• 한국생활과학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.39-51
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• 1998

This study was carried out with the purpose of capturing current state of Korean family life culture related to childrearing. The Questionnaire developed for this study in order to delineate the values and perceptions related to general childrearing practices in present Korean families consisted of 73 items concerning prenatal care and child birth, child caring and rearing, and role division and value education. Subjects were mothers of young and primary school children currenly residing in Seoul area and Choongchung province of South Korea. Four hundred and four questionnaires were analyzed, and the summary of results were as follows. First, both the respect for children's individual needs concerning food, clothing, and health-related behaviors and the pursuit of convenience in everyday life on the part of mothers appeared to be important and valued by Korean mothers. Second, the basic values and traditional meanings of family events such as prenatal care, children's birthday, especiall the first one, and family rituals and gatherings still appeared to be exsiting and influential, but there seemed to have been some changes both in their formal aspects and detail contents. Third, meaningful differences in childrearing attitudes were found according to mother's place of growth, educational level, and her employment status. Finally, traditional distinction between sexes and sex-role division in childrearing seemed to have weakened to some extent, which was particularly among mothers with higher educational level or residing in big cities.

• Journal of Genetic Medicine
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.16-23
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• 2010

많은 내분비 질환이 유전적 요소를 갖고 있다. 단일 유전자 질환에서는 유전적 요인이 주요 원인이나 다인자성 질환에서는 환경과 생활습관 등이 함께 병인으로 작용한다. 유전성 내분비 질환의 분자유전학적 병인에 대한 이해에 대하여 최근 많은 발전이 있어 왔으며 분자유전학적 기술의 응용으로 질환에 대한 이해와 이를 이용한 진단 및 유전 상담에 도움이 되고 있다. 유전학적 검사로 특정 질환의 돌연변이를 증명하는 것은 진단이 모호한 경우에서 정확한 진단과 산전 진단, 보인자 검사에 적용될 수 있다. 그러나 유전자 검사만으로 임신 중절과 관련된 산전 진단에 이용하는 데에는 신중을 기해야 한다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제32권6호
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• pp.757-766
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• 2019

Objective: MicroRNAs are a class of endogenous small regulatory RNAs that regulate cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. Recent studies on miRNAs are mainly focused on mice, human and pig. However, the studies on miRNAs in skeletal muscle of sheep are not comprehensive. Methods: RNA-seq technology was used to perform genomic analysis of miRNAs in prenatal and postnatal skeletal muscle of sheep. Targeted genes were predicted using miRanda software and miRNA-mRNA interactions were verified by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. To further investigate the function of miRNAs, candidate targeted genes were enriched for analysis using gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) enrichment. Results: The results showed total of 1,086 known miRNAs and 40 new candidate miRNAs were detected in prenatal and postnatal skeletal muscle of sheep. In addition, 345 miRNAs (151 up-regulated, 94 down-regulated) were differentially expressed. Moreover, miRanda software was performed to predict targeted genes of miRNAs, resulting in a total of 2,833 predicted targets, especially miR-381 which targeted multiple muscle-related mRNAs. Furthermore, GO and KEGG pathway analysis confirmed that targeted genes of miRNAs were involved in development of skeletal muscles. Conclusion: This study supplements the miRNA database of sheep, which provides valuable information for further study of the biological function of miRNAs in sheep skeletal muscle.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.137-155
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• 1996

