, and investigated the error characteristics dependent on the size and the surrounding environment. The FKP shows significant changes in the positioning accuracy at different times of day, where the accuracy during daytime is worse than that of nighttime. In addition, the size and deviation of FKP correction may change with the ionospheric conditions, and high correlation between ambiguity resolution rate and the deviation of correction was observed. The receivers continuously request the correction information in order to cope with sudden variability of ionosphere. On the other hand, the correction information was not received up to an hour in case of stable ionospheric condition. It is noteworthy that the outliers of FKP are clustered in their position with some biases. Since several meters of errors can be occurred for kinematic positioning with FKP, therefore, it is necessary to make appropriate preparation for real-time applications.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.24-29
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• 2001

Extracts of Acanthopanax koreanum Nakai were decreased as the ethanol concentration was increased, but eleutherosides were increased. Extracts were increased as the extraction time was prolonged. Compared to 15 hrs extraction, extract yield and eleutherosides for 5 hrs extraction were 90.6% and 96%, respectively. Yields of extract and eleutherosides were 6.5% and 75% at $100^{\circ}C$. The optimum extraction conditions were obtained from the samples of 4 years' tree harvested at September, which were water and 50% ethanol as solvents, and $90^{\circ}C$ for 5 hrs extraction. Soluble solids, minerals, free sugars, free acids, free amino acids and total eleutherosides in the extract of Acanthopanax koreanum were $48.2{\sim}47.4%$, $4.5{\sim}5.3%$, 11.2711.80%, $3.02{\sim}3.18%$, 185.33 mg/100 $g{\sim}$ 348.14 mg/100 g and 990.84 mg/100 $g{\sim}$l,416.10 mg/100 g, respectively. The extract was viscous and yellowish brown liquid.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.252-258
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• 1999

Tetramethyl orthosilicate (TMOS) was obtained by the direct synthesis of methanol with metallic silicon including copper compound as a catalyst and zinc compound as a promoter. The effects of the preheating temperature and the preparation method of the contact mass on TMOS synthesis were investigated. The composition effects of the contact mass which was composed of metallic silicon with copper catalyst and various metallic halide promoters including Zn, Sn or Cd compound were studied also. The best performance on TMOS synthesis was observed on a mixed bed reactor containing metallic silicon preheated with CuCl as a catalyst and $ZnCl_2$ as a promoter. When Cu/Si = 7 wt %, Zn/Cu = 7 wt % was mixed in a slurry phase and activated into contact mass at $380^{\circ}C$, the average selectivity was 87.2% in the silicon consumption of 69.2% at $220^{\circ}C$.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.1014-1021
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• 1997

Studies were carried out on the preparation of several kinds of pulps from Sponge gourd fiber by KP, ASP, SP PAP, AP and addition of AQ pulping process. These unbeaten and beaten pulping fibers were observed their characteristics and fiber structure by SEM, FQA, Image analyzer and Micro projector. The results were summarized as follows; 1) The cooking condition which is the possible defibrilation of Shives are KP base($160^{\circ}C$, 2hr.), ASP base($155^{\circ}C$, 4hr.), PAP base($160^{\circ}C$, 1hr.). From the results, the kappa no. had the range of 12, 25, 10 each other. 2) The pulp yields of sponge gourd fiber obtained the range of KP 50~55%, ASP&60~70% and PAP 45~50%. SP base have the highest and contnets of KP&PAP base are much the same as woods. 3) Increasing amount of NaOH on Pulping was accelerated the defibrilation of Shives and was changed a morphology of pulping fiber quality such as fiber length, curl and kink index. 4) Addition of AQ on pulping process of sponge gourd fiber had a affect to raise the rate of delignification while protecting cellullosic components against degradation, especially defibrilation was very excellent, beated pulp much more easily and increased the fibrilation. 5) ASP system have higher bulk density, fiber bonding and protecting cellullosic components against degradation than KP or PAP. 6) The color reactions of the "C" stain solution showed blue or blue-gray with clean and transparency thin cell wall.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.191-198
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• 1999

Enzyme-aided bleaching of softwood and hardwood kraft pulps by a xylanase preparation from an alkalophilic fungus Cephalospotium sp. RYM-202 was studied. Maximal solubilization of Pulp xylan was obtained at 5$0^{\circ}C$ in both kraft pulps. The optimum pH of the enzyme for the hydrolysis of pulp xylan was 8.0 and more than 90% of the maximal activity was detected at 9.0. The positive effects of xylanase pretreatment on bleachability of softwood and hardwood kraft pulps were observed. The kappa number of softwood and hardwood kraft pulps was decreased by 3.7 and 2.0 units, respectively. The pulp fibre integrity was not significantly affected by xylanase pretreatment when the physical properties of handsheets made from xylanase-treated pulps were compared with those of handsheets from untreated pulps. These results indicate that the alkaline xylanase of Cephalospotium sp. RYM-202 is well suitable for application in enzymatic prebleaching of softwood and hardwood kraft pulps under the alkaline conditions.