The development of the ganglia of the trachea was studied by electron microscopy in human fetuses ranging from 40 mm to 260 mm crown rump length. At 40 mm fetus, the tracheal ganglia was observed in the submucosa of the trachea. The primitive ganglia consisted of neuroblasts, undifferentiated cells, and unmyelinated nerve fibers. At 50 mm fetus, the neuroblast and their processes in the tracheal ganglia ware ensheathed by the bodies or processes of satellite cells. The cytoplasm of the neuroblast contained rough endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, Golgi complex, and ribosomes. At 70 mm fetus, cholinergic and adrenergic axon terminals were observed. Cholinergic axon terminals with agranular vesicles were abundant in the tracheal ganglia with increasing age. During next prenatal stage from 100 mm fetus, the ganglion cells and its processes were completely covered by a thin processes of the satellite cells. Unmyelinated nerve fibers were also completely ensheathed by processes of Schwann cell. Synaptic contacts between the cholinergic axon and dendrite of ganglion cells and a few dendrodendritic synapses were first observed at 100 mm fetus. The granule-containing cells were first identified in the tracheal ganglia at 200 mm fetus. These findings indicate that tracheal ganglia of human fetus resembles other parasympathetic and sympathetic ganglia, but not the enteric ganglia.

• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.167-180
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• 2015

Arsenic is a toxic metalloid that exists ubiquitously in the environment, and affects global health problems due to its carcinogenicity. In most populations, the main source of arsenic exposure is the drinking water. In drinking water, chronic exposure to arsenic is associated with increased risks of various cancers including those of skin, lung, bladder, and liver, as well as numerous other non-cancer diseases including gastrointestinal and cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and neurologic and cognitive problems. Recent emerging evidences suggest that arsenic exposure affects the reproductive and developmental toxicity. Prenatal exposure to inorganic arsenic causes adverse pregnancy outcomes and children's health problems. Some epidemiological studies have reported that arsenic exposure induces premature delivery, spontaneous abortion, and stillbirth. In animal studies, inorganic arsenic also causes fetal malformation, growth retardation, and fetal death. These toxic effects depend on dose, route and gestation periods of arsenic exposure. In males, inorganic arsenic causes reproductive dysfunctions including reductions of the testis weights, accessory sex organs weights, and epididymal sperm counts. In addition, inorganic arsenic exposure also induces alterations of spermatogenesis, reductions of testosterone and gonadotrophins, and disruptions of steroidogenesis. However, the reproductive and developmental problems following arsenic exposure are poorly understood, and the molecular mechanism of arsenic-induced reproductive toxicity remains unclear. Thus, we further investigated several possible mechanisms underlying arsenic-induced reproductive toxicity.

• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.351-360
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• 2018

The adipogenesis is a maturation process of pre-adipocyte cell into mature lipid-filled adipocyte cell. The adipogenesis begins at the late prenatal stage and continues until the early postnatal age. Because the adipogenesis and formation of adipose tissue persist during postnatal period and are precisely regulated by the action of numerous gene products, the present research was attempted to determine the expressional patterns of adipose tissue-associated genes in the rat epididymal fat pad at different postnatal ages, from 7 days to 2 years of ages, using a quantitative real-time PCR analysis. The basal expression levels of CCAAT/enhancer binding protein gamma, sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 1, fatty acid binding protein 4, adiponectin, leptin, and resistin at the early postnatal ages were significantly lower than those at the elderly ages, even though a fluctuation of expressional levels was observed at some ages. The lowest expressional level of delta like non-canonical Notch ligand 1 was detected at 44 days and 5 months of ages. The expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma ($PPAR{\gamma}$) was the highest at 44 days of age, followed by a diminished expression of $PPAR{\gamma}$ at the elderly ages. These results indicate the existence of a complex regulatory mechanism(s) for expression of adipose tissueassociated genes in the rat epididymal fat during postnatal period.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.39-49
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• 2021

High fructose diet is associated with the global metabolic syndrome (MtS) pandemic. MtS develops in early life, depending on prenatal and postnatal nutritional status. We hypothesized that ovariectomy increases the chances of developing MtS in adult offspring following high fructose intake by the mother. Pregnant C57BL/6J mouse dams drank water with or without 20% fructose during pregnancy and lactation. After weaning, the pups were fed regular chow. The offspring were evaluated until they were 7 months of age after the mice in each group, both sexes, were gonadectomized at 4 weeks of age. The offspring (both sexes) of the dams who had high fructose intake developed MtS. In the offspring of dams who drank tap water, orchiectomy increased the body weight gain and body fat accumulation, while ovariectomy increased the body fat accumulation as compared to the sham controls. In the offspring of dams with high fructose intake, orchiectomy decreased the body weight gain, body fat accumulation, visceral adiposity, and glucose intolerance, while ovariectomy exacerbated all of them as compared to the sham operations. These data indicate that ovariectomy encourages the development of MtS in adult offspring after maternal high fructose intake, while orchiectomy prevents the development of MtS. The sex difference indicates that male and female sex hormones play contradictory roles in the development of MtS.

• 치위생과학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.74-81
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• 2020

Background: In the early stages of development, teeth and lingual papillae are induced and developed through special and complex epithelial-mesenchymal interactions. Tooth completion indicates the beginning of the weaning phase, and accordingly, many oral tissues and organs are completed, and it is thought that their developmental completion times are related to each other. The purpose of this study was to clarify the embryonic and neonatal development of the filiform papillae and mandibular molar tooth, and discuss the developmental relationship between these organs by comparing the developmental completion times. Methods: Embryos at embryonic day 15 (EM15), 17 (EM17), and 21 (EM21) and mice at neonatal day 1 (NE1), 5 (NE5), 10 (NE10), and 21 (NE21) were used for experimentation. Tissues dissected from embryos and mice were fixed, and processed for histological analysis. Sections from the tissues were stained with hematoxylin and eosin for observation under a light microscope. Results: Based on the histological analysis results, the developmental process of the lingual epithelium covering the dorsal surface of the tongue was classified into three stages: initiation, morphogenesis, and functional. The development of the filiform papillae begins at EM17; undergoes rapid morphological changes in epithelial cells at EM21, PN1 and PN5, and reaches the functional stage at PN10, which is the sucking phase. Tooth development begins at EM13 or 15 and is completed at NE21 through prenatal and postnatal development. Conclusion: The development of the filiform papillae was initiated late and completed quickly through embryonic and neonatal development in comparison with the mandibular molar tooth. The filiform papillae are considered to play an important role in sucking rather than mastication as it is completed in the sucking phase.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제49권8호
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• pp.821-829
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• 2006

Hemophilia is the most common coagulation disorder. It has a long history. Hemophilia A is caused by FVIII gene mutation, and hemophilia B by FIX gene mutation. Those genes are located on X chromosome long arm. Bleedings in hemophiliacs predominantly occur in joints and muscles. Because those site are insufficient in tissue factor to induce hemostasis. Among joints knee, ankle and elbow are most frequently affected because their synovial structure is vulnerable to injury compared to other joints. Hemophilia is diagnosed with factor assay. Severe hemophilia is below 1% of FVIII : C, moderate between 1% and 5%, mild over 5%. Carrier detection and prenatal diagnosis have been conducted with RFLP-based linkage analysis and DNA sequencing. Mainstay of treatment is factor replacement therapy so far. Bleedings can be controlled by infusion of factor concentrates. Hemophilc arthropathy and muscle contracture are representative sequelae. Complications of facotor replacement therapy are inhibitor development and infections. Hemophiliacs with inhibitor should be managed with large dose factor concentrate, bypassing agent, ITI and immunosuppression. Ultimately, hemophilia could be cured by gene therapy.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.10-15
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• 2011

In this review, we have provided an overview of the environmental risk factors for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), focusing on the major environmental toxicants related to the disorder. Researchers have indicated that since the characteristics of ADHD are complex, the disorder’s etiology involves multiple genes of moderate effect interacting with environmental factors. The possible roles of prenatal and perinatal exposure have been the main focus of research on environmental risk factors for ADHD. Among environmental toxicants, we reviewed the potential effects on the development of ADHD of exposure to lead, nicotine, alcohol, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and dioxin. Further, for the each neurotoxicant, clinical prevention or intervention strategies aimed at reducing a child’s risk from environmental toxic insults have been presented.